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Unit-step sequence:
Shifted Sequences
Shifted unit-impulse Shifted unit-step
Sinusoidal
Example
Exponential
Example 1
Solution:
Also
Example 2
Convert analog signal x(t) into digital signal x(n), when sampling period is 125 microsecond, also plot sample values.
Solution:
Example 2 (contd.)
The first five sample values:
Linear System
System: A system that produces an output signal in response to an input signal.
Time, t
Sample number, n
Homogeneity
Additivity Shift invariance
Homogeneity: (deals with amplitude) If x[n] y[n], then kx[n] ky[n] K is a constant v = iR v across R Linear System
p v2
i across R
v across R
p in R
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Example 3
x(n) y(n)
X 10
X 10
x2 (n) (n)
X 10
y2 (n) 10 (n)
Individual outputs:
2 x1 (n) 2u(n)
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Linear System
4 y2 (n) 40 (n)
2 y1 (n) 20u(n)
4 x2 (n) 4 (n)
X 10
Example 4
x(n)
y(n) x 2 (n)
System
x1 (n) u(n)
y1 (n) u 2 (n) u(n)
System
x2 (n) (n)
System
Individual outputs:
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Example 5 (a)
Given the linear system , find whether the system is time invariant or not.
Solution:
x1 (n)
System
y1 (n) 2 x1 (n 5)
Time Invariant
14 CEN352, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad King Saud University
Example 5 (b)
Given the linear system y(n) 2 x(3n) , find whether the system is time invariant or not.
Solution:
x1 (n)
System
y1 (n) 2 x1 (3n)
NOT Equal
by n0 samples leads to
Causality
Causal System:
Output y(n) at time n depends on current input x(n) at time n or previous inputs, such as x(n-1), x(n-2), etc.
Example:
Difference Equation
A causal, linear, and time invariant system can be represented by a difference equation as follows:
Outputs
After rearranging:
Inputs
Finally:
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Example 6
Identify non zero system coefficients of the following difference equations.
Solution:
b0 1, a1 0.25
Solution:
b0 1, b1 0.5
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Impulse Response
Any input
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Example 7 (a)
Given the linear time-invariant system:
a.
Solution:
Therefore,
b.
20 CEN352, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad King Saud University
c.
Example 7 (b)
Solution:
a. Then
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Infinite!
c.
BIBO Stability
BIBO: Bounded In and Bounded Out
A stable system is one for which every bounded input produces a bounded output.
Let, in the worst case, every input value reaches to maximum value M.
If the impulse responses are finite number, then output is also finite.
23 CEN352, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad King Saud University
Stable system.
Example 8
Given a linear system given by: Which is described by the unit-impulse response: Determine whether the system is stable or not.
Solution:
Digital Convolution
Convolution sum requires h(n) to be reversed and shifted. If h(n) is the given sequence, h(-n) is the reversed sequence.
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Reversed Sequence
Solution:
a.
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Solution:
Length = 3
Length = 3
Convolution length = 3 +3 1 = 5
28 CEN352, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad King Saud University
Solution:
Length = 3
Length = 2
Convolution length = 3 + 2 1 = 4
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Convolution Properties
Commutative:
Associative:
Associative
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Distributive