Technical Reference Options and Adapters Volume 2 1of5

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Technical
Reference
Options and Adapters
Volume 2
Personal Computer
Hardware Reference
Library
Revised Edition (April 1984)
The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any country where such
provisions are inconsistent with local law: International Business Machines Corporation
provides this manual "as is," without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied,
including, but not limited to the particular purpose. IBM may make improvements and/or
changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this manual at any time.
This product could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are
made periodically to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new
editions of the publication.
It is possible that this material may contain reference to, or information about, IBM
products (machines or programs), programming, or services that are not announced in
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intends to announce such IBM products, programming, or services in your country.
Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of this product and for
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Computer dealer.
The following paragraph applies only to the United States and Puerto Rico: A Reader's
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address comments to: IBM Corp., Personal Computer, P.O. Box 1328-C, Boca Raton,
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believes appropriate without incurring any obligations whatever.
Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984
ii
Federal Communications Commission
Radio Frequency Interference Statement
Warning: The equipment described herein has been certified
to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device,
pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of the FCC rules. Only
peripherals (computer input/ output devices, terminals,
printers, etc.) certified to comply with the Class B limits may
be attached to the computer. Operation with non-certified
peripherals is likely to result in interference to radio and TV
reception. If peripherals not offered by IBM are used with the
equipment, it is suggested to use shielded grounded cables
with in-line filters if necessary.
CAUTION
The product described herein is equipped with a grounded
plug for the user's safety. It is to be used in conjunction with
a properly grounded receptacle to avoid electrical shock.
iii
iv
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Personal Computer
Hardware Reference
Library
mM Monochrome
Display and Printer
Adapter
6361511
ii
Contents
Introduction ................................... 1
Monochrome Display Adapter Function .............. 1
Description ................................ 1
Programming Considerations .................. 5
Specifications .............................. 9
Printer Adapter Function ........................ 11
Description ............................... 11
Programming Considerations ................. 13
Specifications ............................. 17
Logic Diagrams ................................ 19
ill
iv
Introduction
The IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter has two
functions. The first is to provide an interface to the IBM
Monochrome Display. The second is to provide a parallel
interface for the IBM Printers. We will discuss this adapter by
function.
Monochrome Display Adapter Function
Description
The IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter is designed
around the Motorola 6845 CRT Controller module. There are
4K bytes of RAM on the adapter that are used for the display
buffer. This buffer has two ports to which the system unit's
microprocessor has direct access. No parity is provided on the
display buffer.
Two bytes are fetched from the display buffer in 553 ns,
providing a data rate of 1.8M bytes/second.
The adapter supports 256 different character codes. An 8K-byte
character generator contains the fonts for the character codes.
The characters, values, and screen characteristics are given in "Of
Characters, Keystrokes, and Colors" in your Technical Reference
system manual.
This adapter, when used with a display containing P39 phosphor,
does not support a light pen.
Where possible, only one low-power Schottky (LS) load is
present on any I/O slot. Some of the address bus lines have two
LS loads. No signal has more than two LS loads.
Monochrome Adapter 1
Characteristics of the adapter are:
Supports 80-character by 25-line screen
Has direct-drive output
Supports 9-PEL by 14-PEL character box
Supports 7-PEL by 9-PEL character
Has 18-kHz monitor
Has character attributes
2 Monochrome Adapter
The following is a block diagram of the monochrome display
adapter portion of the IBM Monochrome Display and Printer
Adapter.
Processor
Address
Processor
Data
AO
Chip
Select
Timing
Signals
(12)
Memory
( 1 ~
Address
Multiplexer
Data
Bus
Gating
BDO-7
I
(8)
MA
~
MC6845
~
CRTC
-.
r
(10)
2K Memory
Character
Code
(8)
I ~
(8)
I"""
Character
Clock
Octal
~ 1
Latch
f--
RA ~
Character
(4)
-..
Generator
DOTCLK
Shift
L... ..
Register
..
Serial Dots
HSYNC, VSYNC, CURSOR, DISPEN
Character
Clock
(10)
2K Memory
Attribute
,Ir
Octal
Latch
Attribute
Decode
I
Video
Process
Logic
* Monitor
Direct Drive
Outputs
IBM Monochrome Display Adapter Block Diagram
Programming Considerations
The following table summarizes the 6845 controller module's
internal data registers, their functions, and their parameters. For
the IBM Monochrome Display, the values must be programmed
into the 6845 to ensure proper initialization of the display.
