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RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Statement of the problem and objectives - Research problem - How to select Research problem - Necessity of defining Research problem - Criteria for selecting Research problem Significance & relevance of researchability Feasibility Personal curiosity - Techniques involved in defining research problem - Reviewing the literature - Defining and redefining the research problem - Objectives & Aim of the study To find out the 2. Review of the literature (ROL) - What is ROL (extensive, exhaustive, systematic examination of the publications relevant to our study or research) - Sources of ROL 3. Operational definition of variables & terms - Define terms used in the study - Variables Dependent variables Independent variables (manipulating or influencing) Extraneous variables (a independent variable which spoils the outcome of the research also called confounding variable) 4. Formation of Hypothesis - Defining the hypothesis (Assumption statement that describes predicted relationship between dependent and independent variables) - Types of hypothesis Null or statistical (it is the statement that describes there is no relationship between dependent & independent variables) Alternate or research (statement that describes that there is relationship between dependent and independent variables)

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o Directional (Therapy A more significance than therapy B) o Non Directional (There is no significance difference between therapy A&B in controlling ) Advantages & purpose of hypothesis idea for analysis, idea for data collection & interpretation Testing the hypothesis (Parametric & Non Parametric) o Statement of null hypothesis o Suitable statistical test o Level of significance (*) (Minimal error committed by researcher base for the acceptance & rejection of the hypothesis) o One tailed or two tailed test o Computation of statistical data (calculated values) o Calculation of degree of freedom (N= sample size) T tests (Upto 2 groups can be tested) o Paired T test o Unpaired T test ANOVA : dependents or total no. of observation when having more than 2 groups

o Obtain table value as per selected test Based on degree of freedom of particular test Level of significance of particular test o Compare table value with calculated value and infer the results If table value is greater than calculated value then H0 (null) is true, accepted, no significance If table value is lesser than the calculated value then H0 (alternate) is false, rejected, significance difference 5. Theoretical or conceptual framework Based on previous models forming theoretical framework

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6. Research Design & Approach i. Interventional (experimental) ii. Non interventional

RESEARCH DESIGN

Interventional/ Experimental

Non-Interventional

TRUE or classical

QUASI

Explorative

Randomization

Manipulation

Analytical/ Comparative

Separate Control Group

Descriptive

Manipulation (manipulate situation and find out outcome) Researcher control the variable

Cohort/ Prospective(Present to future)

Case Control/ Retrospective (present to past)

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7. Define population & settings - Definition - Types of population any group with specified characteristic (not only human) Accessible population taken for the research study
(samples selected means of inclusive, exclusive criteria)

Target population generalized population

8. Selected sample by appropriated sampling techniques

SAMPLING
Probability (Random) Non probability

Simple Random Purposive (Judgment) not equal independent chances to samples

Lottery

Table of Randomization

Stratified Random (different groups using simple random sampling) Systematic (Identifies sample interval)

Quota (Stratified Purposive)

Multistage (survey national level)

Convenient (feasibility not there) MEANT for Physios

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9. Develop & Test the tool Like berg balance scale , Barthel index, for standard tools we donot need to check for the parameters (Reliability, Validity) If we use our own tool, we have to check for parameters (Reliability, Validity)*

10. Pilot Study It is a miniature of the research study helpful to minimize the errors for main study & it is the rehearsal for the main study.. Sample for the pilot study to be selected while collected during the main study , this samples selected separately apart from main study sample

11. Collection of Data - Primary data - Secondary data Interview , Questionnaire, survey..

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12. Analysis & Interpretation

STATISTICAL METHODS

Descriptive

Inferential

Frequency

Parametric (based on SD)

Non Parametric

Percentage

Mean (Average) mean of difference

Range

Minimum value

Maximum value

SD (Standard Deviation)

Interpretation using - Pie diagram - Histogram - Line chart graph - Frequency curve - Polygon - Scattered diagram (Correlation diagram)

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13. Discussion and Recommendations - Among the peer and experts 14. Writing a Research report - Significance - Layout - Mechanism - Precautions - Steps involved - Types

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