CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.

Background of the study Paint has been around this world for more than 20,000 years. It has

undergone many changes in the industry, from being water proof to being fireretardant to being lead-free and so much more. In art, it is the most commonly used medium in painting. Painting is not only a mean of visual entertainment of expressing ones self. It also promotes the practitioners creativity and imagination. It has also been scientifically proven that children who have been exposed to painting, or any artistic activities for that matter, has promoted brain activity. However, students and children do not have easy access to these materials due to the fact that they are either too expensive and, or too hard to find. Gelatin, a protein obtained from the skin, tendons and bones of animals, is one of those materials which could be easily found. Its commercial form melts in hot water, but when it congeals, it turns to the gel-like substance known as a dessert. Being a dessert however, is only one of the gelatins many uses. It has been used as the capsules of the various pharmaceutical products, in tainting lights, in plastic making and many others.

There were already a few researches conducted on its feasibility as paint since it has already been used for other coloring purposes. However, the

researcher was captured on conducting a research on his own on the gelatin as component of paint with acceptable characteristics.

B.

Statement of the Problem This study focused on the feasibility of gelatin as a component of paint.

Sub-problems 1. What are the properties of the different paint samples with gelatin in terms of: a) Color b) Odor c) Viscosity d) Drying time? e) Shelf-life? 2. Is there a significant difference among the properties of the different paint samples? 3. Is the paint acceptable based on its properties?

C.

Hypotheses There is no significant difference among the properties of the different

paint samples at 0.05 level of significance.

D.

Objectives of the Study This study aims to: To verify if gelatin is feasible as a component in making art paint. To manufacture an affordable art paint that is user friendly with satisfactory characteristics of color, odor, viscosity, drying time and shelf-life.

E.

Significance of the Study This research may provide a means of manufacturing an affordable and

easily accessible art paints. It is made from gelatin, a collagen, which will not cause allergic reactions. Furthermore, this study may help promote the painting industry due to its lowered costs. Students, especially toddlers and children from nurseries to elementary, may highly benefit of this study since it stimulates their creativity and their artistic skills. It comes from organic compounds and is biodegradable. It is eco-friendly and does not contain harmful toxins that may harm the user nor their environment. The product of this study is a promising product that may help the skill and talent development of our budding artists.

F.

Scope and Limitations This study focused on the efficiency of gelatin as a main component of art

paints. The components of the paint used were Knox gelatin and a few cups of

all purpose flour as vehicle or binder, water as solvent and ordinary powder coloring as pigment. The properties of the paint studied were color, odor, viscosity, drying rates, and shelf life. The study did not cover the different forms of paint that can be formed. Also, it did not tackle on the effects of different environments to the paint after application. The development of the paint was done at the chemistry laboratory, Integrated Developmental School while the evaluation of paint was conducted at the researchers house during the school year 2011 2012.

G.

Definition of Terms

Color

It is the color of the pigment of the paint and its appeal to its viewers. It is the amount of time it takes for the paint to dry. It is a colorless or slightly yellow, transparent, brittle protein formed by boiling the specially prepared skin, bones, and connective tissue of animals and used in foods, drugs, and photographic film.

Drying time Gelatin

Odor

It is the rate of pleasantness of the paints smell. Or the smell it emits.

Paint

Paint is a solid-coloring matter, suspended in a liquid vehicle used to impart its color to the surfaced. It is composed of the pigment, the vehicle/binder and the solvent.

Shelf-life

It is the length of time that perishable materials before they can be considered unsuitable for sale. But in this case, it is the length of time before the paint changes in composition.

Viscosity

It is the thickness or the measure of internal friction of the paint.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Paint is a decorative and protective coating commonly applied to rigid surfaces as a liquid consisting of a pigment suspended in a vehicle or binder. It has been used for pictorial and decorative purposes in the caves of France and Spain as early of 15,000 B.C. The earliest pigments were natural ores such as iron oxide; these formulae were supplemented by China in 6,000 B.C. using mixtures of inorganic compounds and organic pigments. In 1,500 B.C. the Egyptians were using dyes such as indigo and madder to make blue and red pigments. Exploitation of linseed oil (a drying oil used as a vehicle) and zinc oxide (a white pigment) in the 18th Century brought rapid expansion of the paint industry (Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9, 2007). In that matter, it has also gone through a lot of changes in usage; in industry and in art. It has become one of the most important materials in painting. The composition of paint is mainly composed of these three: the vehicle or the binder, the solvent and the pigments. The binder or vehicle is one of the most important components of paint. It is the basic solid film former that remains after the solvent has evaporated and it is which binds the pigment particles together into a cohesive paint film. The binder determines many of the necessary film properties such as adhesion, gloss level, hardness, abrasion resistance, flexibility, speed of drying and durability. The solvent is the liquid that carries the solid components of paint. It must be present to allow the paint to be of correct

