Oral histology Lecture 10

How dentogingival junction is developed: 1. As the tooth is located inside the jaw before it starts to appear , it is covered with reduced enamel epithelium , (A) 2. This reduced enamel epithelium is joined with oral epithelium, creating a canal , this canal is lined by epithelium , thats why its is called ( epithelium lined canal) , this is the canal through which the tooth erupt without bleeding. (C) 3. The remaining part doesnt disappear, what remains after full eruption is a part of reduce enamel epithelium located at enamel . 4. This makes what we call the junctional enamel epithelium of the gingiva (G) - junctional enamel epithelium This is an unique epithelium because it is composed of exhausted cells , these are the reminisce of enamel organ so they served a long period of time of function and finally instead of retiring them we asked them to work .

These cells are unable to protect against the invasion of bacteria thats why many people have gingivitis even though they clean their teeth very much!

Eruption is completed before root formation is completed , - when the tooth emerges into the mouth the root of that tooth is not completed , the tooth continues to erupt until the tooth makes contact with the opposing tooth at that stage even the root is not completed yet . - Lets imagine that our teeth compete their roots before eruption , what happens ?! They will not erupt , Our tooth erupt because of root development ,thats why teeth cannot erupt by themselves , thats why when the tooth reaches the oral mucosa , it needs about 1-1.5 for deciduous teeth to undergo root completion, and 23 years for permanent teeth. - At that stage ( Periods till root completion ) these teeth are very sensitive , if a child had a trauma at this stage during root formation , it is very likely that the pulp of that tooth will undergo necrosis , and because of this it will not complete the root , then we have to do root canal treatment and doing it in such an apex is really difficult , it is also called Apexsification

- Radiograph for two central incisor , as you see they are fully erupted but notice that the APCs are still open because the root is still forming .

Eruption of permanent molars 1. They are non-succors , so they dont have any tooth before them to resolve their root and to replace them , they erupt by themselves 2. They erupt through alveolar bone , for that reason these teeth are erupt when they are located inside bone . 3. bone loss occurs before the tooth continue to go up , finally the bone covering the tooth is lost to allow the tooth to appear in the mouth .

4. Tooth organ epithelium ( reduced enamel epithelium ) makes contact with oral mucosa causing stretching and thinning for oral mucosa creating a canal that is created by the rupture of oral epithelium . 5. Tooth emerges until clinical contact with the opposing tooth is made .

Surrounding erupting teeth The changes taking place above the tooth , we have to discuss the changes for the surrounding the tooth
The difference of permanent molar eruption and permanent premolar , canines and incisors , is that succor teeth have to get rid of something else as they go , Even there is a difference between eruption if permanent molars and deciduous teeth , deciduous teeth are erupting while the bone is forming around them thats why it is easily , while permanent molar erupt inside bone so they have to reabsorb thick bone.

Formation begins with root formation Formation for areas surrounding the tooth starts at the same time of root formation and continues with it From delicate fibers parallel to the surface of the tooth into wellorganized fibrous bundles After the root complete its formation or start to develop the fibers start to be organized in bundles Blood vessels become more dominant
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We want formation , any process of active formation needs blood supply As root elongates more fibrous bundles appear

Fibers increase in density and number as the tooth erupts Fibers attach and release and re-attach rapidly as the root elongates ( PDL remodeling) The root is elongating , let's suppose we have a fiber here attach to the root , if it remains attach to the tooth , it will drop down and break then the tooth wont erupt , thats why it has to be detached and attach again to a lower position . ( One of the important theories in tooth eruption)

Alveolar bone increases in height accordingly ( As the root forms ). After functional occlusion fibers gain their mature orientation.

Alveolar Process The alveolar process develops during the eruption of teeth. This is true for primary teeth but not for permanent teeth because they develop inside the bone , so the bone is already present and they have to create their path by resorbing the bone ,but in deciduous teeth the bone surrounds the root , so the surrounding areas are forming with the root formation Grows at a rapid rate at the free border
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Look at the picture on the right

Proliferates at the alveolar crest

Deciduous tooth & permanent successor initially

No distinct boundary exists between the body of the maxilla or mandible and the alveolar process

share crypt B

Bone subsequently forms to encase the permanent tooth

It is very difficult to say that this is the bone carrying the teeth and this is the beginning of the body of the mandible because bone is continues from the alveolar crest to the areas of mandible or maxilla If teeth are lost the alveolar bone disappears When we take the tooth out , the alveolar process start to disappear gradually, thats why people who lose their teeth at young age , they remain without teeth for a long period of time , if you come to this person after a long period of time you will find a very very reabsorbed alveolar bone .

** Tooth forms and the bone forms around it, thats why the tooth become surrounded by bone , this bone surrounding or this space where the tooth is located inside the bone is called Crypt . it increases is height to accommodate root formation , alveolar bone is deposited appositionally around the emerging crown , then this leads to the increase in height if the alveolar bone .

At first when we have two teeth one deciduous and one permanent they share the same bony crypt but after the eruption of deciduous tooth, after that the permanent succor tooth develops its own bony surrounding

Underlying erupting teeth

Occlusal movement provides an underlying space (fundic region). The tooth is going up , it will leave a space that will immediately filled by Fibers, thats why this spaces are Highly fibroblastic, they are a very active fibers that give a Fine strands of fibers that calcify into bone trabeculae (ladder-like arrangement).

As the tooth moves up, bone trabeculae become denser and the spaces left are filled with bone.

Mechanisms of tooth eruption The details are not required , you just have to know that the most acceptable theory is The Role Of PDL ! Conclusion " Connective tissue surrounding the tooth contains the eruptive elements - 2 views - Force is produced by activity of fibroblasts contractility & motility - Vascular/hydrostatic pressure in & around the tooth is responsible for eruption
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Role of PDL fibroblast motility/contractility Cells exert tractional forces via contractility/motility through

This fibroblasts are attached of a network of collagen , and they have connection with each other " Cell-to-cell contacts "

Colchicine is a drug that disturbs intracellular microtubules, intracellular microtubules are the cells that are responsible for the movement of the cells.

Colchicine retards eruption

Role of PDL vascular/hydrostatic pressure Vascular pressure can change the position of a tooth in its socket Tooth moves in synchrony of arterial pulse At death, blood pressure is zero eruption ceases and stops Changes is eruptive behavior upon

- Administration of vasoactive drugs( drugs that are reated too Blood Pressure ) - Interference with sympathetic vasomotor nerves , that are responsible for vasoconstriction for blood vessels surrounding the tooth. - Stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerves

Other theories of tooth eruption, but they are not very supported 1. Growth of the root 2. Pulpal pressure 3. Detachment & reattachment of PDL fibers 4. Cell proliferation 5. Increased bone formation around the teeth 6. Endocrine 7. Vascular changes 8. Enzymatic degradation
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Theory of Root elongation When root elongates it needs a space , there is no space because its surrounding by bone as a result the tooth goes up but it is not very acceptable

Theory of Pulpal Pressure 1. The area above the tooth which is the eruption pathway is a degeneration zone, so the blood pressure inside this area is almost zero . 2. But the tissues inside the pulp are very active thats why they are very much innervated so the blood pressure is high.
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3. And because the pressure differences , the tooth moves up.

Theory of Periodontal ligament fibers - Attachment release and re-attachment of the PDL fibrous bundles as a result the tooth moves up .

Functional Eruptive Phase A. The last phase of tooth eruption , after the tooth makes contact with the opposing tooth . B. But its not the end of eruption , teeth continue to erupt until contact and you have to imagine that the maxillary tooth is still have force downward and the mandibular tooth still has a force upward. C. Both are under force but they dont move because the two forces are equal . D. Loss of opposing tooth causes over eruption " Supra Eruption " E. Continues as long as teeth area present , Once it is removed eruption stops. F. Compensation to : 1. Increase in alveolar process height

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2.Attrition/abrasion of incisal/occlusal surfaces 3.Loss of opposing tooth (over eruption) G. If the tooth continues to erupt , cementum increases , so the tooth moves up slightly creating a space that is going to be filled with extra layers of cementum . Thats why these supra erupted teeth always have a thick cementun in the Root apexes and Frication areas .

Oral mucosa
is the lining of oral cavity Functions of oral mucosa Mechanical protection Barrier against microorganisms & toxins Immunological defense Lubrication Innervation Touch Proprioception Taste Pain Structure of Mucosa Epithelium (vs. epidermis of skin ( upper layer ) Stratified squamous
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 Ectodermal in oral mucosa Basal lamina (the structure that separate the the epithelium from the lamina propria ) Lamina Propria (vs. dermis of skin) Dense connective tissue to retain and keep epithelium Papillary Layer Reticular layer Ectomesenchyme Submucosa (vs. subcutaneous tissue) Loose connective tissue Contains Glandular tissue Adipose tissue Large blood vessels and nerves Types of oral mucosa The oral mucosa may be classified into three types : Masticatory mucosa Lining mucosa Specialized mucosa Masticatory mucosa : Where there is high compression & friction Rough, thicker and whiter in colour compared to lining mucosa Keratinized or parakeratinized epithelium ( thats why its whiter ) Thick lamina propria bound down directly & tightly to underlying bone Covering Hard palate
14 The surface of the tongue contain masticatory mucosa but because it contain taste bud its classified as specialized mucosa It requires for the mucosa to be in contact with food and to be supported by bone to be classified as masticatory mucosa

Epithelium

Oral surface of gingiva Lining mucosa : Not subject to high level of friction Soft, mobile and distensible Thinner & redder in colour compared to masticatory mucosa Non-keratinized epithelium Loose lamina propria Covering Oral surface of cheeks, lips, alveolus , dentogingival region, floor of the mouth, ventral surface of tongue and soft palate Specialized mucosa: Keratinized epithelium Covers Dorsum of the tongue Associated with taste sensation Called Gustatory mucosa Vermilion zone of the lip Vermilion zone of lip : its a feature only found in humans and its the area between the skin of the lip and the labial mucosa of the lip in other words its the area where females apply lipstick. Layers ( please open the book page 223 fig14.2 ) Stratum germinativum (stratum basale) Stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) Stratum granulosum (granular layer) Stratum corneum (Keratinized or cornified layer) The most mature cell are the cell on the surface and the less mature cells are the cell on the base so all the time the process of maturation from the base toward the surface and the maturation process is toward kritanization So mitotic figures are seen in the basal layer and kertinized cell are seen in the surface layer
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The alveolus mucosa is in contact with bone but not with food thats why its classified as a lining mucosa

 Once the cell have reached full maturation they are lost and a new layer is formed at the below this process is called turnover Turnover is fastest in junctional & sulcular epithelia (5 days) Masticatory mucosa has the slowest turnover rate because these are tough cells
Junctional epithelia is the epithelium binding the gingiva to enamel Sulcular epithelia is the inner surface of gingiva

Stratum germinativum ( stratum basale ) : Single cuboidal cell layer Adjacent to lamina propria and separated from lamina propria by a basement membrane If you remove the basement membrane there will interaction with lamina propria leading to something maybe tooth formation The only layer where mitosis occurs so you can see mitotic figures Least differentiated cells Non-keratinocytes Stratum spinosum : Several cells thick Called spinosum because it has spines These cells are connected with each other by desmosomes so when we prepare the section the cells shrink but the margin are still attached thats why they look like spines Round or ovoid cells Larger & more mature than those of s. germinativum Contain Tonofilaments & involucrin

Phospholipid granules (Odland bodies) in upper part of stratum spinosum Increased desmosomes (shrinkage during preparation gives the spiny appearance)
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Involucrin : is the primary molecule that leads to the development and formation of the keratin