IBM Monochrome
Register Register Program Display
Number File Unit (Address in hex)
RO Horizontal Total Characters 61
R1 Horizontal Displayed Characters 50
R2 Horizontal Sync Position Characters 52
R3 Horizontal Sync Width Characters F
R4 Vertical Total Character Rows 19
R5 Vertical Total Adjust Scan Line 6
R6 Vertical Displayed Character Row 19
R7 Vertical Sync Position Character Row 19
R8 Interlace Mode
---------
02
R9 Maximum Scan Line Scan Line D
Address
R10 Cursor Start Scan Line B
R11 Cursor End Scan Line C
R12 Start Address (H)
---------
00
R13 Start Address (Ll
---------
00
R14 Cursor (H) ---------
00
R15 Cursor (L)
---------
00
R16 Reserved
--------- --
R17 Reserved
--------- --
To ensure proper initialization, the first command issued to the
IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter must be sent to
the CRT control port 1 (hex 3B8), and must be a hex 01, to set
the high-resolution mode. If this bit is not set, the system unit's
microprocessor's access to the adapter must never occur. If the
high-resolution bit is not set, the system unit's microprocessor will
stop running.
System configurations that have both an IBM Monochrome
Display and Printer Adapter, and an IBM Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter, must ensure that both adapters are properly
initialized after a power-on reset. Damage to either display may
occur if not properly initialized.
The IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter supports 256
different character codes. In the character set are alphanumerics
and block graphics. Each character in the display buffer has a
corresponding character attribute. The character code must be an
even address, and the attribute code must be an odd address in
the display buffer.
7 6 5 4 3 2 0
Character Code
Even Address (M)
7 6 5 4 3 2 0
FI
R G
I B
I
I
I
R G
B I
Attribute Code
Odd Address (M + 1)
I
I
I I
~
Foreground
Intensity
Background
Blink
The adapter decodes the character attribute byte as defined
above. The blink and intensity bits may be combined with the
foreground and background bits to further enhance the character
attribute functions listed below:
Background Foreground
R G B R G B Function
0 0 0 0 0 0 Non-Display
0 0 0 0 0 1 Underline
0 0 0 1 1 1 White Character/Black Background
1 1 1 0 0 0 Reverse Video
The 4K display buffer supports one screen of the 25 rows of 80
characters, plus a character attribute for each display character.
The starting address of the buffer is hex BOOOO. The display
buffer can be read using direct memory access (DMA); however,
at least one wait state will be inserted by the system unit's
microprocessor. The duration of the wait state will vary, because
the microprocessor/monitor access is synchronized with the
character clock on this adapter.
Interrupt level 7 is used on the parallel interface. Interrupts can
be enabled or disabled through the printer control port. The
interrupt is a high-level active signal.
The following table breaks down the functions of the I/O address
decode for the adapter. The i/O address decode is from hex 3BO
through hex 3BF. The bit assignment for each I/O address
follows:
1/0 Register
Address Function
3BO Not Used
3B1 Not Used
3B2 Not Used
3B3 Not Used
3B4 6845 Index Register
3B5 6845 Data Register
3B6 Not Used
3B7 Not Used
3B8 CRT Control Port 1
3B9 Reserved
3BA CRT Status Port
3BB Reserved
3BC Parallel Data Port
3BD Printer Status Port
3BE Printer Control Port
3BF Not Used
1/0 Address and Bit Map
Bit
Number Function
0 + High Resolution Mode
1 Not Used
2 Not Used
3 + Video Enable
4 Not Used
5 + Enable Blink
6,7 Not Used
6845 CRT Control Port 1 (Hex 388)
Bit
Number Function
0 + Horizontal Drive
1 Reserved
2 Reserved
3 + Black/White Video
6845 CRT Status Port (Hex 38A)
Specifications
At Standard TTL Levels
Ground
Ground
Not Used
IBM
Not Used
Monochrome Not Used
Display
+ Intensity
+ Video
+ Horizontal
- Vertical
9-Pin
Monochrome
Display
connector
o
1 ~ 6
5U
9
o
1
2
3
4
IBM
Monochrome
5
Display and
6 Printer Adapter
7
8
9
Note: Signal voltages are 0.0 to 0.6 Vdc at down level and + 2.4 to 3.5
Vdc at high level.
