MARTHANDAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Kuttakuzhi-629177 Kanyakumari District DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (For first year circuit branches) Revision: 00

Prepared by K.Bravilin Jiju Assistant professor

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BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIT I SURVEYING 1. What is surveying? Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of distinctive features on the earths surface. 2. What are the objectives of Surveying? Main objective of the surveying is the preparation of plan or a map showing all the features of the area. 3. What are the types of Surveying? i) ii) Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying

4. What is the plane surveying? The surveying in which earth surface is assumed as a plan and the curvature of earth is ignored is known as plane surveying. 5. What is geodetic surveying? The surveying in which curvature of the earth is taken in to account for all measurement is known as geodetic surveying. 6. What are the classifications of surveys? iii) iv) v) vi) Classification based upon the nature of the field Classification based upon objective of survey Classification based upon methods employed Classification based upon the instruments used

7. Write principles of surveying. vii) viii) Working from the whole to the part Fixing new points by at least two independent process.

8. Classify traverse survey. ix) x) Closed traverse Open traverse

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9. What are the various instruments needed for chain surveying? xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) Chain Arrows Pegs Ranging rods Cross staff

10. What is base line? It is longest of the main survey lines. This line is the main reference line for fixing the positions of various stations. 11. What is Check line? A check line is used in the field in order to check the accuracy of the measurements made. 12. What is prismatic compass? It is the most suitable type of rough surveys where speed is very important rather than accuracy. 13. What is fore bearing? The angle measured from a survey station to the other station, in the direction in which survey is conducted is called as fore bearing. 14. What is back bearing? It is the bearing taken from the next station to its preceding station from which fore bearing was taken. 15. What is first class brick? Table moulded bricks are called first class bricks. This is used for permanent works. 16. What are the constituents of a brick? xvi) xvii) Alumina Silica

xviii) Lime xix) xx) Oxide of iron Magnesia

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17. What is cement? Cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature. Cement is a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous material. 18. What is concrete? Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed rock and water. 19. What are the advantages of light weight concrete? xxi) xxii) It has low density It has low thermal conductivity

xxiii) Low handling cost. 20. What is the testing of fresh concrete? xxiv) Workability xxv) Slump test

21. What is the testing of hardened concrete? xxvi) Compressive strength xxvii) Tensile strength xxviii) Non destructive test for concrete.

UNIT II Building components and structures

1. What is sub structure? Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation. This is the base for any structure.

2. What are the objectives of a foundation? i) ii) iii) To distribute the total load to the soil To support the structures To give enough stability to the structures

3. What are the types of soils? i) ii) Gravel Sand

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iii) iv)

Silt Clay

4. What is bearing capacity of soil? The maximum load per unit area of soil will resist safely with out any displacement is called bearing capacity of soil.

5. Methods of improving bearing capacity of soil? i) ii) iii) iv) Increasing the depth of foundation Compacting the soil Draining the subsoil water Grouting with cement

6. What are the essential requirements of a good foundation? i) ii) Foundation should resist any possible failure Foundation should not settle.

7. What are the types of foundation? i) ii) Shallow foundation Deep foundation

8. What is shallow foundation? When the depth of the foundation is less than or equal to its width it is known as shallow foundation.

9. What is deep foundation? When the depth of the foundation is greater than its width it is known as deep foundation.

10. What is super structure? A structure which is above plinth level is called super structure.

11. What are the bonds in brick work?

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i) ii) iii) iv)

Stretcher bond Header bond English bond Flemish bond

12. What are the types of rubble masonry? i) ii) iii) Coarse rubble masonry Un coarse rubble masonry Random rubble masonry

13. What is beam? Beams are structural member. It can carry transverse load. Beams may be horizontal or sloping. 14. What is a column? Columns are structural member, used primarily to support compressive loads. 15. What is lintel? A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across an opening to support the portion of the above structure. 16. What is roof? A roof is the upper most part of a building. It gives protection to the building against rain, wind, heat, snow etc.

17. What is flooring? Floors are the horizontal elements of a building structure which divide the building in to different levels. 18. What is plastering? Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of houses and other structures with mortar. 19. What is stress? When external forces act on a body, the body undergoes deformation, while undergoing deformation, the particles of the material exert a resisting force. The internal resistance is called stress.
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20. What is strain? When a load acts on the material, it will undergo deformation. It is called strain. 21. What is dam? Dam is defined as an impervious barrier or an obstruction constructed across a natural stream or river to hold up water on one side. 22. What is bridge? A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley, road, railway, cord, river without closing the way beneath.