Stratum granulosum : Called granulosum because it contain granules Cells of further increase in maturation Cells larger & flatter Contain Tonofilaments & tonofibrils that occupy the cytoplasm Keratohyaline granules (contain profilaggrin) these granules are the precursor of keratin Non-keratinocytes cell present in the epithelial but have different function than keratinization 10% of oral epithelium Lack tonofilaments & desmosomes (except Merkel cells) Appears as clear cells in routine H&E staining because they lack the cytokeratin of keratinocytes Include Melanocytes Langerhans cells Stratum corneum : In kertinized epithelium: A. Highly mature epithelial cells (squames) The keratinzation process of the cell could be orthokeratinzation or parakeratinzation orthokeratinzation : All cellular organelles and nucleus are lost active build up of keratin in the cell
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And a very

B.

parakeratinzation : In gingiva, nuclei may be retained Cells are packed with Keratin Kertain consists of Tonofilaments surrounded by Filaggrin (matrix protein) Desmosomes are weakened to allow for shedding (desquamation) Involucrin is cross-linked to form a cornified envelop beneath plasma membrane ( not very important info) In non kertinized epithelium: No keratin Tonofilaments are less & under-developed Lack keratohyaline granules This layer is less distinct stratum superficiale : The outer layers of nonkertinized epithelium and consist of the two layer startum corneum and stratum granulosum stratum intermedium : The layers below and not the same layer in enamel organ Keratinization A process by which cell develop and build up keratin inside them ( intracellular)

Regional distribution so u can find keratinized tissue in places and non kertinized tissue in other according. To Adaptation to abrasion by food - rough surface Whiter than nonkeratinized mucosa becuase keratin has the property of absorbing water and it swell And anything that absorb water reflect light thats why it appears whiter in color and because they 90% of cells in oral are thicker and away from blood vessels Ortho- vs. parakeratinization as we discussed earlier Frictional keratosis : keratinization caused by friction

epithelium are keratinocyte and 10% are non- keratinocyte

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The buccal mucosa. Could be keratinized due to continuos ( chronic ) bitting of the buccal mucosa and not very forceful bitting because some people have different orientation of their molars so the buccal mucosa will be subjected to friction and start to produce keratin But if the stimulus ( bitting ) is acute and very forceful it will appear as an ulcer in the buccal mucosa

Look at this epithelium can u distinguish between the upper two layers?? No thats why its non-keratinized Look at the cells they have a clear cytoplasm because of the absence of keratin

Melanocytes : ( please open the book page 230 fig14.21) Located in stratum germinativum ( stratum basale) Not attached by desmosome to another cells Pigment (melanin)-producing cells Derived from neural crest cells Long processes that extend through upper layers Packed with granules (melanosomes) these are secreted to give the color of skin
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All humans have the same number of melanocyte but the pigmentation differs so a white person have a little amount of pigmentation and a dark person have a huge a mount of pigmentation Racial variance is due to A. Melanocyte size difference B. Number of dendritic processes C. Melanosomes: granule number or size D. Melanin: degree of dipersion and rate of degradation E. But the number of melanocytes are not related Note: People with very active melanin degradation look whiter than people with slow melanin degradation Langerhans cells ( please open the book page230 fig 14.23 )
If you see a non-keratinized mucosa,

with cells with a clear cytoplasm at the base, then its a melanocyte. But if you see a keratinized mucosa, with cells with clear cytoplasm at the base, they can be melanocytes and

Dendritic cells ( they have dendrites ) Located in the layers above stratum germinativum Derived from bone marrow precursors

Markel cells. Antigen-presenting cells so they engulf any antigen or any pathogen and present these antigen to lymphocyte

Involved in contact-hypersensitivity reactions, antitumour immunity & graft rejection so if you put a skin graft and it got rejected, thats because of antigen presenting cells Contain Birbeck granules Merkel cells

these are located in the stratum germinativum of masticatory mucosa, its a non-masticatory mucosa. they are absent in the lining epithelium non-keratinized epithelium

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 they are closely related to nerve fibers, thats why they are thought to act like mechanical receptors, they are derived from neural crest cells, they are associated with desmosomes, so they are the only non-keratinocytes that are attached to the surrounding cells. Q: Merkel cells present what kind of mucosa? A: Keratinized mucosa.

