Guide to electrical steels and magnetic alloys

Guide to electrical steels and magnetic alloys

ArcelorMittals global offer

Product selection guide About ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal: transforming tomorrow Global presence A commercial office in your region Service offered by our steel service centres Technical support by R&D Products Non-oriented electrical steels (NO) Grain-oriented electrical steels (GO) Varnishes for electrical steels (VA) Magnetic alloys (MA) Magnetic parts (MP)

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 40 42 44 48

Product selection guide

This selection guide will help you select the best ArcelorMittal steel grade for your particular application: Non-oriented electrical steels (NO) Grain-oriented electrical steels (GO) Magnetic alloys (MA) Magnetic parts (MP) Having identified your particular market, you can select your type of application in the table below. Alongside each application you will find a reference to the product data sheet we recommend. Domestic appliances Small domestic appliances Microwave oven transformers Motors Transformers
Cooking devices Laundry & dishwashers Refrigeration
Reference

NO1 NO2 NO1 NO5 NO7 NO1 MA1 NO5 NO5

Controlled temperature pans Motors Compressor motors

Mechanical engineering Railways Traction motors Self-induction coils Marine engineering Heavy wheeled vehicles Automotive Propulsion engines Mining trucks wheel motors Alternators Generators Current sensors Torque sensors Linear actuators for electromagnetic injection Dashboard indicators & watches Electrical and hybrid vehicle traction motors and alternators Wheel hub motors NO1 NO2 NO1 GO1 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO2 NO6 MA2 MA1 MP1 MA1 MP1 MA1 MA1 NO1 NO2 NO3 NO1 NO2

Further in this guide, you will find the product data sheets with a general description for each product: Main properties Advantages Applications Recommendations for use Feasibility tables

Traction

Product selection guide

Aeronautics & military Power generation High power/weight devices Generators Transformers Motors Linear actuators Electromechanical actuators Motors Micromotors Sensors Magnetic shielding Lighting Cold storage Electrical engineering
Electrical safety
Reference

Industry Ventilation / airco Electrical equipment Motors for air fans Low-voltage transformers Welding equipment transformers Contactor cores Electricity meter cores Micro-motors Shielding of power lines and transformers for the distribution of electrical power Magnetic shielded rooms Cryogenic magnetic shielding Shielding of electrolysis cells Current and potential transformers Power transformers Distribution transformers Industrial motors Generators Medium-power motors High-power motors Medium-power generators Medium- and high-power generators Medium- and high-power generators

Reference

MA2 MP1 MA2 MP1 MA2 MP1 MA2 MA2 MP1 MA1 MA2 MP1 MA1 MP1 MA1 MP1 MA1 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO5

NO1 NO5 NO1 NO1 NO1 NO1 NO3 MA1 MP1 NO1 NO2 MA1 MA1 GO1 NO1 NO2 GO1 MP1 GO1 GO1 NO1 NO2 NO5 NO6 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO2 NO8 NO9 GO1 5

Electrohydrostatic actuators MA2

High efficiency devices

Synchroresolvers Magnetic shielded rooms Ballasts Compressor motors

Current sensors Relays

MA1 MP1 MA1 MP1

Building industry
Partition walls and panels Lighting Cold storage

Armour plating Ballasts Compressor motors

NO1 NO1 NO2 NO1 NO5

Wind power Hydro or turbine power stations

About ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal is the worlds largest and most global integrated steel company, with over 326,000 employees in more than 60 countries. It has led the consolidation of the world steel industry and today ranks as the only truly global steelmaker.
ArcelorMittal is the number one supplier in all major global markets, including automotive, construction, household appliances and packaging. Its industrial presence in Europe, Asia, Africa and America gives the Group exposure to all the key steel markets, from emerging to mature an exposure it continues to enhance through its three dimensional growth strategy of product diversity, geographical reach and vertical integration. With crude steel production of 103.3 million tonnes, representing around 10% of world steel output, ArcelorMittal generated revenues of US$ 124.9 billion in 2008.

Innovation and cooperation

Innovation plays a key role at ArcelorMittal. Not only is it the largest steelmaker by volume but ArcelorMittal also offers the broadest range of steel grades, advanced products, steel solutions and cutting-edge technologies. Close cooperation with customers involving mutual trust, an open-minded approach and permanent exchanges of personnel further drives innovation and assists in the development of products and solutions that sustain their competitive edge.

ArcelorMittal: transforming tomorrow

We know that our position in the steel industry brings unique responsibilities. We are committed to setting globally recognised standards with the needs of future generations in mind.
Our goal is to provide the leadership that will transform tomorrows steel industry. We have a clear vision of the future, underpinned by a consistent set of values:

Quality
We look beyond today to envision the steel of tomorrow. Because quality outcomes depend on quality people, we seek to attract and nurture the best people to deliver superior solutions to our customers.

Sustainability
We are guiding the evolution of steel to secure the best future for the industry and for generations to come. Our commitment to the world around us extends beyond the bottom line, to include the people in whom we invest, the communities we support and the world in which we operate. This long-term approach is central to our business philosophy.

Leadership
We are visionary thinkers, creating opportunities every day. This entrepreneurial spirit brought us to the forefront of the steel industry. Now, we are moving beyond what the world expects of steel.

