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RANGKUMAN BAB 3
Drivers of supply chain performance
First we define each driver and discuss its impact on the performance of the supply chain: Facilities are the places in the supply chain network where product is stored. Assembled, or fabricated. The two major types of facilities are production sites and storage sites. Inventory is all raw materials, work in process and finished goods within a supply chain. Inventory is an important supply chain driver because changing inventory policies can dramatically alter the supply chains efficiency and responsiveness. Transportation entails moving inventory from point in the supply chain transportation can take the form of many combination of modes and routes, each with its own performance characteristics. Transportation choices have a large impact on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency Information consists of data and analysis concerning facilities, inventory, transportation and customers throughout the supply chain. Information is potentially the biggest driver of performance in the supply chain as it directly effects each of the other drivers information present management with the opportunity to make supply chains more responsive and efficient
Facilities
Role in the supply chain Facilities are the where of the supply chain. There are the locations to or from which the inventory is transported. Within a facility, inventory is either processed or transformed into another state (Manufacturing) or its is store before being shipped to the next stage (warehousing)
Inventory
Role in the supply chain Inventory exist in the supply chain because of a mismatch between supply and demand. An important role that inventory plays in the supply chain is to increase the amount of demand that can be satisfied by having product ready and available when the customer wants it. Another significant role inventory plays is to reduce cost by exploiting any economies of scale that may exist during both production and distribution Inventory also has a significant impact on the material flow time in a supply chain. Material flow time is the time that elapses between the point at which material enters the supply chain to the point at which it exist. For a supply chain, throughput is the rate at which sales occur. If inventory is represented by I, flow time by T and throughput by D, the three can be related using littles law as follows: I = D.T
Role in the competitive strategy If a firms competitive strategy requires a very high level of responsiveness, a company can use inventory to archieve this responsiveness by locating large amounts of inventory close to the customer. Conversely, a company can also use inventory to make itself more efficient by reducing inventory through centralized stocking.
Components of inventory decisions o Cycle inventory Cycle inventory is the average amount of inventory used to satisfy demand between receipt of supplier shipments. The size of the cycle inventory is result of the production or purchase of material in large lots. o Safety Inventory Safety inventory is inventory held in case demand exceeds expectation: it is held to counter uncertainty. o Seasonal Inventory Seasonal inventory is inventory that is built up to counter predictable variability in demand. o Sourcing Sourcing is the set of business Processes required to purchase goods and services.
Transportation Transportation moves product between different stages in a supply chain. Faster transportation, whether in the form of different modes of transportation or different amounts being transported, allows a supply chain to be more responsive but reduces its efficiency. Role in the competitive Strategy If a firms competitive strategy targets a customer that demands a very high level of responsiveness and that customer is willing to pay for his responsiveness then a firm can use transportation as one driver for making the supply chain more responsive.
A route is the path along which a product is shipped and a network is the collection of locations and routes along which a product can be shipped. Inhouse or Outsource Much of transportation (and even entire logistics system) is out-sourced. Having to choose between bringing parts of transportation inhouse or outsourcing leads to another dimension of complexity Overall Trade-Off: Responsiveness versus Efficiency The fundamental trade-off for transportation is between the cost of transporting a given product (efficiency) and the speed with which that product is transported
Information
Role in the Supply Chain Information deeply affects every part of the supply chain: 1. Information serves as the connection between the supply chains various stages, allowing them to coordinate and bring about many of the benefits of maximizing total supply chain profitability 2. Information is also crucial to the daily operations of each stage in a supply chain. For instance, a production scheduling system uses information on demand to create a schedule that allows a factory to produce the right products in an efficient manner. Role in the Competitive Strategy Information is a driver whose importance has grown as companies have used it to become both more efficient and more responsive. The tremendous growth of the importance of information technology is a testimony to the impact information can have on improving a company. Another key decision involves what information is most valuable in reducing cost and improving responsiveness within a supply chain.
Forecasting and Aggregate Planning Forecasting is the art and science of making projections about what future demand and conditions will be. Aggregate planning transforms forecasts into plans of activity tom satisfy the projected demand. Pricing and Revenue Management Pricing is the process by which a firm decides how much to charge customers for its goods and services. Revenue management is the use of differential pricing over time or customer segments to maximize profits from a limited set of supply chain assets. Enabling Technologies Many technologies exist that share and analyze information in the supply chain. Some of these technologies include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) The Internet Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems Supply Chain Management (SCM) Software
competition as once protected national players must compete with companies from around the world. Difficulty Executing New Strategies Skillful execution of a strategy can be as important as the strategy itself. Many obstacles, such as growing product variety and shorter life cycles, have made it increasingly difficult for supply chains to achieve strategies. Overcoming these obstacles offers a tremendous opportunity for firms to use supply chain management to gain competitive advantage.
Jawaban Soal 1. Grocery retailer dapat memaksimalkan kepuasan pelanggan terhadap produk produk yang dijual oleh retailer tersebut. Karena menggunakan hitungan rata rata produk yang telah dijual setiap harinya. 3. a. Pabrik sepeda tersebut harus dibangun di tempat yang strategis supaya distribusinya dapat lebih baik b. Pabrik sepeda ini sebaiknya memproduksi sepeda dalam jumlah yang kecil sehingga mengurangi biaya produksi dan meningkatkan keefisienan produksi. c. Menggunakan metode Functional Focused sehingga bahan bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat sepeda didapatkan dengan membeli dari supplier lain. d. Menggunakan job lot storage. 5. Karena globalisasi membuat produk dapat dipasarkan sampai ke seluruh dunia sehingga dapat menambah jumlah customer. 7. Fasilitas a. Perusahaan tersebut tersebut harus dibangun di tempat yang strategis supaya distribusinya dapat lebih baik. b. Perusahaan tersebut memproduksi dengan kapasitas yang besar. c. Menggunakan metode Functional Focused sehingga bahan bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat sepeda didapatkan dengan membeli dari supplier lain. d. Menggunakan job lot storage. Inventory e. menggunakan metode cycling Transportation f. Mode of transportation : truck and ship g. Route and network selection: Siapa yang memesan duluan, akan dikirimkan duluan. h. Menggunakan transportasi outsource Information i. Push j. Koordinasi harus dilakukan dengan baik agar lebih efisien dalam mengerjakan tugas masing masing dan mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih besar k. Forecasting adalah meramalkan bagaimana keadaan pasar nantinya, sedangkan untuk agregat planning adalah mengubah hasil forecasting menjadi sebuah rencana untuk menanggulangi hasil dari forecasting
l. Menentukan harga sesuai dengan harga pasar. m. Mengadakan jasa layanan service dan menjual sparepart n. Gunakan semua teknologi yang dapat mendukung perusahaan