consistency for application of brush, roller, spray or dipping. The pigment is the component that gives paint its other most important properties of color and opacity. The pigments used in paint are normally present as fine solid particles that are dispersed, but not soluble, in the binder and solvent. The most common pigment used in paint is titanium dioxide and the majority of white paints use this pigment. Other inorganic colored pigments are used such as red and yellow iron oxides, aluminum flakes and mica flakes. Zinc is used in many anti corrosion primers (painterforum, 2012). Simple paints can be formed just by combining solvents and pigments and/or binders. For example: clay and water or gelatin and water. It could also be enhanced by adding additional binders such as flour paste and additives such as fillers and scents (learning disabilities, 2010). There have been other promising subjects to be used as components of paint, but because of its availability and affordability, the main component chosen was one readily available in the researchers kitchen: gelatin Gelatin is a protein obtained from the skin, tendons, and bones of animals. It is used in many food products and pharmaceuticals, in many industrial processes, and for cooking. Commercial gelatin, usually in the form of sheets, granules or powder, dissolves in hot water to congeal and form a gel as the solution cools. Its most important uses in the industry concerns photography,

lithography, photocopying, improving blending characteristics in the plastic industry, in metallurgy to achieve greater refinement purity, as a corrosion inhibitor, producing bright finishes in electroplating, as a component in fertilizers

and such at the agriculture, stage lighting and other products concerning glass and others (Grolier Inc., 1980). Based on a research study by Carmen (2007), it was proven that paint could be made from Styrofoam using gasoline as its solvent and ordinary pigments. The setback was that it still issues an unpleasant odor of gasoline; it formed bubbles when it dried on the applied surface and it has slower drying rate than the commercial product. It is also possible to create paint from clay; which uses the combination of clay and starch-paste as a binder. Although, it was not water-resistant and therefore recommended for inside use Garden, 2011). There were other successful innovations on making Scented Gelatin Paint. Just like this one made by Ann Logsdon (2010). It involved using un-sweetened colored gelatin dissolved in warm water to be used as a multisensory teaching tool for children with learning disabilities. Although, the paint in question was built to be disposable and thus does not last long. Scented Paint from Gelatin intends to manufacture a paint from gelatin that is safe for students, appealing to our sight and smell, pleasing to the touch and one with a longer shelf-life. Based upon the related literature, the product shows a lot of promise and has a high probability of succeeding. It would be an effective stimulant in (eHow, 2011 & Natural Home and

learning, especially for children. Since all of its components are non-toxic and basically edible, it poses no harm unto its users.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A.

Research Design The experimental research design was employed in obtaining an

acceptable product. Three set-ups for each artist paint color was prepared. Each sample was evaluated by the researcher for its acceptability and characteristics in terms of color and odor, using Score Card & Hedonic Scale. Its drying time, viscosity and shelf-life were measured through improvised methods.

B.

Materials and Equipment

Materials 1/2 cup Flour 2 tablespoons of vanilla 3 plastic containers with lids 50g Colorless, Unflavored Powdered Gelatin 6 cups water Food Coloring (blue, yellow and red) Spoon/Sticks for stirring

Equipment Cooking apparatuses (stove)

C.

Experimental Set-up

Table 1. Components of the Different Samples of Artist Paint COMPONENTS SET-UP A SET-UP B SET-UP C Pigment (g) Gelatin (g) Flour (cups) Water (cups) Scent/vanilla (tbsp.) X Red 50 6 2 X Blue 50 6 2 X Yellow 50 6 2

CONTROL None 50 6 2

D.

General Procedure

Preparation of Materials The materials were prepared and cleaned while the all the tools used were also sterilized. The quantities of the components to be used were carefully measured and then placed in individual containers until they were used.

Preparation of Flour Paste Half cup flour was dissolved in two cups water and placed on medium heat. It was constantly stirred until it thickened or became pasty. If desired, thickness could be reduced if water was added. Preparation of Gelatin Mixture The fifty grams of unflavored gelatin was dissolved in one cup water and was set aside until it was used. Formulation of Paint Three cups of water was boiled. The gelatin mixture was added to the boiling water. The gelatin was stirred occasionally to avoid burning. The heat was turned off after 7 to 8 minutes or until time that the mixture became runny.

The paste prepared earlier and the vanilla scent was blended. Once the gelatin was done, the two mixtures were quickly combined. The resulting mixture was poured into three separate plastic containers where the food coloring would be added. The colors intensity naturally depend on the amount of pigment color used so it may be adjusted. Testing Viscosity Three 50-ml graduated cylinders were cleaned and filled with a single color of the product. A steel ball (ball bearing) was then dropped into the cylinder. The time it took to reach the bottom was then measured. More steel balls were also dropped unto the two remaining graduated cylinders with the researcher recording each of their results. The graduated cylinders were then cleaned and used for the next color. And so it was done until all colors were tested. The paint is said to be viscous when the time the steel ball reaches the bottom is longer. Testing the Paints Drying Time A brush was dipped into one of the products colors and a line painted on the bond paper. The time it took to dry was then measured. The procedure was repeated two more times. The entire process was repeated for the remaining two colors. Testing Shelf-life Two batches of three plastic containers of equal sizes (one for each color) were filled and then sealed with different caps. One batch was placed in a dry place at room temperature, while the other was refrigerated. The products were checked daily and observations were noted. Every twenty four hours, the

researcher checks his product placed in the two different conditions and jolts down any changes that occurred. If none, he writes NVC which stands for no visible change. The shelf-life of the paint was the length of time before any of it characteristic changed.

E.

Product Development Trials were conducted to achieve a desired product. The research teacher

evaluated the product and gave suggestions for the improvement and enhancement of the product of the research for each trial. Trials ended until an acceptable product was achieved based on the evaluation of the research teacher.

F.

Sampling Design No sampling design was used since it was only the researcher who

assessed the characteristics of the different paint samples in terms of its color, odor and acceptability using the Score Card and Hedonic Scale.

G.

Product Evaluation The researcher evaluated the product using a Score Card and the

Hedonic Scale to evaluate the different samples of the said paint in terms of its characteristics and acceptability. The researcher applied the product on bond paper and rated the characteristics of each sample product in terms of its color and odor, using the numerical rating from 1 5, where 5 is the highest and 1 is

the lowest. Specific descriptions per characteristics were laid out in Table 2 for easy evaluation and minimize biases. The overall acceptability of the samples of paint was also rated using Hedonic Scale. The researcher rated the samples from 1 9 were 1 corresponds to extremely disliked which means least accepted and 9 corresponds to extremely liked which means the most accepted product as shown in Table 3.

H.

Instruments in Data Gathering This study used a Score Card for its sensory evaluation and the Hedonic

Scale for the measuring of acceptance as shown in the Table 2 and 3. Table 2 Score Card Scale for the Characteristics of the Artist Paint Rating & Description Characteristics Color Odor 5 (Excellent) Brilliant Pleasing 4 (Very Good) Slightly Brilliant Distinct 3 (Good) 2 (Fair) 1 (Poor)

Average Slightly not Not Brilliant Brilliant Average Acceptable Disgusting

Table 3 Hedonic Scale for the Acceptability Rating General Acceptability 9 Extremely Liked 8 Very Much Liked 7 Moderately Liked 6 5 4 Slightly Liked Neither Liked Nor Disliked Slightly Disliked

3 2 1

Moderately Disliked Very Much Disliked Extremely Disliked

I.

Statistical Tools for Data Analysis This study used the statistical tool called weighted mean to identify the

average for each criteria based on the scores given by the evaluators and ANOVA was used to verify if there was any significant difference on the results of each type of paint made as well as the drying rates and viscosity tests at =0.05 . The color and odor test was assessed by the researcher using score cards and scales and descriptively compared among samples. Weighted Mean where is the sum of the data in the set n is equal to the sample size.

Analysis of Variance

where: MSA The Absorbents Mean Square SSA The Absorbents Sum of the Squares MSE The Mean Square Error SSE The Absorbents Sum of the Squares For interpretation of results on the evaluation given by the researcher, the following tables next page served as guides.

