Chemistry unit 4 and 5 list of vocabulary

Electrophile is an atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Nucleophile is an atom or group of atoms attached to an electron-deficient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Functional group is the part of an organic molecule responsible for its reactions. Redox reaction one in which both oxidation and reduction take place. Activation energy minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking of bonds. Biodegradable substance is a substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by other living organisms. Biodegradable polymer is a polymer that breaks down completely into carbon and water. Bronsted-Lowry acid is a species that is a proton, H+, donor. Bronsted- Lowry base is a species that is a proton, H+, acceptor. Buffer solution is a system that minimises pH changes on addition of small amounts of an acid or a base. Chiral carbon a carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. Complex ion a transition metal ion bonded to one or more ligands by coordinate bonds (dative covalent bonds). Degradable polymer is a polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture. First electron affinity the enthalpy change that accompanies the addition of one electron to each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions. Second electron affinity the enthalpy change that accompanies the addition of one electron to each ion in one mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions. Enantiomers /optical isomers stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Zwitterions a dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. As both charges are present, there is no overall charge. Weak acid- is an acid that dissociates partially in solution.

Transition element is a d-block element that forms and ion with an incomplete d subshell. (Standard) enthalpy change of atomisation - The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of gaseous atoms forms from the element in its standard state. (Standard) enthalpy change of combustion - The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states. (Standard) enthalpy change of formation - The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions (Standard) enthalpy change of hydration - The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of isolated gaseous ions is dissolved in water, forming one mole of aqueous ions, under standard conditions. (Standard) enthalpy change of neutralisation - The energy change that accompanies the neutralisation of an aqueous acid by an aqueous base to form one mole of H2O(l), under standard conditions (Standard) enthalpy change of reaction - The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states (Standard) enthalpy change of solution - The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is completely dissolved in water under standard conditions. Entropy, S - The quantitative measure of the degree of disorder in a system Esterification - The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water. Free energy change, G - The balance between enthalpy, entropy and temperature for a process: G = H TS. A process can take place spontaneously when G < 0. Half-life - The time taken for the concentration of a reactant to reduce by half (First) ionisation energy - the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions. Isoelectric point The point at which an amino acid has no overall charge. Ligand - is a molecule or ion that can donate a pair of electrons to a transition metal ion. Pharmacological activity - The beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.