Fuses

Simple Can provide very fast fault clearance

<10ms for large current

OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION
J.B. Ekanayake

Limit fault energy

Arcing Time Pre Arc Time

Total Operating Time

Fuses
Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A Fuse B

Definite (Independent) Time Relays

51

51

IFA approx 2 x IFB

0.9 sec

0.5 sec

Limited sensitivity to earth faults Fixed characteristic Need replacing following fault clearance

Operating time is independent of current Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time Problem -Longest operating time for the highest fault level

Instantaneous Relays
B A

Definite (Independent) Time Relays

TIME

50

IF2

50

IF1

Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault operates Problem

Relies on the difference in fault level between the two relay locations Cannot discriminate if IF1 is closer to IF2

TOP

(Relay Current Setting)

IS

Applied Current

Inverse Definite Time Relays

TIME

Induction type relays

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

IS (Relay Current Setting)

Applied Current

Induction type relays

Induction type relays

Co-ordination Principle
R1 R2

IF1
T

IS2 IS1

Maximum I Fault Level

Relay closest to fault must operate first Other relays must have adequate additional operating time to prevent them operating Consider worst case conditions, operating modes and current flows

Standard IDMT Characteristics

1000

IEC Characteristics
Standard Inverse (SI)
t= 0.14 TMS [ s ] I/Is0.02 1

Current and TM Setting

Determine the time of operation of 1A standard IDMT over-current relay having a Plug Setting (PS) of 125% (Iset) and a Time Multiplier (TM) of 0.6. The CT ratio is 400:1 and the fault current 4000A.

Operating Time (s)

100

Very Inverse (VI)

10

t=

SI
1

13.5 TMS [ s ] I/Is 1

VI
EI
0.1 1 10 100

Extremely Inverse (EI)

t= 80 TMS [ s ] I/Is2 1

Current (Multiples of Is)

Grading Margin
0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB 0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB

Co-ordination - Procedure
Calculate required operating current Calculate required grading margin Calculate required operating time Select characteristic Calculate required TMS Draw characteristic, check grading over whole curve

GRADING MARGIN

t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts

Er Ect t tcb to ts = = = = = = relay timing error CT measurement error op time of downstream relay CB interrupting time relay overshoot time safety margin

Protection of radial feeders

A B C D

Application of IDMT relay

G 0.6 400/5 H J 0.95 400/5 120 A 1.225 0.946 0.75 0.46 2.2 200/5 170 A K L 1.1 100/5 80 A 50 A

4 MVA 11/3.3 kV B 2 km cable 200 m cable 7% 240 mm2 120 mm2 C F1 F2 F3 F4

0.96 0.635 0.135 0.15

11 kV 250 MVA

Directional power relay

VOLTAGE

Time and current grading

CURRENT

Protection of Parallel feeders

A B

PROTECTION OF RING MAIN FEEDER

Drawback of over-current protection

Zs Reach for L-G fault 3 fault L-L-G fault

Combine O/C and E/F protection

O/C E/F

Ipick-up

L-G fault
Reach for L-L-G fault

Reach for 3 fault L-G fault Zs1<Zs2<Zs3 Zs2 Zs1

Distance from the relay location

O/C

Distance from the relay location

Earthing transformer protection

I0 I0 I0 F3 I0 I0

Earthing transformer protection

2I0

I0 I0 2I0

I0 I0 0 0 I0 I0
3I0

F5

0 3I0

3I0 I0 I0 I0

3I0

3I0 I0 I0 2I0