Gather Components

Present and defend the knowldge thus acquired

Sterelize Materials

Finalize your analysis and re-check for errors

Measure components and place them on separate containers

Summarize the data using the statistical tools and give your conclusion

Perform Experiment

Conduct Product Assessment

Figure 1. Flowchart of Procedures Done

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This

chapter

shows

the

result

and

data

of

the

researchers

experimentation shown in tables and graphs. ANOVA was used in determining the difference between the differences of the results of each pigment used.

Color and Odor Observation The color and odor observations assessed by the researcher are shown in Table 4 and 5. Table 4. Score Card Scale Results on the Color and Odor Evaluation RATING CHARACTERISTICS Red Yellow Blue Color 2 4 5 Odor 5 5 5

The data in Table 4 means that the rating for red paint (2) was fair, slightly not brilliant. The yellow paint (4) means that it is very good, slightly brilliant. While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this rating, the most satisfactory color is the blue paint. On the other hand, the odor of all the paint had the same rating (5) which means excellent. All paint had pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent.

Table 5. Hedonic Scale Results on Color and Odor Acceptability CHARACTERISTICS RATING

Color Odor

Red 4 9

Yellow 7 9

Blue 9 9

The Hedonic Scale result in Table 10 shows that among colors, red was slightly disliked while yellow was moderately liked and blue was extremely liked. The colors mean likeability turned out to be moderately liked. The data gathered for the odor showed that it was extremely liked in the three colors.

Drying Rate The drying rates mean results were 19 seconds, 32.7 seconds and 32 seconds of the colors red, blue and yellow paint, respectively. The drying rates comparisons are as shown in Figure 2. Comparison of Groups
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 Red Blue Yellow Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trials' Mean

Figure 2. Title Figure 2 shows a brief comparison the results of the three trials results and their means. Here it is shown that of the three colors, the color red dried fastest. Yellow and blues means showed little difference from each other.

Analysis between these means were made using ANOVA to ascertain if there is any significant difference caused by the variation of pigment. The analysis of the results are as seen at Table 6.

Table 6. Drying Time Statistical Test Results Mean N Std. Dev 19.0 3 6.56 Red 32.7 3 11.02 Blue 32.0 3 8.00 Yellow 27.9 9 10.08 Total ANOVA table Source SS Df MS F p-value Treatment 356.22 2 178.111 2.34 .1773 Error 456.67 6 76.111 Total 812.89 8

Table 6 shows that the p-value, 0.1773, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between the three samples of paint in terms of its drying time.

Viscosity Test The viscosity test of the three subjects leads to the following results: a mean of 1.96 seconds, 0.98 seconds and 1.10 seconds paints colored red, blue and yellow, respectively. Figure 3 shows a comparison of results of the viscosity test among the paint samples.

Comparison of Groups
2.500 Axis Title 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 Red Yellow Axis Title Blue Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trials' Mean

Figure 3.Title

Figure 3 shows a brief comparison of the trials viscosity rates and their means. As the figure shows, red took the longest time to reach the bottom while the color yellow fell fastest. This means that red paint is more viscous over yellow paint and blue paint. While yellow paint is the least viscous. ANOVA was used to compare the viscosity among the paint samples whether the difference is significant or not. Statistical results are shown in Table 7. Table 7. Viscosity Statistical Test Results Mean n Std. Dev 1.47000 3 0.45902 Red 0.99667 3 0.03786 Yellow 1.03333 3 0.06506 Blue 1.11333 1.04000 1.34667 1.16667 ANOVA table Source SS Treatments 0.4161 Blocks 0.1539 Error 0.2789 Total 0.8488 3 3 3 9 df 2 2 4 8 0.24826 0.01000 0.53454 0.32573 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Total p-value .1610 .4153

MS F 0.20803 2.98 0.07693 1.10 0.06972

Table 7 shows that the p-value, 0.1610, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between the three samples of paint in terms of its viscosity.

Shelf-life The shelf-life was measured by observing if there were any changes on the experiment daily. For the un-refrigerated paint samples, after the third day, it smelled acid, probably it turned sour and lumps were formed. evidence of a chemical change. This shows

Hence, the shelf-life of the un-refrigerated

sample was only two (2) days. For the refrigerated paint samples, no visible changes were observed for one week. On the eight day, however, a slight

change in texture was observed, it becomes very sticky but it disappears after shaking. On the ninth day, souring starts and on day ten smells really bad. It can still, however, be used for painting, only the odor changed. Hence for the refrigerated sample, its shelf-life is one week.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

A.