Electrical steels production plants ArcelorMittal Eisenhttenstadt ArcelorMittal Florange ArcelorMittal Fos-sur-Mer ArcelorMittal Gent ArcelorMittal Frdek-Mstek ArcelorMittal Sestao ArcelorMittal St Chly dApcher ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil ArcelorMittal Hennepin ArcelorMittal Hamilton

Products* NO NO NO NO GO NO NO NO/GO CRML CRML Products* MA MP MP France France China Italy Italy France France Brazil Products* NO/GO MA NO/GO CRML Belgium France Brazil USA Germany France France Belgium Czech Republic Spain France Brazil USA Canada

Online information on www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittal.com/fce www.arcelormittalinoxbrasil.com.br www.arcelormittal.com www.arcelormittal.com Online information on www.arcelormittal.com/stainlessandnickelalloys www.arcelormittal.com/stainlessandnickelalloys www.arcelormittal.com/stainlessandnickelalloys Online information on www.arcelormittal.com www.arcelormittal.com www.arcelormittal.com www.arcelormittal.com/stainlessandnickelalloys www.arcelormittalinoxbrasil.com.br Online information on www.ocas.be www.arcelormittal.com/stainlessandnickelalloys www.arcelormittalinoxbrasil.com.br www.arcelormittal.com *
NO: Non-oriented electrical steels CRML: Cold rolled motor laminations GO: Grain-oriented electrical steels MA: Magnetic alloys MP: Magnetic parts

Magnetic alloys production plants ArcelorMittal Imphy ArcelorMittal Montargis ArcelorMittal Imhua

Steel service centres ArcelorMittal Distribution Solutions Italia, Monza ArcelorMittal Distribution Solutions Italia, Marcon ArcelorMittal Distribution Solutions France, Reims ArcelorMittal Stainless and Nickel Alloys Service Clichy ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil Servios Campinas

Research centres ArcelorMittal R&D Industry Gent ArcelorMittal Imphy ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil ArcelorMittal East Chicago

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Electrical steels production plant Magnetic alloys production plant Steel service centre R&D centre

. ; .

Global presence
11

Electrical steels: central commercial offices Europe South America North America

Location France (Paris) Brazil (So Paulo) USA (Chicago)

Address 5, rue Luigi Cherubini, F-93212 La Plaine Saint-Denis (Paris) - France Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 1355, 20 andar, Jd Paulistano, 01452-919, So Paulo, SP - Brazil One South Dearborn Street Chicago IL, 60603 USA Toll free phone: 1-800-422-9422 19, avenue de la Libert, LU-2930 Luxembourg Address 5, rue Luigi Cherubini, F-93212 La Plaine Saint-Denis (Paris) - France Pinebrook Business Center I; 2650 Eisenhower Avenue - Building A - Suite 102A, Norristown, PA 19403 Room 1601, 16/F Tower 1, China Hong Kong City, 33 Canton Rd, Tsimshatsui Kowloon

E-mail

didier.chapellier@arcelormittal.com adriana.simoes@arcelormittal.com.br
ted.bloom@arcelormittal.com

Other regions

Luxembourg Location France (Paris) USA (Norristown)

v.garg@arcelormittal.com
E-mail

Magnetic alloys: central commercial offices Europe & South America North America

nickel.alloys@arcelormittal.com nickel.alloys@arcelormittal.com nickel.alloys@arcelormittal.com

Asia

Hong Kong

12

Electrical steels: Central commercial office Electrical steels: Local commercial office Magnetic alloys: Central commercial office Magnetic alloys: Local commercial office

. .

/ /

A commercial office in your region

13

Service offered by the ArcelorMittal steel service centres

The steel service centres within ArcelorMittal Distribution Solutions offer a wide range of activities and services for electrical steels: Activities
Slitting coils in all possible widths Cutting sheets to length Punching laminations, either as such or assembled into stacks, with or without thermal post-treatment Applying a cupper winding or injecting aluminium into the rotor or stator slots Fitting of axles into the machines

For the locations of the steel service centres, see page 10. For further information about the product range and the service offered, please consult the overview of the commercial contacts on page 12.

Service
ArcelorMittal Distribution Solutions can provide customers with the magnetic, mechanical and thermal properties of the magnetic materials used. Backed up by ArcelorMittal Group expertise in electrical steels, the steel service centres are able to provide a wide range of tailor-made solutions as well as just-in-time deliveries. In addition, the steel service centres also offer customers assistance in selecting the best material and process for their application.

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ArcelorMittal R&D has proven experience in:

Modelling and design of electromagnetic systems Optimised electrical steel grade selection Advanced material characterisation techniques Tailor-made magnetic measurement tools for laboratory or production line

Improve your efficiency

ArcelorMittal R&D validates numerical simulations by comparing these with the results of in-house experiments. Our laboratories are fully equipped to assess the electromagnetic properties of your materials or magnetic cores. In addition to standard measurements based on Epstein frames and single sheet testers, we can perform advanced characterisation using your specific magnetic circuit or your excitation conditions (PWM, harmonics etc). Our engineers and researchers have experience in modelling electromagnetic behaviour of electrical machines, transformers or other systems. ArcelorMittal R&D has many years of experience in optimising designs, providing cost saving solutions with enhanced efficiency. ArcelorMittal R&D can deliver a detailed report listing all simulations and experiments as well

Technical support & services offered by ArcelorMittals network of Research & Development centres
as a clear interpretation of results obtained and recommendations for further improvement. We help you, for example, to identify the best combination between the electrical steel grade and your equipment design, resulting in lower energy dissipation and enhanced permeability at reduced cost.

ArcelorMittal R&D offers a full package of R&D services

In addition to our co-design and co-engineering services in the field of electrical machinery, ArcelorMittal R&D also offers: R&D partnership Rapid prototyping Problem solving Metallurgical processing Material characterisation Training We offer advanced technology and innovative research within a framework of confidentiality.

Your benefits:
Full range of services Co-development of new products based on combining optimised design and selection of the most appropriate electrical steel grade Advanced material characterisation methods in our laboratory Cost saving numerical finite element modelling of electromagnetic behaviour of your applications (large materials database with for example magnetic properties) Quality control by means of advanced magnetic measurement systems Proven materials expertise Extensive knowledge of electrical steel grades, grain-oriented and non-oriented Expertise in various fields of application: power generation, asynchronous machines, permanent magnet applications, electromagnetic valves and actuators, automotive applications, transformers Skilled staff and top class equipment In-house laboratory assessment tools Associated technologies, including advanced characterisation techniques in the field of chemistry and physical testing
For an overview of the ArcelorMittal R&D centres in this area, see the overview on page 10.

