AP VOCABULARY 1750-1914 Abolish- end slavery Absolute Monarch- a political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has

absolute control Assembly Line- factory workers add only one part to a finished product one after another Capital-money that is used for investment Capitalism- the economic system of large financial institution, banks, stock exchanges, investment companies. First developed in early modern Europe. Cartel- group of businesses controlling market: an alliance of business companies formed to control production, competition, and prices Commercial- relating to commerce relating to the buying and selling of goods or services Communism- a system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction of personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto. Constitution- a document detailing the fundamental laws of a country or organization Corporation- a company with business dealings in many different areas Doctrine- rule or principle; a rule or principle that forms the basis of a belief, theory, or policy Domestic Emancipation- act of freeing; the act or process of setting somebody free or of freeing somebody Enclosure- during the industrial revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes. Enlightenment- a philosophical belief system in the 18th century

Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that govern society that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as laws of physic. Estates General- Frances traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, of classes, in French society. The clergy, nobility, commoners. The calling of the Estates General led in 1789 to the French Revolution Factory Free Market- trading without government control; an economic system in which businesses operate without government control in matters such as pricing and wage levels. Immigration Imperialism- The complete control of a weaker nations social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation Industrial Revolution- in the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan and the United States Laissez Faire- this was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the industrial revolution. Labor Union- workers organizations of wage earners that is set up to serve and advance its members interests in terms of wages, benefits, and working hours and conditions Leisure- free time; time during which somebody has no obligations or work responsibilities, and therefore is free to engage in enjoyable activities. Marxism-the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in which class struggle is a central element in the analysis of

social change in Western societies Monopoly- control of market supply; a situation in which one company controls an industry or is the only provider of a product or service Nationalism- a political ideology that stresses peoples membership is a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by a territory. In the late 18th and 19th centuries it has hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the 20th century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of Independent countries emerging from colonialism Nation State- an independent state or free country Natural Resources- various materials found in nature used in manufacturing such as wood, coal, and oil. Revolution- a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government Rural- found or living in the country Social Class Social Darwinism- a social theory which states that the level a person rises to society and wealth is determined by their genetic background Suffrage- The right to vote in elections Spheres of Influence- an area of one country under the control of another. In China, three areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. Suez Canal- a canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today. The State Duma of RussiaSteam Engines Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)- a revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. Unequal Treaties- a treaty forced upon a country being dominated by another during Imperialism. These treaties often gave the imperialistic

nation the ability to do whatever they needed to do in pursuit of profit. Otto Van Bismarck- architect of German unification. In order to consolidate he defeated Austria, and secured most of the other German principalities Wealth of Nations- British philosopher and writer Adam Smiths 1776 book that described his theory of free trade, otherwise known as laissezfaire economics. White Industrialization Program Young Turks Party- a member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century. Trade Union Universal Suffrage Urbanization- growth of cities Utopia- utopian-ideal and perfect state: an ideal and perfect place or state where everyone lives in harmony and everything is for the best

American Revolution- political revolution in the British North American Colonies starting in 1776 that removed the colonies form Great Britains control, and established an independent nation known as the United States of America Assembly Line Berlin Conference (1884-1885)- During European imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African Independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. Bloody Sunday (1905)- massacre of peaceful demonstrators in Saint Petersburg, marking the beginning of the Russian Revolution of 1905. The priest Gregory Gapon (1870-1909), hoping to present workers

request for reforms directly to Nicholas II, arranged a peaceful march toward the Winter Palace. Police fired on the demonstrators, killing more than 100 and wounding several hundred more. The massacre was followed by strikes in other cities, peasant uprisings, and mutinies in the armed forces. Boer Wars (Africa 1899-1902)- war between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. Boxer Rebellion- 1900 A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination British East India Company- a joint stock company that controlled most of the India during the period of Imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. Capitulations- giving up; surrender or a giving up of resistance. Terms of surrender (a document that sent out the agreed terms of surrender) Charles Darwin- was an English naturalist whose revolutionary theory laid the foundation for both the modern theory of Evolution and the principle of common decent prosing natural selection as a mechanism. He published this proposal in 1850 in the book The Origin of Species. Communist Manifesto- a book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that descries the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. Congress of Vienna- Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic

Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Declaration of Independence Declaration of the Rights of Man- Revolutionary document of the French Revolution. Written in 1789, it spelled out certain right believed to be universal to all mankind. Patterned on the American Declaration of Independence. The Diet of Japan- The National Diet of Japan is Japans bicameral legislature. It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councilors. Both houses of the Diet are elected under a parallel voting system. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for selecting the Prime Minister. The Diet was first convenes as the Imperial Diet in 1889 as a result of adopting the Melji constitution. Emancipation of Serfs- Emancipation edit abolished serfdom and was put for the by Alexander II. Serfs were given small plots of land for which they had to pay the government. Empress Cixi- ruled China from 1862-1908. Committed to traditional values but supported Chinas self-strengthening movement (educational system, diplomatic service, military) Frederich Engels- author of the Communist Manifesto Execution of Louis XVI- by means of guillotine, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Rvolution (Revolution Square) in Paris. It was a major event of the French Revolution. After Louis was arrested, he was interned in the Temple prison with his family, tried for high treason before the National Convention, found guilty by almost all (and not guilty by none), and condemned to death by a slight majority. His execution made him the first victim of the Reign of Terror. His wife Marie Antoinette was guillotined on 16 October, the same year. Miguel Hidalgo- Mexican priest who led the first stage of Mexican

Independence War in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. Indian National Congress- A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Moderate demands until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas Ghandi Intolerable Acts- a series of laws passed by the British in 1774 in an attempt to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Part; also called the Coercive Acts The Jewel in the Crown- India as a colony in the British Empire Karl Marx- Author of the communist manifesto Maxim Guns- the Maxim gun was the first self-powered machine gun, invented by the American born Briton Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884. Meiji Restoration- the restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868. Monroe Doctrine- (1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. Muhammad Ali- (Egypt) Defeated the French and the Ottomans and gained control of Egypt in 1805. All technically answered to Ottomans but was a viceroy. Muslim League- Nationalist movement in India by the Islamic population who did not feel represented by the Indian National Congress. They initially formed to protect Muslim rights, but later called for an independent state Napoleon Bonaparte Open Door Policy-A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of Imperialism. Opium Wars- in the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the

highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts known as the Opium Wars. Superior British military technique allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties. Panama Canal- a canal that crosses the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the US between 1904 and 1914. The Raj- in South Asia, the period of British rule up to 1947 of what are now the countries of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. The Reign of Terror-the National Convention created a Committee of Public Safety which was an enforcer of the revolution and murdered anyone suspected of antirevolutionary activties. Cecil Rhodes- (1853-1902) British man who wanted to build a railroad line from Cairo to Capetown, South Africa. He never succeeds. Rudyard Kipling- White Mans Burden which solidified the idea that Europeans were not only superior to but they had a moral obligation to dominate other people how to be more civilized. Russification- a policy in Russia to make all of the peoples under their control conform to Russian culture and language. It was used in both the Russian Empire and later, in the Soviet Union. Russo-Japanese War- (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. Scramble for Africa- term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa. Sepoy Mutiny- (1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitter to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat Beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended

the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony. Seven Years War (French and Indian)- The British victory changed the boundaries of the two empire worldwide possessions, pushing French territory to the north while English territories expanded westward into the Ohio River valley Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)- Japans imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate. Social Darwinism- a social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. Spanish American War (1898)- A war between the United States and Spain over the control of Cuba. The United States won this war and gained independence for Cuba, and control of the Philippines.