WORKSHEET 3_II References making a bibliographical list Reference lists - guidelines and examples Each reference provides the

e essential details for the location of the information: Who wrote it? Who published it? Where was it published? When was it published? Information required A book reference should contain: author(s) or editor(s) - may also be a corporate organisation such as the British Medical Association (BMA) title edition number place of publication publisher date of publication Book chapter references also contain: the title and editor(s) of the whole work as well as the title and author(s) of the chapter first and last page numbers of the chapter Standard journal article reference should contain: author(s) title of article journal title (often in abbreviated form) year volume; issue and first and last page numbers Including the issue number for a journal is essential if the page sequence does not continue throughout a whole volume, but is not required if there is one sequence. Styles prescribe specific formatting and punctuation - for example: the year may, or may not be enclosed in brackets the journal title may be given in italics or underlined the volume numbers may be given in bold Examples of reference formatting The examples which follow are all given in the Harvard format with the year after the authors name. If using the Vancouver or numeric system the year should be placed after the source name. Journal article Gillies DA, (2001) Popper and computer induction Bioessays 23 (9) 613-622 Books Personal author(s) Carpenter, D. (2003) The struggle for mastery: Britain 1066-1284. London: Allen Lane Editor(s) Kumar P, Clark M, editors. (2002) Kumar & Clark Clinical medicine 5th ed. Edinburgh: W B Saunders Organisation as author British Medical Association. (1993) Complementary medicine: the BMA guide to good practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press Chapter in book Ormond, L. (2004). Victorian Romance: Tennyson, in Saunders, CJ (ed.) A Companion to Romance: From Classical to Contemporary. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 48-53 Theses or dissertations Guichard V. (2003) The ABC of Film. PhD thesis. University of London. Official Publications Department of Environment (1986) Landfill wastes. London, HMSO (Waste Management paper, 26) Diagrams or illustrations Danielson E (2005) Efferent connections of the vermis. in: Standring, S. (ed) Grays Anatomy 39th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, p364, illus. General tips List all authors, but if the number exceeds six, list the first six followed by et al. Some styles may require that all authors be listed, no matter how many For journal articles, having the journal title in italics and the volume number in bold is a common convention which aids clarity Keep capitalisation to a minimum THE AUTHOR-DATE APPROACH This is often referred to as the Harvard, or sometimes as the Parenthetical system, because the name and date are placed in parentheses (brackets). MLA (Modern Languages Association), and APA (American Psychological Association) are also widely used styles which use the author-date approach. Two styles that have

advocated the footnotes approach to referencing are now recommending an author-date approach as an alternative MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) and Chicago or Turabian The references are cited in the main body of the text by inserting the author surname and year of publication in brackets at the relevant point. The reference list contains the sources you have cited in alphabetical order by author's surname. Example: In the Text Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world (Cook 1985), but its incidence varies widely (Bassendine 1987; Vitale 1986). Reference List Bassendine MF. 1987. Aetiological factors in hepatocellular cancers. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1:1-16 Cook GC. 1985. Hepatocellular carcinoma: one of the world's most common malignancies. Q J Med 223: 705-708. Vitale GC, Heuser LS, Polk HC. 1986. Malignant tumours of the liver. Surg Clin North Am 66: 723-741 Details When two or more references to the same author have been cited, arrange them in chronological order by date of publication. For example, Brown 1991, 1994 When two or more references to the same author have been cited from the same year, differentiate them with an `a b c' annotation. For example, Smith 1996a, 1996b If two authors have the same surname, add their initials to the text. For example, Smith TH 1992, Smith W 1992 If you refer explicitly to an author in the main text, a date in brackets will be sufficient. For example: Cook's key paper on Hepatocellular carcinoma (1985) is often cited in this area. When quoting directly from a text, the page number on which the quote appears should also be given eg (Jones 1999 p255) Now also (Jones 1999:225) Style guides Rules for the number of authors names to include in the citations and in the reference list are specified in the style guides for individual journals, for example, in the citations: if an item has two authors, use and eg (Brown and Black 1995) if there are three or more authors use et al which means and others eg (Brown et al 1995) in the reference list: all authors names should be included. Secondary referencing NEVER cite an article you have not seen in full. You should not cite an article based only on an abstract If it is impossible to read the original article, but you wish to include the findings of that research as reported in a review or textbook, then you must cite the review article or book which refers to the original work, ie (as cited by --) eg eg Browns results cited by Jones (1999, p563) indicated that The use of secondary referencing in scientific writing is strongly discouraged Diagrams and illustrations Scanned or electronic images included in written work should always be acknowledged by citation. If the work is to be published, permission must be sought from the original creator before inclusion of any graphic material. Electronic sources Citing electronic information can be problematic. Web-based information presents additional problems as it is subject to change or may disappear from the web completely. Full-text documents from online or CD databases A standard reference should contain: Author/editor, year, title, medium, place of publication and publisher, eg: Newens et al (1997) Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. J Clin Nurs 6(2), 153-160. Full-text (online). CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. (Accessed 28th May 1998). Some database producers may advise on the citation format. Indicate this in the references, eg: Tabet, N and Feldman, H. Ibuprofen for Alzheimers disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005. Chichester: Wiley. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004031 (Citation as instructed) Internet sources A standard reference to an internet source should include the author, the date the information was published or updated (either year or full date) the title of the work, the url (including the internet access protocol (for example ftp://, telnet://, http://) and the hosting web site, if this is not obvious from the url, plus the accessed date. The accessed date is the date you viewed, downloaded or printed the web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page, or if the page is no longer available.

Web document Example Nye, David. (1998) A physicians guide to fibromyalgia syndrome (online). Available: http://www.muhealth.org/~fibro/fm-md.html (accessed 20.3.00) Ejournal article Where journals are available in print form as well as online it is unnecessary to refer to the online access details, the standard journal reference information will suffice. If however the journal is only available in electronic form then the web address and access date are obviously essential. Example Brown, M. A. (1996) Primary Care Nurse Practitioners: Do Not Blend the Colors in the Rainbow of Advanced Practice Nursing, Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (online), 1st August 1996. Available from: http://www.nursingworld/ojin/tpc1/tpc1_6.htm (accessed 17th March 1998). Discussion list messages Example Ainley, P. (2005) Fairer Funding for Adult Learning BERA Higher education special interest group discussion list, July 5th. (Online) available at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/BERA-HE-SIG.html (accessed 15.7.05) Personal email messages Smith, F (fred.smith@kcl.ac.uk). (2005) June 5th. New Shakespeare folio discovered. Personal communication. Email to J Brown (joyce.brown@kcl.ac.uk). You should always obtain permission from an email correspondent before quoting their email address. General tips for electronic sources always bookmark useful web documents save and print all the documents and correspondence that you intend to cite, just in case they aren't effectively archived or disappear learn to appraise critically and evaluate resources in terms of currency and authority resources that dont cite a specific author or publication date should be treated with caution if there is no apparent author, try and identify the most relevant and specific corporate unit, or email the Webmaster for advice if no date is available, state clearly no date given www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/ir/refs/ Some commonly used abbreviations: app. appendix c., ca. about <Lat.circa, circum used with dates cf. compare <Lat. confer ed. editor, edition eds. editors (more than one) e.g. for example <Lat. exempli gratia et al. and others <Lat. et alia f., ff. following page/pages: p.25f. means page 25 and the following page ibid. in the same place <Lat. (no longer used) i.e. that is <Lat. which is illus. illustrated, illustrator l., ll. line/lines loc. cit. in the place previously cited <Lat. loco citato ms., mss. Manuscript (s) N.d. no date (publication date is not given) N, nn note(s) (used after a page number: 35n, 35n6) n.p. no place (of publication) op opus <Lat. work op.cit. in the work previously cited <Lat.opere citato (no longer used) p., pp. page(s) rpt. Reprinted rev. revised /reviewed trans. Translated by, translator, translation UP University Pres (as in Cambridge UP) Vide see <Lat. Vide TASK 1 Write a bibliographical list (10 items, various books, articles, chapters, internet sources etc.) for the article / research paper you are to produce by the end term.