Easy monitoring of your product performance and rapid quality control

ArcelorMittal R&D can supply standard or tailormade advanced magnetic measuring systems (AMMS) available in different configurations: AMMS Lab for laboratory testing AMMS Online for continuous characterisation of electromagnetic properties of steel strip All devices ordered include on-site installation, training and maintenance plan.

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Products
Non-oriented electrical steels (NO) NO1 Fully processed conventional grades NO2 Fully processed high permeability and high thermal conductivity grades NO3 Fully processed high frequency grade NO4 Fully processed high strength grades NO5 Semi-processed grades, including Cold Rolled Motor Laminations NO6 Semi-processed high permeability grades NO7 Steels with guaranteed punchability Easy Punch NO8 Cold rolled pole sheet grades NO9 Hot rolled pole sheet grades Grain-oriented electrical steels (GO) GO1 Grain-oriented conventional grades Varnishes for electrical steels (VA) Magnetic alloys (MA) MA1 Iron-nickel alloys MA2 Iron-cobalt alloys Magnetic parts (MP) 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

40 42

44 46 48

19

NO1 Fully processed conventional grades

To supply the required level of traction for this huge mining truck, four electrical motors are needed: one for each wheel.

20

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO1

Fully processed conventional grades

Fully processed electrical steels as delivered have guaranteed magnetic properties. These are obtained through careful selection of the most appropriate alloying content in particular silicon in combination with the most suitable thermomechanical production processes. ArcelorMittals state-of-the-art production facilities are equipped with in-line magnetic measurement systems, for optimal process control. Apart from the maximum loss and minimum polarisation data cited by the standards, ArcelorMittal supplies full magnetic characterisation curves regarding losses, polarisation, permeability and apparent power at different frequencies. Other machine design parameters such as mechanical properties at different temperatures and thermal behaviour are also available on request. Advantages
These conventional grades are available in a full product range, so that a grade can be selected according to the specific requirements of each application, from the low alloy grades with the advantage of excellent magnetic permeability, thermal conductivity and punchability to the alloyed grades with the advantage of very low losses, even at higher frequencies. A wide range of coatings is available, allowing further enhancement of punchability, reduction of interlaminar losses and improvement of corrosion protection. The thin lowest loss grades such as the M 230-30A, M210-35A or the M235-35A are of particular interest for high-efficiency or high-power density machines. For high-speed machines in particular, optimal compromises between mechanical strength and low eddy current losses have been worked out. Thicker low loss grades are the choice for large power generators: their high utilisation rate demands the highest possible machine efficiency (hence low losses), with reasonable punching and assembly costs (hence 0.65 mm or 0.50 mm thickness). Thanks to the low coercive field and remanence level of low loss fully processed grades, these steels also are preferred for the production of contactors. Low loss fully processed steels are also beneficial for shielding applications at low frequencies.

Applications
Fully processed steels are designed for the manufacture of magnetic circuits for motors, transformers and other electrical equipment. The principal application fields are electrical engineering, electricity production, domestic appliances, automotive and building industries.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties. >> See next page for the feasibility tables.

21

NO1 Fully processed conventional grades feasibilities

EN 10106:2007
Thickness Grades 0.30 mm 0.35 mm 0.50 mm 0.65 mm M310-65A M330-65A M350-65A M400-65A M470-65A M530-65A M600-65A M700-65A M800-65A M1000-65A 1.00 mm M600-100A M700-100A M800-100A M900-100A M1000-100A M1300-100A

JIS C2552:2000
0.35 mm 0.50 mm 50A230 50A250 50A270 50A290 50A310 50A350 50A400 50A470 50A600 50A700 50A800 50A1000
Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

0.65 mm 65A800 65A1000

M200-30A M230-30A

M210-35A
M235-35A M250-35A M270-35A M300-35A M330-35A

M230-50A
M250-50A M270-50A M290-50A M310-50A M330-50A M350-50A M400-50A M470-50A M530-50A M600-50A M700-50A M800-50A M940-50A

35A195
35A210 35A230 35A250 35A270 35A300

Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

22

ASTM A 677/A677M:1999 (former AISI)

0.35/0.36 mm 36F145 (M15) 36F155 (M19) 36F165 (M22) 36F175 (M27) 36F185 (M36) 0.47/0.50 mm 47F165 (M19) 47F180 (M22) 47F190 (M27) 47F200 (M36) 47F210 (M43) 47F240 (M45) 47F280 (M47) 47F400 47F450
Not exact equivalences

CEI/IEC 60404-8-4:1998
0.35 mm 0.50 mm 0.65 mm M310-65A 5 M330-65A 5 M350-65A 5 M400-65A 5 M470-65A 5 M530-65A 5 M600-65A 5 M700-65A 5 M800-65A 5 M1000-65A 5 1.00 mm M600-100A 5 M700-100A 5 M800-100A 5 M900-100A 5 M1000-100A 5 M1300-100A 5

0.64/0.65 mm 64F200 (M19) 64F210 (M22) 64F225 (M27) 64F235 (M36) 64F250 (M43) 64F275 (M45) 64F320 (M47) 64F500 64F550

M195-35A 5 M210-35A 5
M235-35A 5 M250-35A 5 M270-35A 5 M300-35A 5 M330-35A 5

M230-50A 5
M250-50A 5 M270-50A 5 M290-50A 5 M310-50A 5 M330-50A 5 M350-50A 5 M400-50A 5 M470-50A 5 M530-50A 5 M600-50A 5 M700-50A 5 M800-50A 5 M940-50A 5

Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

23

NO2 Fully processed high permeability and high thermal conductivity grades feasibilities

No standards available
Thickness Grades 0.30 mm M190P-30A 0.35 mm M195P-35A M330P-35A 0.50 mm M330P-50A M350P-50A M400P-50A M400XP-50A M470P-50A 0.65 mm M470P-65A

24

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO2

Fully processed high permeability and high thermal conductivity grades

The fully processed high permeability electrical steels have guaranteed magnetic properties significantly superior to the requirements of the standards, particularly regarding their polarisation and permeability levels. The specific chemical composition of ArcelorMittals products and our thermomechanical processes result in enhanced structures and textures, which are the key to obtaining steep magnetisation curves with high saturation levels. Full magnetic characterisation curves are available on request, as well as mechanical and thermal data. The thermal conductivity of these steels is higher than the conductivity of the fully processed conventional grades, so the heat generated in the machine due to the losses can be more easily evacuated. Advantages
The high permeability levels of these grades allow a reduction of the magnetising current required for a given air gap flux. This increases the efficiency of the machine and also makes it possible to increase its specific power output. High thermal conductivity levels are important, since they facilitate heat evacuation from the machine. A wide range of coatings is available, allowing further enhancement of punchability, reduction of interlaminar losses and improvement of corrosion protection.

Applications
High permeability is particularly useful for applications such as ballasts and motors, because it makes it possible to build machines meeting the most stringent environmental regulations. High efficiency induction motors (e.g. EFF1 of the CEMEP classification or Premium NEMA machines) can be achieved by increasing the amount of copper used, which generally leads to a larger machine, but the use of higher permeability grades can help to avoid this volume expansion. High thermal conductivity is a significant advantage for large machines, where the heat balance can be a significant power limiting factor. High thermal conductivity is a significant advantage for large machines with high frequencies.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties.

These qualities generate not only an increased efficiency, but also a higher specific power rating, which is an important aspect for traction motors, like this ICE-3 high-speed locomotive.

25

NO3 Fully processed high frequency grade feasibilities

EN 10303:2001
Thickness Grades 0.20 mm NO 20

CEI/IEC 404-8-8:1991
0.20 mm NO 20

This type of electrical steel is mainly used when miniaturisation is unavoidable, for instance for aeronautics or medical applications. This piece is used for a breathing aid.

26

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO3

Fully processed high frequency grade

This fully processed high frequency grade has guaranteed magnetic properties in accordance with the standards for medium frequency applications, concerning specifically thin electrical steels for use at frequencies of above 100 Hz. The manufacture of such thin steels down to 0.20 mm is particularly demanding for the cold rolling process, especially because the magnetic performance requires a high silicon content, which render the material more brittle. ArcelorMittals production facilities are equipped with high performance gauge, tension and flatness control systems to meet this challenge. The standards require guaranteed loss levels at 400 Hz, but ArcelorMittal can supply full magnetic characterisation curves at various frequencies. Furthermore, mechanical properties at different temperatures and thermal behaviour are available on request. Advantages
The high frequency electrical steel is designed to have very low loss levels, especially at high frequencies. These properties are a result of the thin gauge of this material (0.20 mm), its particular chemical composition and its specific thermomechanical processing. We offer this grade with a C5 coating, for its excellent behaviour at high temperatures, which will also allow machine repairs, and for its insulating properties.

Applications
This grade is designed for high-speed rotating machines (100 to 5 000 Hz). It allows minimisation of losses due to higher harmonics and clearly increases machine efficiency in the case of non-sinusoidal power supply. This thin fully processed grade is also used when weight and volume reduction are of major importance, such as in medical, automotive or aviation applications. The higher speed applications are also more demanding in terms of mechanical behaviour, which is why our NO 20 grade has been optimised both for yield strength and for eddy current behaviour.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties.

27

NO4 Fully processed high strength grades feasibilities

No standards available
Thickness Grades 0.50 mm M470YS-50A 0.65 mm M500YS-65A

The high strength values, combined with a good level of magnetic properties, make these grades particularly suitable for high-speed rotating machines.

28

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO4

Fully processed high strength grades

Fully processed high strength grades have not only guaranteed magnetic properties but also guaranteed mechanical properties. A typical characteristic of these grades is the higher strength values compared to the conventional grades, both at room temperature and at higher temperature operating conditions. These are obtained through adequate modifications in ArcelorMittals fully processed electrical steel production process, resulting in an optimal combination of magnetic and mechanical performance. Full magnetic characterisation curves at different frequencies as well as thermal behaviour data are available on request. Advantages
These high strength grades withstand stronger mechanical forces than the conventional grades. They are therefore an excellent compromise when both high mechanical strength and low magnetic losses are required. A wide range of coatings is available, allowing further enhancement of punchability, reduction of interlaminar losses and improvement of corrosion protection.

Applications
The high strength values, combined with low losses and good permeability, make these grades particularly suitable for high-speed rotating machines. The yield strength is a particularly important property when the teeth have to withstand both strong electromagnetic forces and the mechanical forces resulting from high-speed operation. Rotors with imbedded permanent magnets in synchronous machines and the teeth of machines with concentrated windings will also benefit from higher mechanical strength.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties.