UNIT: III POWER PLANT ENGINEERING 1. What is the use of surge tank in a hydraulic power plant? i. ii. To safe guard the penstock from the water hammer effects. To serve as a storage tank as well as a supply tank, according to the changes in load condition 2. What is turbine? In steam turbine or hydroelectric power plants, the device the electric generator is the turbine, as the fluid passes through the turbine blades which are attached to the shaft, the shaft rotates and the turbine produces work. 3. What is the function of water turbine? The function of water turbine is to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. 4. Name any four thermal power plants in tamilnadu Tuticorin thermal power plant Neyveli thermal power station Ennore thermal power plant Mettur thermal power plant

5. What is the purpose of control rods in nuclear power plant? The function of control rod is to absorb the excess neutrons and to control the chain reaction. Control rod is also used to start and stop the nuclear chain reaction.
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6. Write the main component used in steam power plant High pressure boiler, prime movers, condensers and cooling towers, coal handling system, air pre heater, economizer, super heater, feed water heater, pumping system, and ash handling system 7. What is the purpose of penstock in hydro electric power plant? Penstock or canals are used to bring water from the dam to the turbine fitted in the power house which is built at some lower level. Penstock is made up of steel, wood or reinforced concrete. 8. Write the essential components in the nuclear reactor? Fuel moderator, reflector, coolant, control rods, shielding. 9. Define prime mover Prime movers are devices which convert energy from natural sources into mechanical work.

10. What is suction head of centrifugal pump? Suction head is vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the water surface in the tank or pump from which water is to be lifted. This height is also called suction lift and is denoted by Hs 11. Define priming of pump The operation of filling the suction pipe casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe completely from outside source with the liquid to be raised, before starting the pump to remove any air gas or vapour from these parts of pump is called priming of a centrifugal pump. 12. What is the function of deflector in nuclear power plants? To reflect back the unabsorbed neutrons that leak out from the surface of the core. To increase the neutrons flux in the interior of the core. 13. Write down the working principle of centrifugal pump. Centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine with a rotating part called impeller. In this pump, mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force. Acting on the liquid 14. What is the function of moderator
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The function of moderator is to slow down the fast neutrons and to effectively utilize them in the process of nuclear fission. By slowing down the fast neutron produced in the chain reaction reduce the possibility of escape of neutrons, and increase the further nuclear fission chain reaction. 15. Name the different component used in gas turbine power plant Starting motor, Low pressure compressor, High pressure compressor,

Regenerator, Intercooler, Combustion chamber 16. Explain briefly the phenomenon on water hammer. When there is a sudden pressure rise I the penstock due to the full close of the regulating valve, the surge tank avoids the damage to the penstock by allowing the excess water into it. The surge tank is placed in between the dam and turbine. It is used to safe guard the penstock from local pressure rise called water hammer. 17. What are the main purpose of a condenser in steam power plant Condenser is form of a heat exchange where the steam from the turbine is cooled to water. 18. Give two examples for positive displacement pumps. Reciprocating pump Rotary pump Vane pump Gear pump 19. How do you classify power plants Steam or thermal power plant Hydroelectric power plant Nuclear power plant Gas turbine power plant Diesel power plant 20. Name at least four major thermal power plants in India. Tuticorin thermal power plant-Tamilnadu Ennore thermal power plant-Tamilnadu Durgapur thermal power plant-West Bengal
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Panipet thermal power plant- Haryana Sanjay Gandhi thermal power plant- Madhya Pradesh indraprashta thermal power plant- Delhi

UNIT :IV IC ENGINES

1. What is the function of fuel injector? The function of fuel injector is to supply a metered quantity of fuel in the form of fine sprays into the hot compressed air at the end of the compression stroke 2. What is mean by scavenging in two stroke engines? Scavenging is the process of forcing out the burnt exhaust gas from the cylinder by admitting the fresh charge into the cylinder. 3. Name the important components of a boiler. Boiler, turbine, furnace, combustion chamber, condenser, boiler feed pump, cooling tower, economizer, air preheater and generator. 4. What is mean by clearance volume? The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston when the piston is at TDC is called the clearance volume and it is usually measured in cubic inches. 5. Mention the function of flywheel in engine The fly wheel stores the excess energy during the power stroke of the engine and supplies the energy for the movement of the piston during the remaining stroke. Thus its function is to maintain uniform rotation of crankshaft. 6. Define heat engine? Any machine which derives heat energy from the combustion of fuel and converts part of this energy into mechanical work is known as heat engine. Heat engines are mainly divided into two groups (internal combustion engine external combustion engine) 7. Define swept volume The volume swept through by the piston in moving between TDC and BDC is defined as the piston displacement or swept volume.

