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Module 15 Licence Category B1
Gas Turbine Engine
15.10 Lubrication Systems

Module 15.10 Lubrication Systems

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Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy, electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Total Training Support Ltd

Knowledge Levels Category A, B1, B2 and C Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Basic knowledge for categories A, B1 and B2 are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against each applicable subject. Category C applicants must meet either the category B1 or the category B2 basic knowledge levels. The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:

LEVEL 1
A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives: The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples. The applicant should be able to use typical terms.

LEVEL 2
A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. An ability to apply that knowledge. Objectives: The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject. The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples. The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject. The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject. The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.

LEVEL 3
A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner. Objectives: The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects. The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples. The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject. The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject. The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's instructions. The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate.

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Table f C@mtemts
IloduBe 1SJ0 - Lubrication Systems ____________________________________________ 5 System Basic Requirements __________________________________________________ 5 Lubricating Oil Characteristics _________________________________________________ 5 Pressure Relief Valve System _________________________________________________ 7
Suction Sub-System __________________________________________________________________ 9 Pressure Sub-System _________________________________________________________________ 9 Scavenge Sub-System _______________________________________________________________ 10

Full Flow System

11

Total Loss System _ ______________________________________________________ 13 Types of Bearing Lubrication ___________________________________________________ 15

Spray Jet/Pressure Fed _______________________________________________________________ 15

Splash Oil

Metered Oil _ ______________________________________________________________________ 15 Film _ _____________________________________________________________________________ 15

____________________________________________________________ 15 _________________________________________________________ 16

Squeeze Film

Components __ _________________________ _ _________________________________ 17 Oil Tank ___________________________________________________________________________ 17 Oil Pumps ____________________________________________________________ 19 Filters _______________________________________________________________ 23

Fuel Cooled Oil Coolers 27 Air-Oil Separation ________________________________________________ 29 Anti Static Leak Check Valve 31 Veeii Sub-Svstem 31 Chip Detectors 33 Magentic Chip Detectors (MCDs) ___ _________________________________________________ 34 Indicating Magnetic Chip Detector ___ _________________________________________________ 35
Pulsed Chip Detector System __________________________________________________________ 35

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Module 15.10 Enabling Objectives Objective Lubrication Systems System operation/lay-out and components. EASA 66 Reference 15.10 Level 2

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System Basic Requirements
The system should meet the following basic requirements:

Each bearing should receive a predetermined flow of oil. The oil must be supplied at a predetermined pressure. The oil temperature must be within system limitations. The oil must be dean - free from any contamination.

Functions of the lubricating oil: o To reduce friction o To reduce temperature c To clean the system

lubricating Oil Characteristics

Many of the bearings in a gas turbine engines are located in a region of the engine where they will pick up considerable amounts of heat. To help in controlling the temperature of the bearing housings a flow of low pressure air is passed over the outside surfaces, this will both cool and pressurise the housing helping to reduce leakage. The oil itself will need to have the following characteristics : Low viscosity. Manufactured from synthetic sources, o A high heat capacity. Chemically stable over a wide range of operating temperatures.

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Fressyr Refeff Valve System

The complete oil system can be divided into the following parts:-

Suction Sub-System Pressure Sub-System Scavenge Sub-system

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE DE-AERATOR TRAY

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CENTRIFUGAL ,
BREATHER / oor ecTior / 4^ v- f5SESSURE( ^

STRAINER
Feed oil Return oil Breather oll/air mist " o *quemeter oil C^.._ ----------- Aifi-COOIEO OIL COOLER T0RQUEi\4ETER PUMP

Figure 10.1: A Pressure Relief Valve Oil System

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Figure 10.2: Pressure Relief Valve System Example - PW 125 Engine

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Suction Subsystem

The o'eservoir of oil will be contained either in a separate oil tank (known as a dry sump), or the base of an accessory gearbox casing (known as a wet sump system). A sight glass will be used to give an indication of the oil level. The reservoir will be replenished by a either a pressure reoiling system or a open line filling cap, and vented to atmosphere. A suction filter protects the oil feed to the pressure pump. The scavenge return line will include a de-aeration tray inside the reservoir. A rotate ng centrifugal breather may be used on the vent system to separate oil from the air. Oil capacity will depend on the role of the aircraft.

Pressure Subsystem

The engine driven pressure pump which is normally a gear type pump draws oil from the reservoir through the suction filter and delivers it to the pressure system. A pressure relief valve is connected from the pump output to the inlet side and opens to relieve excess oil pressure. A characteristic of the pressure relief type of system is that indicated oil pressure is independent of engine RPM. The oil is then fed to a pressure filter which removes any small particles of dirt/debris, hence only dean oil is fed to the system. Transmitters provide the essential signals of pressure and temperature for display on the flight deck instruments. The system then delivers oil to each of the main rotating bearing assemblies and auxiliary gearbox bearings by a series of internal pipes. At each bearing location a calibrated spray jet or metering device provides each bearing with the designed quantity of oil. The oil jets are positioned to ensure that the oil is accurately sprayed onto the bearing surfaces to penetrate around the rolling surfaces. The oil then drains to the bottom of the bearing housing where it flows into the collector trays.

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Types of Bearing Lubrication

The bearings in a gas turbine engines are lubricated in one of the following ways:

Spray jet/pressure fed Splash oil Metered oil Film Lubrication

Spray Jet/Pressyre Fed

The majority of the bearing housings in the engine have a small spray jet which directs oil directly onto the rolling elements of the bearing. The spray jet is fed with pressure oil. Heavily loaded gears may also be lubricated this way (reduction gears in a turbo-prop engine).

Splash Oil
Only very lightly loaded bearings are splash lubricated. Common examples are the gears inside the gearbox.

Metered Oil
Some engines may have bearings supplied by a metering system which is fed from the main engine pressure oil galleries. The metered oil feed is to supply the bearing with just the right quantity of oil in relation to engine speed e.g. compressor front bearings (SPEY engines).

Film This is when the surfaces concerned are separated by a substantial quantity of oil. Film lubrication is the most common phase of lubrication. The oil separates the two surfaces so that friction is reduced to that existing between the molecules of the lubricant. The oil in direct contact with the surfaces moves with the surfaces, friction occurs only by reason of the intermediate layers sliding over one another. With perfect lubrication, no wear of the bearing surfaces should occur, except possibly on starting. With film lubrication, the viscosity of the oil is important because it controls
the ability of the oil to keep the surfaces apart.

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