29

NO5 Semi-processed grades, including Cold Rolled Motor Laminations feasibilities

EN 10341:2006
Thickness Grades 0.50 mm M340-50K M390-50K M450-50K M560-50K M660-50K M890-50K M1050-50K 0.65 mm M390-65K M450-65K M520-65K M630-65K M800-65K M1000-65K M1200-65K 0.70 mm 0.80 mm 1.00 mm

ASTM A683/A726:2005
0.47/0.50 mm 47S190/47D190 47D215 47D270 47D330 47D380 0.56 mm 0.64/0.65 mm 56D260 56D310 56D380 64S220 64S230 64D260 64D290 64D360 64D430 64D490
Not exact equivalences; other CRML gauges and loss/perm levels available

0.71/0.70 mm 0.79/0.80 mm 71D410 71D480 71D550 79D450 79D540 79D610

M1000-70K

M1200-80K M1300-100K M1800-100K

Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

CEI/IEC 60404-8-3:2005
Thickness Grades 0.50 mm M340-50K5 M390-50K5 M450-50K5 M560-50K5 M660-50K5 M890-50K5 M1050-50K5 0.65 mm M390-65K5 M450-65K5 M520-65K5 M630-65K5 M800-65K5 M1000-65K5 M1200-65K5 0.70 mm 0.80 mm 1.00 mm

M1000-70K5

M1200-80K5

M1300-100K5 M1800-100K5

Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

30

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO5

Semi-processed grades, including Cold Rolled Motor Laminations

As delivered, semi-processed electrical steel grades do not have guaranteed magnetic properties. After the laminations are punched, they need to be heat-treated by the customer to develop their magnetic properties. This final annealing treatment reduces losses and improves permeability and polarisation, as a result of recrystallisation, grain growth and for certain grades also decarburisation. The semi-processed standards describe reference annealing cycles which allow the development of these properties. These reference cycles are applied in ArcelorMittals labs to validate the ability of our materials to achieve the required magnetic performance. Advantages
The punchability of the semi-processed grades has been optimised by the application of an optimised final skin-pass reduction, after the cold rolling and annealing process. Skin-passing produces a controlled surface roughness, ensuring good material behaviour in the punching presses. This roughness also prevents the strips from sticking in the customers final annealing treatment. Regarding the magnetic performance, the skin-pass also plays an important role by stimulating grain growth during the annealing process. These semi-processed grades are available non-insulated. The last process step of the (decarburising) annealing treatment carried out by the customer provides a suitable atmosphere and the right thermal conditions for blueing: the formation of an oxide film, which creates the required surface insulation layer.

Applications
Non-alloyed semi-processed electrical steels are designed for small industrial motors, ventilators and domestic appliances such as washing machine motors, microwave oven transformers and refrigerator compressors. Alloyed semi-processed electrical steels are designed for similar higher efficiency versions of these applications, as they have lower losses while the permeability remains at a good level.

Recommendations for use

The punching process needs to be carried out with an appropriate lubricant, which must be selected carefully, especially in the case of the alloyed semi-processed grades.

These steels are designed for domestic appliances, such as washing machine motors, for small industrial motors, ventilators and this electric drill.

31

NO6 Semi-processed high permeability grades feasibilities

No standards available
Thickness Grades 0.50 mm M560P-50K 0.65 mm M700P-65K

This textured grade has proven to enhance the efficiency of industrial motors.

32

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO6

Semi-processed high permeability grades

The semi-processed high permeability grades have guaranteed superior magnetic properties compared to those of the standard semi-processed grades, especially at 45 to the rolling direction. As for the standard semi-processed grades, the high permeability grades need a final annealing treatment by the customer, carried out after punching the laminations. Advantages
The semi-processed high permeability grades allow core weight reduction and increased efficiency of motors and transformers. The improved efficiency achieved reduces machine operating costs and at the same time makes them more environmentally friendly.

Applications
These grades are designed for motors, generators, transformers, convertors and ballasts where higher efficiency is required. These are available in two gauges: the 0.50 mm type is called M560P-50K and the 0.65 mm type M700P-65K.

Recommendations for use

Considering the very high polarisation level of these semi-processed high permeability grades at an angle of 45 to the rolling direction, it is preferable to design the punching process in such a way that the direction of magnetisation of the part is as nearly parallel as possible with this 45 direction.

33

NO7 Steels with guaranteed punchability Easy Punch feasibilities

No standards available
Thickness Grades 0.5-1.2 mm Easy Punch

34

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO7

Steels with guaranteed punchability Easy Punch

The Easy Punch grade has guaranteed mechanical properties and roughness. Magnetic properties are not guaranteed, as they are not optimised in this product. Should the application require enhanced magnetic performance, other electrical steel grades in ArcelorMittals product range are recommended. Advantages
This Easy Punch grade is designed for excellent punchability and stackability, thanks to appropriate mechanical properties and roughness. It is therefore eminently suitable for automatic stacking and assembling techniques. The excellent punchability is achieved by means of a final skin-pass treatment, which produces high Re/Rm values (typically over 0.9). Easy Punch also features excellent weldability qualities.

Applications
The Easy Punch grade is designed for small machines for intermittent use: Automotive equipment such as alternators, windscreen wipers, window opening motors Small domestic appliances such as coffee grinders, mixers Small hand-tools such as drills

Recommendations for use

The punching process needs to be carried out with an appropriate lubricant. Customers will not normally apply heat treatment after punching. Heat treatment is an option to increase the magnetic performance of Easy Punch.

The Easy Punch grade is designed for excellent punchability and stackability, ideal for this alternator.

35

NO8 Cold rolled pole sheet grades feasibilities

EN 10265:1995
Thickness Grades 0.65 mm 250-65-TF 183 400-65-TF 180 1.00 mm 250-100-TF 183 400-100-TF 180

JIS C2555:2000
0.65 mm PCYC 250 PCYC 400 1.00 mm PCYC 250 PCYC 400

CEI/IEC 60404-8-5:1989
0.65 mm 250-65-TF 183 400-65-TF 180 1.00 mm 250-100-TF 183 400-100-TF 180

The cold rolled pole sheet grades are designed for large high-speed machines, because of their excellent combination of mechanical strength and magnetic performance, which makes them perfect for industry applications.

