Pressure oscillations simulation in P80 SRM rst stage VEGA launcher

V. Ferretti , B. Favini , E. Cavallini , F. Serraglia and M. Di Giacinto

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMA), Sapienza University of Rome VEGA IPT ESA/ESRIN, Frascati (Rome), Italy

47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference San Diego (California), 31 July - 2 August 2011

Sapienza Activity in ISP-1 Program

15/01/10

Pagina 1

Vortex sound quasi-one dimensional model

Quasi-one dimensional model for the simulation of the internal ballistic in SRMs. Only the acoustic pressure oscillations are considered (combustion oscillations are neglected).

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Introduction

Large SRM (e.g: US Space Shuttle SRM, P80 SRM, Ariane 5 P230 SRM, Titan SRM, ETM-3) can exhibit sustained pressure oscillations during their operative life. Their frequency is close to the rst acoustic mode or one of its multiple. The pressure oscillations result from the complex feedback mechanism fed by vortex shedding and acoustic waves.

The P80 SRM is the rst stage of the new European Vega launcher. The two static ring tests, P80 DM and P80 QM, present the same conguration except for the pressurizing gas (nitrogen for P80 QM, helium for P80 DM). The P80 QM exhibits three pressure oscillating phase, the P80 DM four.

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Aeroacoustic coupling
Aeroacoustic coupling feedback loop

vortical structure generation by hydrodynamic instability of the shear ow vortex shedding (parietal, obstacle and corner vortex shedding) and convection by the ow interaction with an obstacle and acoustic eld excitement acoustical triggering of the shear ow instability Vortex shedding: stand-off distance li , frequency fvs Acoustics: combustion chamber length L, acoustic frequency fa Resonant coupling: the vortex shedding frequency is synchronized with the chamber acoustic modes (fvs = fa )

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Vortex sound quasi-one dimensional model

Two phase ow effects are neglected. A mixture of non reacting perfect gases, with thermophysical properties variable in space and time, is considered. The grain combustion reactions occur in a thin layer on the grain surface; the propellant mass is added without any axial momentum. Combustion unsteady models are not considered.

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Q-1D vorticity equation I

Vorticity equation for a newtonian uid without viscous terms
() + (u) = t u: stretching or tilting term u: compressibility effect 1. Expression in cylindrical coordinates
2. Axysimmetric ow (u = 0, = 0) scalar equation in conservative form 3. Integration on the port area (mean value Ap) on a cell of thickness x

(1)

Quasi-one dimensional vorticity equation

( Ap ) t + ( ux Ap ) x =
Ap

( ur ) dAp r ur dAp r

Ap

ur dAp r

(2)

Ap

Ap

ux dAp = x

S1 + S2 + S3 + S4
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Q-1D vorticity equation II

S1 : radial addition S2 : deformation contribution; S3 , S4 : compressibility effect The deformation and the compressibility effects are not considered; S2 , S3 and S4 are neglected. The only radial addition term S1 remains to be modeled. variable: = Ap (3)

Quasi-one dimensional vorticity equation

( u) + = S1 t x (4)

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Q-1D quasi-one dimensional governing equations

Quasi-one dimensional vorticity equation

i Ap t uAp t eAp t + i uAp x + = rb Pb p + ms Ap V Ap x + mig Ap V + mvs for i = 1, . . . , 6

u2 + p Ap x

mig Ap inj v V

1 2 u cf + qvs 2 + ms Ap Hs V + evs

(e + p) uAp x

= rb Pb p Hf +

mig Ap Hig V

( u) + = S1 t x

(5)

mvs , q , evs : excitation of the acoustic eld by vortex shedding phenomenon vs

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Vortex growth, detachment and acoustic eld excitation I

S1 is here related to the radial contribution due to the presence of a corner (obstacle and parietal vortex shedding are not taken into described). It exists only at the corner where the vortex generation occurs and it is expressed as: S1 = (6)

Vortex shedding excitement by acoustic eld: vortex properties as a function of time varying ow conditions. Rate of variation of the circulation (k is a calibration parameter): = k u2 (t) (7)

The vortex separation is imposed at each descendent node of the pvs (t) (positive velocity antinode): d2 pvs dt2 dpvs dt = 0 local minimum (8) (9)

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Vortex growth, detachment and acoustic eld excitation II

mvs , qvs and evs are the Euler equations source terms for the sound generation due to vortex impingement From a phenomenological description combined with a dimensional analysis): mvs,i qvs evs = = = 0 u Ap dAp dx Ap u dAp dx
2 2

(10) (11) (12)

uqvs =

The expression introduced to model the source terms and to close the model, derives from a heuristic process. A calibration process is then necessary to obtain a good estimation of the oscillation amplitude.