Connector Specifications
Printer Adapter Function
Description
The printer adapter portion of the IBM Monochrome Display and
Printer Adapter is specifically designed to attach printers with a
parallel-port interface, but it can be used as a general
input/ output port for any device or application that matches its
input/output capabilities. It has 12 TTL-buffer output points,
which are latched and can be written and read under program
control using the microprocessor In or Out instruction. The
adapter also has five steady-state input points that may be read
using the microprocessor's In instructions.
In addition, one input can also be used to create a microprocessor
interrupt. This interrupt can be enabled and disabled under
program control. A reset from the power-on circuit is also ORed
with a program output point, allowing a device to receive a
'power-on reset' when the system unit's microprocessor is reset.
The input/output signals are made available at the back of the
adapter through a right-angle, printed-circuit-board-mounted,
25-pin, D-shell connector. This connector protrudes through the
rear panel of the system unit or expansion unit, where a cable may
be attached.
When this adapter is used to attach a printer, data or printer
commands are loaded into an 8-bit, latched, output port, and the
strobe line is activated, writing data to the printer. The program
then may read the input ports for printer status indicating when
the next character can be written, or it may use the interrupt line
to indicate "not busy" to the software.
The output ports may also be read at the card's interface for
diagnostic loop functions. This allows faults to be isolated to the
adapter or the attaching device.
The following is a block diagram of the printer adapter portion of
the Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter.
8
25-Pin D-Shell
L
Connector
Bus Latc ...
-.. ..
Enable Clock
Trans- ___ +-____
ceiver
r
DIR
L...---..J

,DIR
Read
Data
O.C.
Drivers
Write Data
Command ____ +---.J
Reset
Decoder Write Control
Read Status
Read
I Control
Bus
Buffers

Enable
..
Y
Enable
r
Printer Adapter Block Diagram

5
r.
Control
Latch
4 Clock f-
rl Clear
SLCTIN
STROBE

AUTO
FDXT
INIT
SLCT
PE
ACK
BUSY
The printer adapter portion of the IBM Monochrome Display and
Printer Adapter responds to five I/O instructions: two output
and three input. The output instructions transfer data into 2
latches whose outputs are presented on pins of a 25-pin D-shell
connector.
Two of the three input instructions allow the system unit's
microprocessor to read back the contents of the two latches. The
third allows the system unit's microprocessor to read the real-time
status from a group of pins on the connector.
A description of each instruction follows.
IBM Monochrome Display &
Printer Adapter
Output to address hex 3BC
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit4
Pin 9 Pin 8 Pin 7 Pin 6
The instruction captures data from the data bus and is present on
the respective pins. Each of these pins is capable of sourcing 2.6
rnA and sinking 24 rnA.
It is essential that the external device does not try to pull these
lines to ground.
Printer Adpater
Output to address hex 3BE
Bit4
IRQ
Enable
This instruction causes the latch to capture the five least
significant bits of the data bus. The four least significant bits
present their outputs, or inverted versions of their outputs, to the
respective pins as shown in the previous figure. If bit 4 is written
as aI, the card will interrupt the system unit's microprocessor on
the condition that pin 10 changes from high to low.
These pins are driven by open-collector drivers pulled to +5 Vdc
through 4.7 kQ resistors. They can each sink approximately 7 mA
and maintain 0.8 volts down-level.
Printer Adapter
Input from address hex 3BC
This instruction presents the system unit's microprocessor with
data present on the pins associated with the output to hex 3BC.
This should normally reflect the exact value that was last written
to hex 3BC. If an external device should be driving data on these
pins at the time of an input (in violation of usage ground rules),
this data will be ORed with the latch contents.
Printer Adapter
Input from address hex 3BD
This instruction presents the real-time status to the system unit's
microprocessor from the pins as follows.
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 I Bit4 Bit 3
I Bit 2 I
Bit 1
I
Bit 0
I
Pin 11 Pin 10 Pin 12 I Pin 13 Pin 15 I -
I
-
r
-
1
Printer Adapter
Input from address hex 3BE
This instruction causes the data present on pins 1, 14, 16, 17, and
the IRQ bit to be read by the system unit's microprocessor. In
the absence of external drive applied to these pins, data read by
the system unit's microprocessor will match data last written to
hex 3BE in the same bit positions. Notice that data bits 0-2 are
not included. If external drivers are dotted to these pins, that
data will be ORed with data applied to the pins by the hex 3BE
latch.