36

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO8

Cold rolled pole sheet grades

Cold rolled pole sheet grades are classified according to their yield strength as described by the standards. Apart from guaranteed mechanical properties, they also have guaranteed magnetic properties, but unlike other electrical steel grades, their magnetic properties are determined under direct current (DC) conditions. Full magnetic characterisation curves in DC and also at various frequencies are available on request, as well as thermal data. Advantages
The high yield strength values allow these grades to withstand strong electromechanical forces. Apart from excellent DC magnetic properties significantly superior to the requirements of the standard, they also perform well regarding loss and induction levels at 50 Hz AC conditions, thanks to their special chemical composition. A wide range of coatings is available, allowing further enhancement of punchability, reduction of interlaminar losses and improvement of corrosion protection.

Applications
The cold rolled pole sheet grades are designed for large high-speed machines, because of their excellent combination of mechanical strength and magnetic performance.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties.

37

NO9 Hot rolled pole sheet grades feasibilities

EN 10265:1995
Thickness Grades 1.5-5.0 mm 250-...-TG 180 300-...-TG 180 350-...-TG 179 2.0-5.0 mm 400-...-TG 179 450--TG 179 500--TG 179 550--TG 178 2.5-5.0 mm 600--TG 178 650--TG 178 700--TG 178

JIS C2555:2000
1.5-5.0 mm PCYH 250 PCYH 300 PCYH 350 2.0-5.0 mm PCYH 400 PCYH 450 PCYH 500 PCYH 550 2.5-5.0 mm PCYH 600 PCYH 650 PCYH 650

CEI/IEC 60404-8-5:1989
1.5-5.0 mm 250-...-TG 180 300-...-TG 180 350-...-TG 179 2.0-5.0 mm 400-...-TG 179 450--TG 179 500--TG 179 550--TG 178 2.5-5.0 mm 600--TG 178 650--TG 178 700--TG 178

Non-oriented electrical steels

NO9

Hot rolled pole sheet grades

Hot rolled pole sheet grades are classified according to their yield strength as described by the standards. Apart from guaranteed mechanical properties, they also have guaranteed magnetic properties, but unlike other electrical steel grades, their magnetic characterisation is determined under direct current (DC) conditions. Advantages
The high yield strength values allow these grades to withstand strong electromechanical forces. The DC magnetic properties are excellent and significantly superior to the requirements of the standard. Hot rolled pole sheet grades are available noninsulated. They can be supplied in their hot rolled state or pickled.

Applications
Hot rolled pole sheet grades are designed for large high-speed machines, because of their excellent combination of mechanical strength and good magnetic performance. The good magnetic properties are of major importance for the performance of the pole pieces, whereas the excellent mechanical properties are needed for the rims.

Recommendations for use

The properties mentioned above are obtained without heat treatment after stamping. The material as delivered possesses all the required magnetic properties.

Transformers benefit optimally from the excellent longitudinal magnetic properties of grain-oriented electrical steels.

39

GO1 Grain-oriented conventional grades feasibilities

EN 10107:2005
Thickness Grades 0.23 mm M110-23S 0.27 mm 0.30 mm M130-30S M140-30S M150-30S 0.35 mm M140-35S M150-35S M165-35S

JIS C2553:2000
0.23 mm 23G110 0.27 mm 0.30 mm 30G130 30G140 0.35 mm 35G145 35G155

M115-27S M125-27S
M130-27S M140-27S

27G115 27G125
27G130

Not included in standard (yet); not exact equivalences in 0.35 mm

Grades in italic: not included in standard (yet)

ASTM A876:2003 (former AISI)

Thickness Grades 0.23 mm 23H070 (M3) 23G045 (M3) 0.27 mm 27H074 (M4) 27G051 (M4) 0.30 mm 30H083 (M5) 30G058 (M5) 0.35 mm 35H094 (M6) 35G066 (M6)

CEI/IEC 60404-8-7:2008
0.23 mm M110-23S5 0.27 mm 0.30 mm M130-30S5 M140-30S5 M150-30S5 0.35 mm M145-35S5 M155-35S5

M115-27S5 M125-27S5
M130-27S5 M140-27S5

Not exact equivalences

Not included in standard (yet); not exact equivalences in 0.35 mm

Transformers benefit optimally from the excellent longitudinal magnetic properties of grain-oriented electrical steels.

40

Grain-oriented electrical steels

GO1

Grain-oriented conventional grades

ArcelorMittal grain-oriented electrical steels are produced to achieve low core losses and high magnetic permeability. These are obtained through a tight control of the ArcelorMittal production process, designed to streamline the strength of the Goss texture. The combination of an optimal texture and structure allows obtaining excellent typical magnetic properties. Grain-oriented electrical steels are mainly used in highly efficient transformers and generators due to its excellent magnetic properties in the rolling direction. Advantages
The use of grain-oriented steel in transformers is advantageous thanks to the very low core loss in the rolling direction. This means more efficient transport of energy from the production site to the consumption site. These conventional grades are available in a range of thicknesses and loss levels, enabling customers to select the most appropriate grade to meet the specific requirements of each application. ArcelorMittals high quality products range from 0.35 mm thickness up to 0.23 mm and are supplied with coating ASTM C5 over ASTM C2 to ensure high electrical resistance.

Applications
The main application of grain-oriented steel is in the core of transformers (power, distribution, current etc), used for transmission and distribution of electrical energy. These steels are also used for hydro- and turbogenerators for the generation of electrical energy. The use of grain-oriented steels in this type of equipment improves their efficiency, contributing to the reduction of energy losses in the electrical system.