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Internal Ballistic quasi-one dimensional model AGAR

AGAR quasi-one dimensional model for the simulation of the internal ballistic in SRMs. AGAR model is composed by the following submodels:

SPINBALL(Solid Propellant rocket motor INternalBALListics) gasdynamic model, for the analysis of solid rocket motor internal ballistics; it is completed by a cavity model, a heat transfer model, ... (Ref: E. Cavallini, Modeling and numerical simulation of solid rocket motor internal
ballistic, Ph.D. Thesis, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale e Astronautica, Sapienza, Universit di Roma 2010 )

GREG(Grain REGression) 3D grain burnback model (burning surface evolution with time); it provides the required geometrical parameters (Ref: E. Cavallini, Modeling and numerical simulation of solid rocket motor internal
ballistic, Ph.D. Thesis, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale e Astronautica, Sapienza, Universit di Roma 2010 )

the quasi-one dimensional aeroacoustic model here presented

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P80 DM solid rocket motor

P80 SRM is the rst stage of the European Vega launcher. Finocyl grain; helium as pressurizing gas. 3 (+1) blows can be noted along the combustion time. A correct reconstruction of the motor ballistics has been obtained; non ideal parameters (hump, scal factor and combustion efciency) evaluated from static ring test data by a 0D model have been used.

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P80 DM solid rocket motor and ballistic reconstruction

The simulation of the P80 DM aeroacoustic coupling is provided.

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P80 DM pressure and vorticity () distribution

Second blow. Two pressure nodes (velocity antinode): cell 240 and cell 310. The vorticity is gradually damped with the convection towards the nozzle. regular envelopment characterizes a resonant conguration. Each local maximum corresponds to a vortex = 4 vortices. The number of vortices increases with the combustion time (grain regression, core ow velocity decrease, higher number of slower vortices) from 4 to 5.

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Detachment criterion

The red lines correspond to a vortex shedding. Separation related to a relative minimum of the rst derivative and to a zero second derivative. Detachment at each pressure descending node, corresponding to a negative velocity antinode.

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Pressure oscillations HHT analysis

The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is the result of the empirical mode decomposition

(EMD) and the Hilbert spectral analysis (HSA).

The signal is decomposed into so-called intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and the

instantaneous frequency and amplitude are obtained.

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Pressure oscillations HHT analysis

blow II III IV
t tc f fac,IIblow A Amax,IIblow

0.23 - 0.472 0.65 - 0.752 0.866 - 0.944

0.94 0.86 0.989

0.75 0.525 0.53

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P80 DM experimental data comparison

t tc

f fac,IIblow

A Amax,IIblow

t tc

f fac,IIblow

A Amax,IIblow

II III IV

0.23 - 0.472 0.65 - 0.752 0.866 - 0.944

0.94 0.86 0.989

0.75 0.525 0.53

II III IV

0.252 - 0.488 0.69 - 0.79 0.88 - 0.97

1 1.044 1.064

1 0.535 0.44

Numerical simulation

Experimental data

The uctuating head pressure component is ltered between 0.774-1.5474 of the non-dimensional frequency. The numerical results show a good agreement with both the blow time and amplitude. The model correctly describes the system resonant windows.

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P80 DM FFT analysis comparison

Numerical simulation: two frequency peaks around 0.856-1 of the non-dimensional frequency (acoustics), while the second in around 1.297-1.42 (pressure rst node-throat antinode characteristic length). Experimental data: a frequency peaks between 0.1-1.064 (acoustics), a second peak can be noted between 1.48-1.55 (pressure rst node-throat antinode characteristic length). The existence of the two frequency components (1 and 1.5) is in agreement with the spectra obtained for the numerical simulation.

Numerical simulation
Pressure oscillations simulation in P80 SRM 31 July - 2 August 2011

Experimental data
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P80 DM Rossiters analysis

m Tvs =

li li + + t kR u (a u)

(13)

Rossiters analysis provides an estimate of the number of vortices that corresponds to a resonant conguration (it does not take into account both two phase ow effects and combustion instability). kR = 0.58, in accordance with literature. The number of vortices increases with the combustion time, moving from 7 to 11. Because of this too high values, Rossiters model does not identify any possible resonance solution for this motor. I 2.6 0.58 40 7 II 2.85 0.58 30 10 III 2.9 0.58 30 10 IV 2.9 0.58 28 11

li k u m

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Concluding remarks I

The model has been applied to the simulation of the aeroacoustic coupling of P80 DM solid rocket motor. Two frequency components can be noted, the rst related to the acoustics and the second to the node-throat antinode characteristic length. None spatial pressure node is located at the step position. The simulation of the last three blows is in good agreement with the experimental data (blow timing and the oscillation amplitude). The frequency characterization is also coherent, notwithstanding the obtained values are slightly lower than the experimental.

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Concluding remarks II

AGAR quasi-one dimensional model for the simulation of the ow time evolution in SRMs is presented. The model provides a good phenomenological description of the aeroacoustic coupling mechanism, of the system adjustment to resonance condition and of the following coming out. The heuristic process followed to close the model makes it necessary an amplitude calibration. A model improvement can arise from a deepening and re-discussion of the adopted closure. Other improvements: parietal and obstacle vortex shedding, two phase-ow effects and combustion instability. Analysis of other solid rocket motors in order to complete the model understanding and description Ariane 5 SRM

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Acknowledgements

The present activities were partially nanced by ESA/ESRIN. The authors would like to thank Avio, Europropulsion, CNES, ELV and ESA. The development and production of Vega SRMs are mainly due to AVIO Group S.p.A. (Colleferro Factory). Avio is prime contractor for the P80 SRM with a delegation to Europropulsion, France. The Program is managed by CNES/ESA.

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