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
-
IRQ Pin 17 Pin 16 Pin 14 Pin 1
Enable
Por= 0 Por = 1 Por=O Por= 1 Por= 1
These pins assume the states shown after a reset from the system
unit's microprocessor.
Specifications
Printer
Signal
Name
- Strobe
+ D.ata Bit 0
+ Data Bit 1
+ Data Bit 2
+ Data Bit 3
+ Data Bit 4
+ Data Bit 5
+ Data Bit 6
+ Data Bit 7
- Acknowledge
+ Busy
+ P. End (out of paper)
+ Select
-Auto Feed
- Error
- Initialize Printer
- Select Input
Ground
Connector Specifications
13
Adapter
Pin Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18-25
0

14

25
0
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Monochr
Display a
Printer
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Personal Computer
Hardware Reference
Library
mM Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter
6361509
ii
Contents
Description .................................... 1
Controller ................................. 5
Mode Set Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Display Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Character Generator ......................... 5
Timing Generator ........................... 6
Composite Color Generator ................... 6
Alphanumeric Mode ......................... 6
Graphics Modes ............................ 9
Basic Operations ........................... 12
Programming Considerations ..................... 15
Programming the Mode Control and Status Register 15
Programming the 6845 CRT Controller ......... 15
Color-Select Register ....................... 18
Mode-Control Register ...................... 19
Mode-Control Register Summary .............. 20
Status Register ............................ 20
Sequence of Events for Changing Modes ........ 21
Memory Requirements ...................... 22
Specifications ................................. 23
Logic Diagrams ................................ 27
Index ........................................ Index-l
iii
iv
Description
The IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter is designed to attach
to the IBM Color Display, to a variety of television-frequency
monitors, or to home television sets (user-supplied RF modulator
is required for home television sets). The adapter is capable of
operating in black-and-white or color. It provides three video
interfaces: a composite-video port, a direct-drive port, and a
connection interface for driving a user-supplied RF modulator. A
light pen interface is also provided.
The adapter has two basic modes of operation: alphanumeric
(A/N) and all-points-addressable (APA) graphics. Additional
modes are available within the A/N or APA graphics modes. In
the A/N mode, the display can be operated in either a 40-column
by 25-row mode for a low-resolution monitor or home television,
or in an 80-column by 25-row mode for high-resolution monitors.
In both modes, characters are defined in an 8-wide by 8-high
character box and are 7-wide by 7-high, double dotted characters
with one descender. Both uppercase and lowercase characters are
supported in all modes.
The character attributes of reverse video, blinking, and
highlighting are available in the black-and-white mode. In the
color mode, 16 foreground and 8 background colors are available
for each character. In addition, blinking on a per-character basis
is available.
The monitor adapter contains 16K bytes of storage. As an
example, a 40-column by 25-row display screen uses 1000 bytes
to store character information and 1000 bytes to store
attribute/ color information. This means that up to eight screens
can be stored in the adapter memory. Similarly, in an 80-wide by
25-row mode, four display screens can be stored in the adapter
memory. The entire 16K bytes of storage in the display adapter
are directly accessible by the processor, which allows maximum
program flexibility in managing the screen.
In A/N color modes, it is also possible to select the color of the
screen's border. One of 16 colors can be selected.
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 1
In the AP A graphics mode, there are two resolutions available: a
medium-resolution color graphics mode (320 PELs by 200 rows)
and a high-resolution black-and-white graphics mode (640 PELs
by 200 rows). In the medium-resolution mode, each picture
element (PEL) may have one of four colors. The background
color (Color 0) may be any of the 16 possible colors. The
remaining three colors come from one of the two
program-selectable palettes. One palette contains
green/red/brown; the other contains cyan/magenta/white.
The high-resolution mode is available only in black-and-white
because the entire 16K bytes of storage in the adapter is used to
define the on or off state of the PELs.
The adapter operates in noninterlace mode at either 7 or 14 MHz,
depending on the mode of the operation selected.
In the A/N mode, characters are formed from a ROS character
generator. The character generator contains dot patterns for 256
different characters. The character set contains the following
major groupings of characters.
16 special characters for game support
15 characters for word-processing editing support
96 characters for the standard ASCII graphics set
48 characters for foreign-language support
48 characters for business block-graphics support (for the
drawing of charts, boxes, and tables using single and double
lines)
16 selected Greek characters
15 selected scientific-notation characters
The color/graphics monitor function is on a single adapter. The
direct-drive and composite-video ports are right-angle mounted
connectors on the adapter, and extend through the rear panel of
2 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
the system unit. The direct-drive video port is a 9-pin, D-shell,
female connector. The composite-video port is a standard female
phonojack.