Recommendations for use

For wound cores, ArcelorMittal recommends applying a stress relief annealing treatment. It is important to remove oil, grease or any organic compound to prevent carbonisation of the electrical steel. Maximum care during handling is desirable to avoid re-introduction of stresses. The properties mentioned above are measured either by Epstein or SST measurement equipment. The standards specify that stress relief annealing should be applied after the samples have been cut, depending on the measuring device. 41

VA Varnish for non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels feasibilities

Coating type CEI/IEC 60404-1-1:2004 EN 10342:2005 EC-3 ASTM C-3

Typical gauges (per side) 1 - 4 m

Functionality

The resins' chemical composition yields special advantages such as a high elasticity and a very strong adhesion. A coating thickness of less than 1 m generates the additional advantage of excellent weldability, whereas a varnish of 4 m and above assures good interlaminar insulation. This varnish will withstand normal stress annealing temperatures, but may result in some reduction of the surface insulation resistance. This varnish was designed to maintain its dielectrical properties during the repair of damaged copper windings. Additionally, the mineral part of the coating provides high thermal conductivity. The combination of resins and mineral products achieves a good compromise between punchability and weldability. This varnish is selected to have good adherence and to withstand normal punching and cutting operations. It does not affect and is unaffected by transformer oil. The mineral elements have been selected to reduce punching tool wear and favour punching oil retention. They also enhance the rigidity of the varnish, which minimises dimensional changes under high pressure/temperature. This varnish is particularly recommended for use with contactors, to permit a higher flutter frequency whilst reducing noise.

EC-4 EC-5-N

C-4 C-5

0.5 1 m 1 - 4 m

EC-5-G EC-6

C-5 C-6

2 - 4 m 2 - 10 m

The major impact of varnish is to provide interlaminar insulation and to improve punchability of the steels.

Non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels

VA

Varnish for non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels

Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their major impact is to provide interlaminar insulation and to improve the punchability of the steels. Each type of varnish has its specific properties: insulation level, punchability effect, corrosion protection, temperature resistance and weldability, hence it is the material used that determines the optimal varnish selection. For grain-oriented grades, the major impact is to provide increased surface insulation resistance, through a thin inorganic coating. This type 5 coating (EC-5-G) is applied on top of the glass film (type 2), which is obtained in the high temperature annealing process step, as a result of the reaction of the steel surface with the annealing separator. Advantages
The EC-3 type varnish is based on synthetic resins, resulting in a varnish with excellent lubricating properties for the punching process: the coated sheet can be punched without the need of an additional lubricant. It is particularly recommended with automatic stacking processes. The EC-4 type varnish is a coating formed by phosphating followed by a curing treatment at elevated temperature. This type of coating is used in applications requiring moderate levels of surface insulation resistance. The EC-5-N type varnish (for non-oriented) is a pigmented varnish, made with thermostable resins, mineral products and pigments. The type of mineral products and the amount used have been selected to obtain a coating with excellent temperature resistance during lengthy thermal treatments, which is of particular interest where stress relieving annealing is required after punching. The EC-5-G type varnish (for grain-oriented) is a pigmented varnish, predominantly composed of phosphates. Apart from its electrical insulation properties, this coating has the advantage of withstanding stress relief annealing, which allows restoring the magnetic properties of the grain-oriented steels at the cut edges, for optimal steel performance. The EC-6 type varnish is also a pigmented varnish, but especially suitable for high power rotating machines, thanks to its high electrical insulation level. This varnish is particularly recommended for use with contactors, to permit a higher flutter frequency whilst reducing noise.

Applications
These coatings are used for fully processed grades, as well as for pole sheets in the cold rolled version, in a wide range of electrical applications such as rotating machines, transformers and contactors. The coatings used for grain-oriented fully processed grades are especially used for power transformers, requiring high efficiency and operating continuously. For these applications it is important to have a double coating system, with the phosphate layer on top of the glass film.

Recommendations for use

The raw materials used have a chemical composition both in liquid or cured varnish state which does not require specific protective measures during the processing of the coated steels or their use within the application. 43

MA1 Iron-nickel alloys feasibilities

Typical coercive force A/m Thickness Grades Supra36

Supra50 Mumetal Phytherm

Typical permeability Heat treatment 2h - 1050C

30 000

Saturation induction Tesla

1.3 1.6 0.8

Resistivity at 20C .cm

75 45 60

Curie point C
230 450 420 Between 30 and 260C**

Density g/cm3
8.1 8.2 8.7

Heat treatment 2h - 1050C

6 3 0.6

mm
0.1 - 3* 0.1 - 3* 0.1 - 3* 0.1 - 3*

4h - 1150C

4h - 1150C

150 000 450 000

* Other dimensions on demand **For specific values, please contact us.

Magnetic alloys

MA1

Iron-nickel alloys
Iron-nickel alloys are delivered in a semiprocessed state. After the laminations are punched, they need to be heat-treated by the customer to develop their magnetic properties. This final annealing treatment reduces losses and improves permeability, as a result of recrystallisation, grain growth and also decarburisation. Reference cycles of heat treatment are applied in ArcelorMittals labs to validate the ability of our materials to achieve the required magnetic and mechanical performances. Advantages
Iron-nickel alloys have a very low coercive force. Compared with a standard iron-silicon alloy, the coercive force of the 50% Ni alloy (Supra50) is 10 times lower. This ratio can be increased to over 100 by using an 80% Ni alloy Mumetal. Because of their low coercive force, iron-nickel alloys are mainly used for high-precision sensors. Iron-nickel alloys also have a very high magnetic permeability (more than 350 000 for heattreated 80% Ni alloys). The magnetic losses are also much lower than with a standard iron-silicon alloy. With its saturation induction of 1.6T, Supra can be used as a substitute for iron-silicon alloys in most applications. Reducing magnetic losses increases the global efficiency of the device.

Applications
Low coercive force applications are for example watch stepping motors, high-precision sensors (e.g. for electrical safety), synchroresolvers and relay parts. High permeability applications are for example magnetic shielding and very high-precision sensors. For this application, the Mumetal alloys (80% Ni alloys) can be used. Low loss applications are mainly motors for very high efficiency applications, and also for highfrequency applications (over 400 Hz). The Phytherm controlled Curie temperature alloys are ideal for the production of cooking pans.