Lining Mucosa Its very difficult to distinguish between different layers, compare it to a masticatory mucosa, which is very easy to distinguish the keratinized layer it can be de-attached and separated in preparation. Now its very difficult to distinguish between the top layers; because the top layer is similar to the layer below it and it doesnt look keratinized, because keratin usually doesnt stain pink, it accept slight pink color. Thats why if you see a distinct layer that has a different shade which usually separated

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from the underlying layer, then its a masticatory mucosa. If you dont see that, so its a lining mucosa.

Lip It has three surfaces: i. Oral Surface: Inside Non-keratinized Lamina Properia contains Seromucous minor salivary glands Sub-mucousa contains a muscle, which is Orbicularis Oris

ii.Vermilion Zone Between (junction) oral mucosa & skin The Area used in cosmetics in females

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 Specialized keratinized mucosa different from both skin & oral mucosa Human feature, because it isnt found in animals. Animals have direct junction between skin & oral mucosa Responsible for esthetics Lacks hair follicles or glandular tissue Sebaceous glands (glands that secrete wax material) may be present at angles of the mouth and they arent associated with hair follicles (Fordyces spot) Red in color (human characteristics), because of thin epithelium, we have a material called Eleidin (transparent), thats why it reflects the color of blood vessels so it appears red, rich blood vessels near the surface (because of long papillae) Its an intermediate zone
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Junctional region with oral surface Parakeratinized (we should see the nuclei of the cells), note: if the nuclei is lost, its considered as Orthokeratinized

iii. Skin Surface Which is outside We can find on skin appendages: Sweat glands, Erector pili muscles, Hair follicles, Sebaceous glands We can find on subcutaneous layer: Orbicularis Oris muscle Skin is always keratinized, except in newly born babies (palms of hands & soles of feet)

Fordyces Spot when a sebaceous gland isnt associated with hair follicles, its called Fordyces spot. Are ectopic sebaceous glands We find them at the corner of the mouth, at the vermilion zone, Buccal mucosa & soft palate,

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It tend to be people with dark

It is Impossible to find hair follicles in the mouth.

more in skin color.

Soft Palate The epithelium is pink in color and its not keratinized The lamina Propria is highly vascularized Submucousa contains muscles (Tensor Veli Palateni, Levator Veli Palateni, Palatoglossus, palatopharyngeous.) We have minor salivary glands as well (mucus), on the oral surface of the soft palate Cheeks The epithelium is non-keratinized Lamina Propria is prisoned Submucousa contains: fat cells, minor salivary glands (seromucus)

we have to know each structure that exists in each of these tissues. Why?? For example: when you know that fat cells arent located in the soft palate, and you see a swelling there (tumor), you immediately exclude Lipoma and thats because fat cells arent present, but when you see a swelling (tumor) in the cheek, you cant exclude Lipoma, because fat cells are there. 25

It contains a muscle which is: Buccinator muscle

Ventral surface of the tongue

Non-keratinized epithelium We have lamina propria We have a submucousa that contains connective tissue & muscle fibers mixed together, thats why its difficult to separate the epithelium from the underlying muscle

Floor of the mouth Non-keratinized epithelium We have lamina propria Submucousa contains: minor salivary glands & major salivary glands (Sub-Lingual gland & Sub-Mandibular gland, both are supplied parasympathetically by the facial nerve VII through chorda tympani)

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The membrane is loosely attached, because we want the tongue to move; if its fixed you wont be able to move your tongue freely, and for the tongue to move, the floor of the mouth has to be very soft

