INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES INTERNET APPLICATIONS three main uses 1) share files and data 2) share resources 3) communication World

Wide Web - specialized part of the internet where companies, organizations, the govt or individuals can post info for others to access and use - to do this... 1) establish a website - a computer that stores the info you wish to dispense ( the info can be on your computer or or in the computer of a Web service provider ) 2) info is presented in the form of pages, a logic subunit w/c may contain txt, graphics, animation, video or sound 3) the websites are accessed through the internet by a software known as the browser browser allows you to call up a desired website by name or to search the internet for websites of interest the browser is a software that lets you navigate and explore the web and access and display the info examples of browsers - Microsoft Internet Explorer, firefox and chrome hypertext - allows different pages or websites to be linked HTML - hypertext markup language HTML - allows programmers to insert links to other pages on the website,to other parts of the same page or even to different websites e-commerce - doing business via internet ( buying and selling goods and services ) buyers may purchase items by giving credit card numbers and then having the product shipped by mail or overnight carrier to them. eg. Amazon and eBay searches - provision of search engines search engines - specialized software that can look for websites related to the desired search topic. eg. google, yahoo and MSN VoIP - technique of replacing standard telephone service w/ a digital voice version w/ calls taking place over the internet. voice is digitized, compressed and sent via the internet voice is digitized, compressed and transmitted over the internet in packets to the called location at the called location the packets are decompressed and reconverted to analog video over Internet Protocol - video or TV over the internet ( IPTV ). video is digitized, compressed and sent over the internet. both IPTV and VoIP use the standard Internet connections used for data. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS INTERNET ADDRESSES each individual or computer must have some kind of identifier or address an addressing system for the internet uses a simplified name-address scheme that defines a particular hierarchy upper level of the hierarchy - top-level domain ( TLD ) domain - specific type of org using the internet such type of domains are assigned a portion of the address another type of the address is the host name host - refers to a particular computer connected to the internet ( a computer, device or user on the

network ) server provides services such as e-mail, web-pages and DNS host name is often the name of the company, organization, or department sponsoring the computer. eg. ibm. EMAIL ADDRESSES first part of the address is the user name eg. <billbob@xyz.net> user name separated from the host by the symbol @ xyz is the e-mail service provider net is the domain name. WWW addresses to locate sites on the web you use a special address called a uniform resource locator ( URL ) eg. <http://www.abs.com/newinfo> first part of the URL specifies the communication protocol to be used in this case hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) abs.com is the domain name or the computer on w/c the website exists the item after the slash indicates a directory within the website software most websites contain multiple directories w/c are also usually further subdivided into pages. INITIAL CONNECTIONS most common method of connection to the internet is through a modem that connects to the telephone system dial-up modems - asynchronous digital subscriber line ( ADSL ) and cable TV modems. ROLE OF THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM usually first link to the internet standard tele line used w/ dial-up modems and DSL modems primary function is to connect you to a facility known as an internet service provider. BROADBAND CONNECTIONS broadband connections alternative to using modem over telephone lines broadband connection - fast internet connection provided by a local tele company or some other org. tele modem = 53kbps broadband = Mbps w/ tele modem speeds can be much less than 53kbps due to distance to central office is too long or noise level on line is high, speeds can be 19.2 / 40 kbps most broadband connections are cable TV modem cable TV companies often act as ISPs special cable modem connects to PC by way of an Ethernet interface can reach data transfer rates of 6Mbps another broadband connection used is DSL ( digital subscriber line ) data rates from 1.5 to 6 Mbps other broadband services - electrical utilities ( broadband over bower lines ), satellite TV companies In general, broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time (much as more lanes on a highway allow more cars to travel on it at the same time). Related terms are wideband (a synonym), baseband (a one-channel band), and

narrowband (sometimes meaning just wide enough to carry voice, or simply "not broadband," and sometimes meaning specifically between 50 cps and 64 Kpbs). http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/broadband. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER company set up especially to tap into the network known as the internet can be - independent company, local tele company or cable TV company ISP is one or more servers to w/c are connected several thousands of modems, DSLs or cable connections from subscribers ISP provides the software you use in communications over the internet ISP is connected to the internet backone via a fast digital interface such as a T1 or T3 lines or by faster method via a MAN INTERNET TRENSMISSION SYSTEMS FRAME RELAY packet-switching protocol standardized by the ITU-T packages data to be transmitted into FR frames 8-bit flags - signal the beginning and ending of a packet two-octet [byte (Abbreviation for binary term, a unit of storage capable of holding a single character. On almost all modern computers, a byte is equal to 8 bits. ) ] address field contains all the details regarding the exact destination of the packet through the network data field is variable and may contain upto 4096 octets two-octet FCS ( frame check sequence ) - error detection code that is compared to FCS calculated from received data if transmission error occurs raceiving unit asks for a retransmission FR is protocol-independent in that it can carry the data from any other transmission method such as Ethernet ethernet packets are put into data fields and carried unmodified to the destination FR uses existing digital ckts leased by telecomms company equipment used in handling FR is frame relay switches that examine the destination address and froward packets through one switch to another until the destination is reached common use of FR is in LAN-to-LAN connections w/r LANs are widely separated as in two different company locations. ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE