Domestic and International Standards

US and International Standards for AC Protection IEC 61643-1, First Edition, 1998 IEEE C62.41-1991

Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in LowVoltage AC Power Circuits Generic Requirements for Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) on AC Power Circuits

Telcordia TR-NWT-001011, February 1992

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

Defines the Surge Environment Does not Define Performance Recommends 10 kA 8/20 s surge for High Exposure Service Entrance Environment

Lightning Strike to Primary Conductors

ANSI/IEEE C62.41, Figure B1

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

Category C

Outside and service entrance, Service drop from pole to the building Run between meter and panel Overhead line to detached building Underground line to well pump

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

Distribution panel board Bus and feeder industrial plants Category B Heavy appliance outlets with short connection to service entrance Lighting systems in large buildings

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

Environments have long branch circuits and outlets Category A more than 30 feet from a Category B environment, or more than 60 feet from Category C locations

IEEE C62.41-1991
IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

Telcordia TR-NWT-001011, February 1992

Generic Requirements for Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) on AC Power Circuits

Performance Specification Requires maximum single withstand surge current of 20 kA 8/20 s Performance based clamping voltage limits

Required Level of Protection Bellcore TR-NWT-0001011

Applied Surge 3 kA, 8/20 s 10 kA, 8/20 s 20 kA, 8/20 s

120 V System 600 Volts 1340 Volts 1340 Volts

240 V System 1000 Volts 1680 Volts 1680 Volts

IEC 61643-1, First Edition, 1998

Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems

Performance Standard Surges incoming on phase conductors Lightning currents from direct strike to building ground system backfiring surge protector

Direct Strike to Building Ground System

Assumed Current Distribution for a Lightning Stroke

100%

Lightning Protection System Telecommunication system Equipotential bonding bar

50% 50%

Power supply system Metal pipelines

50%
S602e

Grounding system
602e.ppt / 09.09.97

Lightning Current Parameters

Parameters
I

Protection Level
II III-IV

Peak val. of current I (kA) Spec. energy W/R (MJ/) Imp. charge Q Impulse (As) Total charge Q Total (As)

200 10 100 200

150 5.6 75 150

100 2.5 50 100

Ref.: IEC 61024-1-1

S712e
712e.ppt / 04.09.97

Comparison of Lightning Test Currents

(kA)
100 kA

1
waveform s i max. [kA] Q [As]
60 kA 50 kA 40 kA

2
8/20 20 0.4 Telcordia

10/350 100 50 IEC 61024-1-1

80 kA

Standard

IEC 61312-1 TR-NWT001010

20 kA

2
80 s 200 s 350 s 600 s 800 s 1000 s

t
S916e

(s)
916e.ppt / 09.09.97

GPR when building ground takes strike

Service Transformer

IStroke = 50 kA
A B C N VE: Voltage across ground resistance IStroke: Peak stroke current RA: Ground Impedance: DC RB: Transformer / MGN resistance

RB

RSt = 10

RA VE

500 kV

VE RSt: Ground impedance: Impulse

Distance
2150
2150.ppt / 21.01.99 / ESC

Lightning Current Division

Transformer
25 kA /

Building

Lightning Protection System

200 kA

25 kA /

25 kA

75 kA 100 kA 100 kA

100 kA

S1971

1971.ppt / 20.07.99 / CG

Standardization of Surge Protection Devices

IEC 61643-1 IEC 61643-1

Performance Requirements of Surge Protection Devices Performance Requirements of Surge Protection Devices for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems

Class Class II Protection Against Protection Against Direct Lightning Direct Lightning Currents Currents (Lightning Current (Lightning Current Arrester) Arrester) (10/350 s) (10/350 s)

Class II Class II Protection Against Protection Against Indirect Lightning Indirect Lightning Effects Effects (Surge Arrester) (Surge Arrester) (8/20 s) (8/20 s)

Class III Class III Protection Against Protection Against Switching Switching Overvoltages Overvoltages (Surge Arrester) (Surge Arrester) (1,2/50 s; 8/20 s) (1,2/50 s; 8/20 s)

Power Follow Considerations

100 kA 10/350 s delivers 125 times as much discharge in A-s as 20 kA 8/20 s Use of MOV protector for 100 kA 10/350 s would require approximately 2,500 kA 8/20 s MOV capability Space and cost considerations dictate use of crowbar protector to overcome energy handling constraints of MOVS Crowbar must extinguish power follow current from crowbarred transformer

RADAX-flow Technology RADial and AXial Blow-Out of Arc

Gas-Evolving Insulating Material Gas Flow - radial - axial

Electrode 1

Electrode 2 (Expulsion Electrode)

Arc

"Blowing out" of a DEHNport

S1561e_a

1561e.ppt / 19.09.97

Interruption of mains follow-current

by DEHNport Maxi (Radax-flow technology)
(kA) 52 48 44 i 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 0 5 10 15 20 Reduction duration of current flow t 6.2 ms
1805e

Available Peak short-circuit current

Follow-current DEHNport Maxi

25

30 t

35

40 (ms)
1805e.ppt / 04.05.98 / ESC

Interruption of mains follow-current

by DEHNport Maxi (Radax-flow technology)
(V) 600 500 400 u 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600
1804e
1804e.ppt / 04.05.98 / ESC

Spark-gap: Arc-voltage

Mains-voltage

Conditions for Energy Coordination

Surge Protective Devices Class I and Class II
di L dt

L Sparkover Voltage Clamping Voltage

2181

2181.ppt / 21.01.99 / ESC

Decoupling Line Length Between Class I and Class II Arresters

l 15 m L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE

Requirement Class I
(Lightning Current Arrester)

Requirement Class II
(Overvoltage Arrester)

1605e

1605e.ppt / 10.07.1998 / ESC

Summary
IEC 61643-1, First Edition, 1998: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems Worst Case Scenario Covers Direct Strikes, High currents and long wave shapes Covers TN, TT and IT ground systems IEEE C62.41-1991: IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits Representative of the environment Does not cover direct strikes Primarily North American TN systems

Richard Chadwick
VP - Engineering Dehn, Inc Rchadwick-dehn@linkline.com Phone 805 685 5048 FAX 805 685 5628