Alveolar mucosa which is the mucousa covering the sides of the bone below the gums. Non-keratinized epithelium, although its supported by bone, but its not keratinized because its not in contact with food Lamina Propria: contains Dermal papillae which are short and thick, and we have numerous elastic fibers to give the elasticity for that tissue. Why we need it elastic? Because when you move your mouth while mastication, the labial vestibule moves up and down, so you need some elasticity Submucousa which is loose and may contain seromucous glands We have periosteum & bone

Vestibular fornix and frena Why do we find a line between Gingivae and Alveolar mucosa? Because Gingivae are keratinized; so they well appear whiter in color, while Alveolar mucosa isnt, and thats why the junction between keratinized and nonkeratinized tissues always appears very distinct. The lips here are attached to the bone by a fold of mucus membrane, which is called labial frenum. We have one frenum in the upper lip and one in
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the lower lip, and for the buccal mucosa we have buccal frenum, so if you open your mouth you will find labial frena, and if you go posteriorly opposing premolars you will find one or two buccal frena. So these are folds of mucus membrane, they contain connective tissue and no muscles. The knowledge of these frena is very important, because if a patient is provided with a denture usually the margins of the denture will cover this area, and if you dont pay attention to these frena, when the patient moves his lips or cheek the denture will drop down, so you have to give a space for these tissues.

Masticatory Mucosa Located in the Gingiva & Hard palate In the picture below the top layer is different and we can find a nuclei, so this is a parakeratinized masticatory epithelium

Attachment Of Cells epithelium to connective tissue

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Usually in epithelium via desmosomes We have attachment between the epithelium to lamina propria through the basal lamina, this is an example of a basal cell attached to another basal cell, at first you have to think of a way to attach these cells to the basement membrane, so we have to use a hemidesmosome between a cell and a basement membrane, if its cell to cell then we use desmosome

Anchoring fibrils rope like which are attached to collagen fibers

Gingiva Gingiva and the area surrounding the tooth develops from the junction between the oral epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium Develops from coalescence of reduced enamel epithelium & oral epithelium, we said that fusing of tissues surrounding the tooth before eruption with the oral mucosa is important for the eruption/emergence of the tooth, and we said all the reduced enamel epithelium, which is composed of exhausted cells, they are all lost except the area thats covering the cervical margin of enamel, which is called the junctional epithelium We can see free zones: *The free gingiva: its not attached (marginal gingiva)
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*The attached gingiva: its attached to the alveolar bone *Interdental gingiva: between the teeth The junction between the free gingiva and the attached gingiva is called the free gingival groove, and the junction between the attached gingiva and the alveolar mucosa is called the mucogingival junction Muco-gingival junction can be seen easily (very distinct), because it reflects a junction between a keratinized tissue and a non-keratinized tissue Because the free gingiva is free, there will be a space between the gingiva and the tooth, and its called gingival sulcus, and this is a problem by the way, because this sulcus can be filled with food causing gingivitis, thats why we always need to clean our teeth. So it has two surfaces, one from outside called Oral Surface, and one opposing the sulcus between the tooth and the gingiva called Sulcular Surface

The oral surface of free gingiva is smooth and keratinized, but the sulcular surface isnt keratinized, why? Because the sulcular surface isnt in friction with food

If you continue down the sulcular surface of the gingiva, you will see a tissue connected to the tooth, its the junctional epithelium, which is an epithelium attached
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to enamel, and we said its the remnant of the reduced enamel epithelium, and they are very exhausted cells (very week cells), thats way microorganisms can invade this tissue inducing gingivitis Its very easy to see the keratinized layer in the oral surface, and it doesnt contain nuclei, so its orthokeratinized (sometimes we can find parakeratinization at the gingiva)

The surface of the attached gingiva is stippled (has dots, like the surface of an orange), and this is a sign of a healthy gingiva. When a gingiva is swollen as a result of inflammation, stippling is lost

Loss of stippling is a sign of gingivitis No submucosa is present in the attached gingiva, for that reason, no salivary glands or minor salivary glands can exist at the gingiva (impossible)

We have periosteum and bone because attached gingiva is attached to bone

Junctional epithelium Its the area that connects the tooth to the gingiva, and its attached to provide protection against anything that comes and cause gingivitis. Thats why we need an epithelium attached to enamel to prevent anything coming down and reaching the deep surfaces.

