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Free Online Preparation for Engineering with Minglebox Engineering Prep. Cover basic concepts of under Section for Engineering Entrance Exam Preparation with Study material, solved examples and tests prepared by IIT/NIT toppers.

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Permutations and Combinations. Fundamental principle of counting If an event can occur in m different ways, following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the events in the given order is mn. A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects taken some or all at a time. The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r n and the objects do not repeat is n ( n 1) ( n 2). . .( n r + 1), which is denoted by nPr. Factorial Notation : The notation n! represents the product of first n natural numbers, i.e., the product 1 2 3.. . (n 1) n is denoted as n!

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Pr = n!/(n-r)!

0rn.

The number of permutations of n objects, where p objects are of the same kind and rest are all different is n!/p! . The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of second kind, pk are of kth kind and the rest, if any, are of different kind is n!(p1!p2!...pk!). Combinations
n

Pr = nCr r!

0<rn.

n n

Cr = n!/(n-r)!r! Cr = nCn-r
n n

If Ca = Cb,

a=b or a=n-b.

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Sample Examples How many 2 digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the digits can be repeated?

Solution:-

There will be as many ways as there are ways of filling 2 vacant places in succession by the five given digits. Here, in this case, we start filling in units place, because the options for this place are 2 and 4 only and this can be done in 2 ways; following which the tens place can be filled by any of the 5 digits in 5 different ways as the digits can be repeated. Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required number of two digits even numbers is 2 5, i.e., 10.

Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word ALLAHABAD.

Solution:Here, there are 9 objects (letters) of which there are 4As, 2 Ls and rest are all different. Therefore, the required number of arrangements = 9!/4!2! = 5*6*7*8*9/2 = 7560.
4
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In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if the discs of the same colour are indistinguishable?

Solution:Total numbers of discs are 4 + 3 + 2 = 9. Out of 9 discs, 4 are of the first kind (red), 3 are of the second kind (yellow) and 2 are of the third kind (green).

Therefore, the number of arrangements = 9!/4!3!2! = 1260.

A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man and 2 women? Solution:- Here, order does not matter. Therefore, we need to count combinations. There will be as many committees as there are combinations of 5 different persons taken 3 at a time. Hence, the required number of ways = 5C3 = 10. Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in 2C1 ways and 2 women can be selected from 3 women in 3C2 ways. Therefore, the required number of committees = 2C1 * 3C2 = 6.

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