Summary

The researchers experiment produced three 250 milliliters (mL) of artist paint with the colors, red, blue and yellow. Upon processing, the quantity of the solvent, resin or binder and the quantity of pigment was not altered. Only the pigment type or color was changed. The binder or the resin used was an

unflavored and colorless gelatin and a processed mixture of flour and water, the solvent would have been ordinary tap water but since, gelatin is primarily a gel and the flour-water mixture is more of a paste, little or no solvent was used but instead the liquid is used on the preparation of the materials themselves. Pigmenting colors would be those of yellow, blue and red. A vanilla scent was used to enhance scent. Results showed that the mean of the colors first assessment was slightly brilliant while the second assessment stated that it was moderately liked. The colors performance was hindered by the absence of a good pigment of the color red. blend. The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to a full minute. The ANOVAs results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10 alpha. The difference between the three samples drying rates is highly insignificant. The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not too thin. The ANOVAs results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10 alpha. The difference between the three samples drying rates is highly insignificant. The odors assessments were extremely liked and having an excellent

The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change. The product lasts only a bit more than the previous gelatin paints made. Generally, depending upon the pigments used and storage, the product is quite satisfactory. But not consumer-friendly since it lasts only a few days.

B.

Conclusion Using the methods used and the data gathered, the following conclusions

are made: Results showed that the red paint had a rating 2 which was fair, slightly not brilliant. The yellow paint had a rating 4 means that it is very good, slightly brilliant. While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this rating, the most satisfactory color is the blue paint. On the other hand, the odor of all the paint had the same rating (5) which means excellent. All paint had pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent. The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to a full minute. The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not too thin. The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change. The results of ANOVA state that there is no significant difference among the three samples of paint (red, blue and yellow) in terms of its drying time and viscosity.

Gelatin is feasible for art paint but not for commercial purposes, e.g., in its more suitable in home use and in classroom activities where it can then be disposed thereafter.

C.

Recommendations The researcher of this study recommends the following to improve further

studies related to this: 1. 2. Use other organic materials that are also easy to acquire Researching on preservatives that can be used to extend this products shelf-life. 3. Perform other significant tests related to qualities of paint

REFERENCES

Novie Dale S. Carmen. (2007). Paint from Styrofoam. Iligan City, Integrated Developmental School. The Miriam Webster Incorporated. (2004). The Essential English Dictionary. Australia, Hinkler Books Pty Ltd. Otter Rethimnon. Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9: Paint; Definition and History . Britannica Encyclopedia (published 2007) Athena and Bill Steven. (2005,August). Homemade Paint: Make your own Paint. Retrieved from: http://www.naturalhomeandgarden.com/article.aspx?id=2776 Ann Logsdon. (2007). Homemade Scented Gelatin Paint Children- Make You Own Scented Paint. Retrieved From: http://learningdisabilities.about.com/od/handsonlearningmaterials/ht/scented_pai nt.htm What is Paint. (n.d.). In Paintforum. Retrieved April 5, 2012. From: http://painterforum.com/paintexplained.html

APPENDIX A DOCUMENTATION

Figure 4. The Researcher Processing the Materials

Figure 5. The Researcher Adding Pigment to the Binders

Figure 6. The Paint Samples

Figure 7. Sample Painting By The Researcher

33

Figure 8. Another Sample Painting By the Researcher

Figure 9. The Paint (Ordinary Brush Strokes) during the Drying Time Test

APPENDIX B DATA GATHERED

Table 8. Raw Data For Viscosity Test Viscosity Test Results Red Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average 1.4 1.05 1.96 1.47 Yellow 0.97 1.04 0.98 0.996667 Blue 0.97 1.03 1.1 1.033333

Table 9. Raw Data For Drying Rate Test Drying-Rate Test Results Red Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean 12 25 20 19 Blue 38 20 40 32.66667 Yellow 32 40 24 32

Table 10. Shelf-life Test Results DAY UN-REFRIGERATED SAMPLE 1 2 3

REFRIGERATED SAMPLE

Shelf-life Test Results Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Un-refridgerated NVC NVC The concotion sours and Lumps form Refridgerated NVC NVC Legend: NVC= no visible change NVC NVC NVC NVC

Day 9

Day 10

NVC Slight change in texture but disappears when shaken Souring starts Can be use

CURRICULUM VITAE