The display adapter uses a Motorola 6845 CRT Controller device.
This adapter is highly programmable with respect to raster and
character parameters. Therefore, many additional modes are
possible with programming of the adapter.
On the following page is a block diagram of the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter.
rocessor P
A ddress o.
..
Processor
Data
..
I ~
4
Address
Latch
~
Address
6845
Latch
CRT
Controller
Palette/
Overscan
Model
Control
,o.
Display
Input
~ ~ ..
Buffer r--
Buffer
(16K Bytes)
~ ~ ~ ,
,Ir

~
Output
Latch
Data Data
r-
Latch Latch
f ..
Graphics
-
...
Serializer
o.
Character
~
Alpha
.. Generator
Serializer
ROM
Timing
..
.. Generator
& Control
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter Block Diagram
....
..... n
I--
I--
rL:
..
..
o.
o.
Processo
Data
~
Color
~
Encoder
r-.
~
I
..
..
Composite
Color
r-.
Generator
R
G
B
Horizontal
Vertical
Controller
The controller is a Motorola 6845 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Controller. It provides the necessary interface to drive the
raster-scan CRT.
Mode Set Register
The mode set register is a general-purpose, programmable, I/O
register. It has I/O ports that may be individually programmed.
Its function in this adapter is to provide mode selection and color
selection in the medium-resolution color-graphics mode.
Display Buffer
The display buffer resides in the processor-address space, starting
at address hex B8000. It provides 16 bytes of dynamic
read/write memory. A dual-ported implementation allows the
processor and the graphics control unit access to this buffer. The
processor and the control unit have equal access to this buffer
during all modes of operation, except in the high-resolution
alphanumeric mode. In this mode, only the processor should have
access to this buffer during the horizontal-retrace intervals.
While the processor may write to the required buffer at any time,
a small amount of display interference will result if this does not
occur during the horizontal-retrace intervals.
Character Generator
A ROS character generator is used with 8K bytes of storage that
cannot be read from or written to under program control. This is
a general-purpose ROS character generator with three character
fonts. Two character fonts are used on the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter: a 7-high by 7-wide double-dot font and a
7 -high by 5-wide single-dot font. The font is selected by a
jumper (P3). The single-dot font is selected by inserting the
jumper; the double-dot font is selected by removing the jumper.
Timing Generator
This generator produces the timing signals used by the 6845 CRT
Controller and by the dynamic memory. It also solves the
processor/ graphic controller contentions for access to the display
buffer.
Composite Color Generator
This generator produces base-band-video color information.
Alphanumeric Mode
Every display character position in the alphanumeric mode is
defined by two bytes in the regen buffer (a part of the monitor
adapter), not the system memory. Both the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter and the Monochrome Display and Printer
Adapter use the following 2-byte character-attribute format.
Display-Character Code Byte Attribute Byte
7 6 543 2 o 7 6 543 2 o
The following table shows the functions of the attribute byte.
Attribute Function Attribute Byte
7 6 5 4
B R G B
FG Background
Normal B 0
Reverse Video B 1
Nondisplay (Black) B 0
Nondisplay (White) B 1
I = Highlighted Foreground (Character)
B = Blinking Foreground (Character)
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
3 2 1
I R G
Foreground
I 1 1
I 0 0
I 0 0
I 1 1
0
B
1
0
0
1
The definitions of the attribute byte are in the following table.
7 654 3 2 1 0
IBIR G BII IR G BI
I
I L---I _ ~ : ~ n ~ ~ e : : i : ~ n d Color
- : Background Color
Blinking
In the alphanumeric mode, the display can be operated in either a
low-resolution mode or a high-resolution mode.
The low-resolution alphanumeric mode has the following features:
Supports home color televisions or low-resolution monitors.
Displays up to 25 rows of 40 characters each.
Has a ROS character generator that contains dot patterns for
a maximum of 256 different characters.
Requires 2,000 bytes of read/write memory (on the adapter).
Has an 8-high by 8-wide character box.
Has two jumper-controlled character fonts available: a 7-high
by 5-wide single-dot character font with one descender, and a
7-high by 7-wide double-dotted character font with one
descender.
Has one character attribute for each character.
The high-resolution alphanumeric mode has the following
features:
Supports the IBM Color Display or other color monitor with
direct-drive capability.