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The cells are very different: Desmosomes are fewer and they are exhausted cells (remnant of enamel organ), thats why they are week High rate of turnover High metabolic activity Stratum Germinativum: is attached by hemidesmosomes to the lamina propria

Notice that the top surface cells, they have the function of being attached to enamel, thats why the surface cells are non-keratinized.

Interdental Gingiva(interdental papilla) Its the area between two teeth; it has facial and lingual portions. Now between the facial and the lingual portions we have an epithelium called: Col epithelium, its located exactly below the contact areas, and tends to be bigger in posterior teeth. Because Col epithelium is protected by the contact area and its not in contact with food, its usually non-keratinized and concave in shape. What happens in gingival resection?
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When the gingivae recede, exposing more of the tooth, we lose the two papillae, becoming one papilla.

Hard palate Keratinized epithelium The lamina propria is dense under the rogue area. The rogue area are the ridges that are found under the anterior part of the palate (you can touch it with your tongue, just behind the gingiva of the upper incisors) Submucosa contains fat cells in the anterior area, glands in the posterior area, and in the midline there is no submucosa (thats why if you see a tumor at the anterior region of the palate, its very rare for this tumor to be glandular and more common to be lipoma, and vice versa) No tumors at the midline because of the absence of the submucosa Rogue have a very important function in mastication, when we eat we press food between this area and the tongue, and it has an important function in phonetics (speech)

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Rogue are attached firmly to the bone by the means of traction bands (bundles of collagen from bony palate to the papillae of the lamina propria) and they function in anchorage

Specialized gustatory mucosa Located in the dorsum of the tongue and we have four different types: *Filiform papillae: found on all areas of surface of the tongue (dorsum of the tongue), they are the white hair-like projections, central cores of lamina propria covered by Ortho or parakeratinized epithelium, dont have taste buds *Fungiform papillae: the red spots between the filiform papillae (exists only on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue), mushroom-shaped, vascular core of lamina propria covered by keratinized or nonkeratinized epithelium, have taste buds on the surface supplied by the facial nerve VII
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*Circumvallate papillae: located anterior to the sulcus terminalis, although they belong embryologically to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, it has trenches; at the side of these trenches you will find taste buds, because of the that, saliva pass there inducing taste, and if you want to taste something else, you have to expel fluids existing in these trenches, so you have to have a mechanism of secreting salivary gland(watery secretion) to wash out old taste and make the area ready to receive new taste (these salivary glands are called von ebner glands) have taste buds at their sides supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve IX *Foliate papillae: at the side of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, have one or two longitudinal clefts, tastes buds found within the non-keratinized parts, its underlined by a lymphatic tissue (lingual tonsils) at the base of the tongue. Now some people have irregular lower posterior teeth, each time the tongue moves, foliate papillae comes in contact with this irregularity, inducing the lymphatic tissue below causing a condition known as foliate papillitis (not the foliate thats inflamed, but the lymphatic tissue underlying it lingual tonsils ) have taste buds supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve IX Please remember that chorda tympani of facial nerve VII is related to fungiform papillae taste buds, glossopharyngeal nerve IX is related to circumvallate & foliate papillae, vagus nerve X is related to taste buds present on the epiglottis & the larynx.

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And remember that the epithelium is avascular, thats why for epithelium to receive the nutrients, it has to depend on the underlying lamina propria, and for this reason epithelium has to have rite ridges, because we want blood vessels in the papillae to reach all the areas of the epithelium. If you provide epithelium with vascularization (which is impossible) you will find the junction is straight, but this epithelium has to be in intimate relation with the lamina propria to receive blood from it.

The End Done by: Sundos Abu Zaid Khalid Mortaja Asil Elluazi

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