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8. Define mechanical efficiency. The ratio of break horse power to induced horse power is known as mechanical efficiency 9. Define volumetric efficiency. The ratio of the actual volume at normal temperature and pressure of charge admitted during the suction stroke to swept volume of the piston. 10. Define Thermal Efficiency The brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of B.H.P to the heat energy of fuel supplied during the same interval of time. 11. Define fire tube boiler and water tube boiler and give some examples In fire tube boiler hot gases pass through tubes which are surrounded with water. Example: Cochran boilers, In water tube boilers water circulates through a large number of tubes and hot gas passes around them. Examble: Babcock and Wilcox boilers. 12. What is high pressure boiler? Give two examples The boilers which produce steam at pressure of 80 bar and above are known as high pressure boiler. Example: Lamont and Benson boiler. 13. What is the function of spark plug? Spark plug is a device used in petrol engines to make spark to ignite the air fuel mixture. The spark plug is mounted on the cylinder head: spark is created on the right time by the aid of external voltage. 14. Why should the IC engines be lubricated? In an internal combustion engine, moving parts and rotating parts rub against each other and frictional force is developed. Due to this frictional force, heat is generated and the engine parts wear quickly. Also power is lost due to friction. Lubricants are introduced between moving and rotating parts to reduce heat loss, wear and tear. 15. What is the purpose of fusible Plug? Fusible plug put-off fire in the boiler furnace, when the water level falls below the unsafe limit. It prevents overheating of tubes and shell thereby avoiding explosion of the boiler.

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16. What is the function of economizer? The function of economizer is to preheat the feed water by extracting the heat from the exhaust gases that are passing out the chimney 17. What is the main purpose of a condenser in steam power plants Condenser is form of a heat exchanger where the steam from the turbine is cooled to water 18. List the stroke that constitute a four stroke engine Suction stroke Compression stroke Expansion stroke (working stroke) Exhaust stroke 19. What is Otto cycle The petrol engine operates on Otto cycle. In Otto cycle, the combustion takes place at constant volume with increase of pressure.

20. What is mean by carburetor? A carburetor is a device, which vaporize the fuel and mixes it with the air. The process of vaporizing the fuel and mixing it with air in a carburetor is called carburation.\

UNIT: V REFRIGIRATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

1.

Classify the refrigeration system The refrigeration system are classified as i. ii. Vapour compression refrigeration system Vapour absorption refrigeration system

2.

What is the function of compressor in refrigerating system The function of compressor in refrigerating system is to receive the refrigerant vapour at low pressure and temperature and compress it to high pressure and temperature.

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3.

What is the function of condenser refrigeration system? The function of condenser in refrigerating system is to condense high pressure vapour refrigerant into high pressure liquid refrigerant. Its mostly made of copper tube

4.

What are the limitation of vapour absorption refrigeration system i. Its need more space than vapour compression refrigeration system ii. Changing the system is difficult

5.

What is the function of thermostat The thermostat is used to control the temperature in the refrigerator by varying time to idle time ratio

6.

What is called defrosting? Frost is collected on evaporating coil as the temperature of the evaporating coil is less than freezing point temperature of water. The frost thickness reduces the heat transfer from cabinet air refrigerant

7.

What is window air conditioner? A simple air conditioning system without ducts assembled inside casing suitable for installation on window or wall opening is called a window air conditioner

8.

What is the limitation of window air conditioners? They are not suitable for large halls and applications where the heat and moisture loads are very high. In such cases the central air conditioning system are preferred

9.

Define the term tone of refrigeration One ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat abstracted to freeze one ton of water in duration of 24 hoursat00C Ton of refrigeration=210KJ/min

10.

Define relative humidity It is the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour to the partial pressure of saturated water vapour at the temperature

11.

Name any four refrigerant used in industrial and comfort air conditioning system Freon-12 freon-22, ammonia, sulpher dioxide, carbon dioxide

12.

Write any two advantages of window room air conditioner? iii. Overall cost of window air conditioner is less iv. Installation, servicing and operation are simple and inexpensive.

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v. Energy consumption is also less vi. For air distribution, ducts are not required. 13. What is capacity of refrigeration system vii. The capacity of refrigeration system is expressed by its cooling capacity. viii. It is expressed in terms of tons of refrigeration 14. What is refrigeration? Refrigeration is the process of removing heat continuously from a body, to reduce its temperature lower than that of its surrounding atmosphere and maintaining it by continuously absorbing the heat 15. Mention the desirable properties of good refrigerants? ix. Low boiling point x. Low specific heat of liquid xi. High critical temperature xii. High latent heat of vaporization xiii. Low specific volume of vapour. 16. Define wet bulb temperature The bulb of an ordinary thermometer is covered with a wet cloth. This is exposed to unsaturated air with high velocity and temperature is measured. The temperature thus measured is known as wet bulb temperature 17. Differentiate between humidification and dehumidification. Humidification process: in addition of water vapour to the air is known as humidification. Humidification is done by spraying water over air stream at constant at dry bulb temperature of air. De humidification: The removal of water vapour from the air is known as dehumidification. The water vapour from the air can be removed chemically, physically or thermodynamically 18. Define humidity It is the mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air, and is generally expressed in terms of gm per kg of dry air. It is also called specific humidity ratio.

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19.

How do you express the capacity of room air conditioner? The room air conditioner have capacities ranging from 1 TR 3TR in sizes of 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 TR

20.

List out the properties of good refrigerant xiv. Low boiling point xv. Low specific heat of liquid xvi. High critical temperature xvii. High latent heat of vaporization.

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