Recommendations for use

Magnetic properties are dependent on the heat treatment. This is an important step of the industrial route.

Iron-nickel alloys are used for electrical safety applications and watch parts.

45

MA2 Iron-cobalt alloys feasibilities

Feasibilities
Thickness (mm) Grades AFK1
AFK502R

Properties
Thickness mm
0.1 - 3* 0.1 - 3*

Saturation induction Tesla

2.4 2.35

Resistivity at 20C .cm

20 40

Curie point C
980 900

Density g/cm3
8 8.12

Min
0.1 0.1

Max
3 3

Typical
0.4 0.2 0.35

Typical coercive force A/m Heat treatment 2h 3h 725C 850C

200 100 95 60

Typical magnetic losses 1.5T-50 Hz Heat treatment 2h 3h 760C 850C

4 3 2.3

Typical magnetic losses 2T-400 Hz Heat treatment 2h 3h 760C 850C

85

75

* Other dimensions on demand

Magnetic alloys

MA2

Iron-cobalt alloys
AFK iron-cobalt alloys are delivered in a semi-processed state. After the laminations are punched, they need to be heat-treated by the customer to develop their magnetic properties. This final annealing treatment reduces losses and improves permeability, as a result of recrystallisation, grain growth and also decarburisation. The magnetic and mechanical properties are dependent on grain size and heat treatment. A compromise can be found by adapting the heat treatment parameters. Reference cycles of heat treatment are applied in ArcelorMittals labs to validate the ability of our materials to achieve the required magnetic and mechanical performances. Advantages
AFK iron-cobalt alloys have the highest known induction rating at saturation. They are designed for devices with a high power to weight ratio. Taking this into account right from the design phase can reduce the volume of the magnetic parts of machines by up to 30% (motors, generators, transformers etc). AFK iron-cobalt alloys can be supplied with a magnesium methylate coating to provide electrical insulation. Alternatively, AFK iron-cobalt alloys can be supplied without coating. In this case, an additional heat treatment can be applied, leading to the formation of an oxide film which will create the required surface insulation layer.

Applications
Since AFK iron-cobalt alloys can reduce the volume of the magnetic parts of the devices (motors, generators, transformers etc), they are particularly suitable for aeronautic and space applications or any other application where weight saving or low volume is important.

Recommendations for use

Magnetic and mechanical properties are dependent on heat treatment. This is an important step in the industrial route.

AFK iron-cobalt alloys can save up to 30% of the volume of the magnetic parts and are used in motor/generator application in aeronautic applications.

47

MP1 Magnetic parts feasibilities

Thickness Grades Nanophy mm

0.02

Saturation induction Tesla

1.25

Resistivity at 20C .cm

135

Curie point C
600

Density g/cm3
7.35

Typical coercive force A/m

less than 1

Typical permeability at 10 kHz H.m-1

50 000 200* 500 000 2 000

Losses B=0.2T F=20 kHz W/kg

0.5

* 200 and 300 under development

Grades used for lamination FeNi Supra36 Supra50 Mumetal (Permiphy) Phytherm FeCo FeSi AFK1 AFK502R (for example NO 20)
Other grades on request

Magnetic alloys

MP1

Magnetic parts
For 50 years ArcelorMittal Stainless and Nickel Alloys Components has designed and manufactured magnetic parts:
Rotors and stators lamination and stacks for motors (iron-nickel and iron-cobalt alloys) Thermal parts (bimetal) Toroidal cores: nanocrystalline (Nanophy), FeSi and FeNi Laminations for transformers and power electronics Stamped precision magnetic parts Customers can rely on a steady know-how in activities linked to magnetism, stamping and heat treatment (up to 1200C). These magnetic parts, manufactured in France (Amilly) and China (Foshan), are certified according to ISO 9001/2000, ISO 14001/2004 and pending aeronautic EN 9100.

Advantages
Stamping Raw material from different suppliers Stamping from automatic press shop (15 to 100 tonnes) with different metal thicknesses (0.05 to 2.5 mm) Design and manufacture of specific tools Use of progressive and compound dies for tapping Finished parts with specific operations (tumbling, grinding, lapping, cleaning etc) Heat treatment By applying the right temperature with the right cycle under the right atmosphere the parts are delivered perfectly in line with customers expectations. Cores Consistent quality and capability to customise cores in different fields such as electrical safety, common mode chokes, filters, transformers, current sensors, impulse and high yielding convertors. Nanophy is an absolute must for the new high-tech application areas with a wide range of permeabilities.

Newly the availability of low permeability nanocrystalline cores opens new application fields in the area of impulse and high yielding convertors. Flexible shielding for low frequencies Nanophylm is a new generation of flexible shielding and markers.

Applications
Magnetic parts are used in various products: Electrical motors Transformers - Power - Signal - Impulse - Amplifier Circuit breakers Ground fault interrupters Current sensors Chokes Low frequency shielding Markers

49

Credits for pictures

ArcelorMittal and: Cover: Tom D'Haenens p. 2-38-51: ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil p. 14: Pauwels N.V. - Tom D'Haenens p. 16: ArcelorMittal R&D Gent p. 18: Eozen p. 20-24-28-36: Siemens p. 39: Voith p. 41: Pauwels N.V. - Tom D'Haenens p. 42-44-46: Philippe Vandenameele p. 48-49: ArcelorMittal Stainless and Nickel Alloys Components

Copyright
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing. ArcelorMittal's electrical steel was used to manufacture the hydro generator for the hydroelectric Tucuru Dam in Brazil.

ArcelorMittal 19, avenue de la Libert L-2930 Luxembourg www.arcelormittal.com

ELSMACWI 5/2009