History 12- Terms to Identify (p.

149-160 Keylor) The Rise of German Security on the Continent or The Collapse of the French Security System on the Continent 1. Stresa Front a. Britain, France and Italy (the old WWI coalition) 2. French Security on the Continent (1935) a. April 1935: Stresa declaration to strengthen Locarno Treaty b. May 1935: Franco-Soviet pact c. June 1935: Franco-Italian military talks begin d. Alliances with Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia e. Friendship treaties with Romania and Yugoslavia 3. Anglo-German Bilateral Naval Agreement (1935) a. June 1935: Germany could build up its navy to 35% of total tonnage of British fleets (which was promptly ignored) b. Fractures the Stresa Front by breaking a Versailles clause 4. British and French Concessions towards Italy in Ethiopia (1935) a. January 1935: France formally renounces economic interests in Ethiopia b. August 1935: Britain and France give Italy a privileged economic position and the right to appoint Italian advisors to Ethiopias civil service system, army and police 5. Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) a. October 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia b. Ethiopia was a member of LoN and there was much public outcry c. LoN condemned the invasion and voted economic sanctions as supported by France and Britain 6. Hoare-Laval Pact (1935) a. December 1935: a secret Anglo-French agreement allowing the majority of Ethiopia to be under Italian rule and the rest as an Italian client state b. Was disavowed when it was leaked c. Britain and France were already disobeying the economic sanctions 7. German Stance towards Italy during Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) a. Used the fracturing Front to his advantage b. Remained neutral and was willing to supply Italy with iron, coal and steel c. Would regard the Franco-Soviet alliance as a violation of Locarno and a threat to German security d. Reintroduced military forces and fortifications into the Rhineland 8. Franco-Soviet Pact (1936) a. February 1936: ratification of Franco-Soviet Treaty b. Germany used this treaty to generate anti-communist propaganda 9. German Invasion of the Rhineland (1936) a. March 1936: German infantry, AA guns and aircraft move into the Rhineland 10.Frances Maginot Line a. A line of fortifications along the French-German border b. French military doctrine dictated passivity in compliance with Frances desire not to go to war (basically wrote off the Rhineland) c. However, govt leaders in Paris wanted an offensive in direct opposition to the general staff 11.Pierre-Etienne Flandin

a. April 1936: goes to London to discuss an Anglo-French countermove b. However, Brits do not see it as a flagrant violation due to lack of moves towards the French border 12. Joint Anglo-French Counteroffensive Proposal against the Germans in the Rhineland (1936) a. Britain would not participate in any military response or approve of French unilateral action b. Britain wanted to avoid war at all costs and correctly believed that another pan-Europe war would begin from a French or Anglo-French advance into the Rhineland 13. Hitlers Brinkmanship Succeeds in Paralyzing British and French Military Response a. Used their fear of going to war against them b. Only option for Britain and France was to issue protests, issue a LoN condemnation and begin French-Anglo military consulations c. Britain began remilitarizing but only on upgrading the navy and air force for home/colonial protection 14. Little Ententes and Polands Response to German Invasion of the Rhineland a. They believed that France would initiate any moves trying to restrain Germany b. June 1936: joint meeting of all chiefs of staff of the Little Entente c. Poland increases diplomacy with Germany while other nations continue to depend on French military protection 15. Belgian Renouncement of Military Alliance with France (1936) a. October 1936: Belgium ends alliance with France and reverts to neutrality b. British and French forces were no longer guaranteed passage c. Frances northeastern frontier is now open and unguarded 16. German Rise of Security on the Continent (1936) a. To the north, Belgium has been neutralized and the Rhineland is remilitarized b. To the east, Poland is now a barrier to the Soviet Union c. To the south, the Little Entente is now forced to seek improved relations with Germany 17. Spanish Civil War / General Francisco Franco (1936) a. Franco asked fellow Fascists Hitler and Mussolini for aid b. Germany would be able to test out new weapons, tactics (namely terror bombing) and gains access to Spanish resources c. Italy uses this as an opportunity to get closer to Germany 18. Hitlers Four-Year Economic Plan (1936) a. October 1936: to create absolute independence from foreign trade by synthetic materials b. Supervised by Hermann Goering 19. Blitzkrieg a. Lightning War b. Used fast-moving armor and air power to punch through enemy lines and isolate pockets of the enemy 20. Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

a. October 1936: Mussolinis acceptance of Germanys powers over Austria and Eastern Europe b. Gives France and Britain another target to worry about: Italy 21. Anschluss / Kurt von Schuschnigg / Austrian Nazis a. Hitler begins to pressure Austria to align its policies with that of Germany b. Indicates to Austrian Nazis to increase subversive activities to prepare for annexation c. Austrian police raids on Nazi HQ reveals collusion between Germany and Austrian Nazis which forces Hitler to take on a different route d. February 1938: Hitler personally meets with Chancellor Schuschnigg and bullies him into accepting Nazis in the govt e. March 1938: Schuschnigg sets up a plebiscite to get national support in resisting Germany which Hitler oversees with his military f. April 1938: a clearly rigged election votes for Anschluss 22. German Annexation of Austria (1938) a. Clearly forbidden by Treaty of Versailles but at this point, who cares? b. Schuschnigg got no support from France or Britain 23. Anti Comintern Pact (Berlin-Tokyo Axis) (1936) a. Germany benefits from Japanese pressure on European colonial possessions in Asia b. All hated communist Russia and promoted resistance against Comintern 24. Creation of the Axis Powers (1937) a. Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact b. The worlds three expansionist powers are now aligned