Field Control Of a DC MOTOR CONTROL USING CHOPPER

Calculate the required inductor Calculate the output capacitor requirements Select the input capacitor Select the diode Choose the MOSFET Calculate the converter Efficiency Examine a Synchronous Buck Converter

Buck DC-DC converter we will calculate the required inductor and output capacitor specifications. We will then determine the input capacitor, diode, and MOSFET characteristics. With the selected components, we will calculate the system efficiency and then compare this asynchronous design to a synchronous buck converter.

Here is the schematic of the buck converter for which we will select component values.In this example either a P-channel or an N-channel MOSFET may be used. The choice will be based on cost and complexity issues.

Calculation of Inductance:For an Inductor: V = L I / T Rearrange and substitute: L = (Vin Vout) (D / Fsw ) / Iripple

Calculation of Output Capacitance

For a capacitor: V = I (ESR T / C + ESL / T)

The voltage ripple across the output capacitor is the sum of ripple voltages due to the Effective Series resistance (ESR), the voltage sag due to the load current that must be supplied by the capacitor as the inductor is discharged, and the voltage ripple due to the capacitors Effect Series Inductance. The ESL specification is usually not specified by the capacitor vendor. For this example, we will assume that the ESL value is zero. As switching frequencies increase, the ESL specification will become more important.

Buck Converter Diode Selection

Estimate Diode Current : ID = (1-D) ILOAD ID = (1.0- 0.416) 2A = 1.17 A Where D = Duty cycle Max Diode Reverse Voltage = 12V Select Schottky rectifier: A 1N5820, 20V, 3 A Schottky meets requirements Power Dissipation: VF ID = 0.47 w

The diodes average current is equal to the load current times the portion of time the diode is conducting. The time the diode is on is: (1 duty cycle) The maximum reverse voltage on the diode is Vin The current and voltage ratings are low enough that a small schottky diode can be used for this application. By using a schottky diode, switching losses are negligible. The forward voltage drop for the selected diode is about 0.4 volts at the peak current of 2.0 amps. The estimated diode power dissipation is 0.47 watts.

Experimental Circuit Diagram :Control Circuit:-

Power Circuit :-

Where:Vin= 0-20 Volt Iout= .5-1.2Amp Switch (Mosfet) =IRF 450. L1 = 1.2mH. Cout =46microF

Experimental Results :Va ( Armature Voltage) =60 Volt Rated speed of DC Motor = 1450RPM.

Field Current in Ampere 1amp. .8 Amp .6Amp .4 Amp .2 Amp

Speed of Motor in RPM 650RPM 800 RPM 1180RPM 1330RPM 1550RPM

Duty ratio of Chopper .95 .83 .65 .48 .25

Field Weakening :-

Base speed : Wbase the speed which correspond to the rated Va, rated Ia and rated If . Constant Torque region (w > Wbase, ) Ia and If are maintained constant to met torque demand. Va is varied to control the speed. Power increases with speed. Constant Power region (w > wbase , ) Va is maintained at the rated value and if is reduced to increase speed . However, the power developed by the motor (= torque x speed) remains constant. Known as field weakening.

Appendix :DESIGN OF SNUBBERS FOR POWER CIRCUITS Whats a snubber? Power semiconductors are the heart of power electronics equipment. Snubbers are circuits which are placed across semiconductor devices for protection and to improve performance. Snubbers can do many things: Reduce or eliminate voltage or current spikes Limit dI/dt or dV/dt Shape the load line to keep it within the safe operating area (SOA) Transfer power dissipation from the switch to a resistor or a useful load Reduce total losses due to switching Reduce EMI by damping voltage and current ringing There are many different kinds of snubbers but the two most common ones are the resistorcapacitor (RC) damping network and the resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD) turn-off snubber. This application note will show you how to design these two snubbers. RC snubber design An RC snubber, placed across the switch as shown in figure 4, can be used to reduce the peak voltage at turn-off and to damp the ringing. In most cases a very simple design technique can be used to determine suitable values for the snubber components (Rs and Cs ). In those cases where a more optimum design is needed, a somewhat more complex procedure is used. Quick snubber design: To achieve significant damping Cs > Cp. A good first choice is to make Cs equal to twice the sum of the output capacitance of the switch and the estimated mounting capacitance. Rs is selected so that Rs =Eo/Io . This means that the initial voltage step due to the current flowing in Rs is no greater than the clamped output voltage. The power dissipated in Rs can be estimated from peak energy stored in Cs :

The following example shows how to use this procedure. Suppose the switch is an IRF740 with Io = 5 A and Eo = 160 V. For this device Coss= 170 pF and the mounting capacitance will be 40 pF. Doubling this capacitance, Cs = 420 pF. A 500V Snubber Mike capacitor would be ideal for this application and the standard values available are 390 and 470 pF. We will choose the closest standard value and set Cs = 390 pF. Rs= Eo/Io= 32W. For fs= 100 kHz, Pdiss= 1W. A 2 Watt carbon composition resistor would be ideal for Rs because it has very low self inductance. Carbon film resistors can also be used as long as those resistors which are trimmed with a spiral cut are avoided. If this very simple and practical procedure does not limit the peak voltage sufficiently then Cs can be increased or the optimizing procedure can be used. Optimized RC snubber: In those cases where the peak voltage must be minimized and power dissipation is critical, a more optimum design approach should be used.

described the optimization of the RC snubber. The following discussion presents the highlights of the procedure.