Supports a black-and-white composite-video monitor.
Displays up to 25 rows of 80 characters each.
Has a ROS display generator that contains dot patterns for a
maximum of 256 characters.
Requires 4,000 bytes of read/write memory (on the adapter).
Has an 8-high by 8-wide character box.
Has two jumper-controlled character fonts available: a 7-high
by 5-wide single-dot character font with one descender, and a
7-high by 7-wide double-dot character font with one
descender.
Has one character attribute for each character.
The Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter will change foreground and
background colors according to the color value selected in the
attribute byte. The following figure shows the color values for
the various red, green, blue, and intensity bit settings.
R G B I Color
0 0 0 0 Black
0 0 1 0 Blue
0 1 0 0 Green
0 1 1 0 Cyan
1 0 0 0 Red
1 0 1 0 Magenta
1 1 0 0 Brown
1 1 1 0 White
0 0 0 1 Gray
0 0 1 1 Light Blue
0 1 0 1 Light Green
0 1 1 1 Light Cyan
1 0 0 1 Light Red
1 0 1 1 Light Magenta
1 1 0 1 Yellow
1 1 1 1 White (High Intensity)
Note: Not all Monitors recognize the intensity (I) bit.
Graphics Modes
The Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter has three graphics modes:
low-resolution, medium-resolution, and high-resolution color
graphics. However, only medium- and high-resolution graphics
are supported in ROM. The following figure shows these modes.
Mode Horizontal Vertical Number of Colors Available
(PELs) (Rows) (Includes Background Color)
Low Resolution 160 100 16 (Includes black-and-white)
Medium 320 200 4 Colors Total
Resolution 1 of 1 6 for Background and
1 of Green, Red, or Brown or
1 of Cyan, Magenta, or White
High Resolution 640 200 Black-and-white only
Low-Resolution Color/Graphics Mode
The low-resolution mode supports home televisions or color
monitors. This mode, not supported in ROM, has the following
features:
Contains a maxImum of 160 PELs by 100 rows, with each
PEL being 2-high by 2-wide.
Specifies 1 of 16 colors for each PEL by the I, R, G, and B
bits.
Requires 16,000 bytes of read/write memory on the adapter.
Uses memory-mapped graphics.
Medium-Resolution Color/Graphics Mode
The medium-resolution mode supports home televisions or color
monitors. It has the following features:
Contains a maximum of 320 PELs by 200 rows, with each
PEL being I-high by I-wide.
Preselects 1 of 4 colors for each PEL.
Uses memory-mapped graphics.
Formats 4 PELs per byte in the following manner:
7 6 5 4 3 2 o
C1 CO C1 CO C1 CO C1 CO
First Second Third Fourth
Display Display Display Display
PEL PEL PEL PEL
Organizes graphics storage into two banks of 8,000 bytes,
using the following format:
Memory
Address
(in hex)
B8000
B9F3F
BAOOO
BBF3F
BBFFF
Function
Even Scans
(0,2,4, ... 198)
8,000 bytes
Not Used
Odd Scans
(1,3,5 ... 199)
8,000 Bytes
Not Used
Address hex B8000 contains the PEL instruction for the
upper-left corner of the display area.
Color selection is determined by the following logic:
C1 co Function
0
0
1
1
0 Dot takes on the color of 1 of 16 preselected background colors
1 Selects first color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2
0 Selects second color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2
1 Selects third color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2
C 1 and CO select 4 of 16 preselected colors. This color
selection (palette) is preloaded in an II a port.
The two color sets are:
Color Set 1 Color Set 2
Color 1 is Green Color 1 is Cyan
Color 2 is Red Color 2 is Magenta
Color 3 is Brown Color 3 is White
The background colors are the same basic 8 colors defined for
low-resolution graphics, plus 8 alternate intensities defined by
the intensity bit, for a total of 16 colors, including black and
white.
High-Resolution Black-and-White Graphics Mode
The high-resolution mode supports color monitors. This mode
has the following features:
Contains a maximum of 640 PELs by 200 rows, with each
PEL being I-high by I-wide.
Supports black-and-white only.
Addressing and mapping procedures are the same as
medium-resolution color/graphics, but the data format is
different. In this mode, each bit in memory is mapped to a
PEL on the screen.
Formats 8 PELs per byte in the following manner:
First Display PEL
Second Display PEL
Third Display PEL
Fourth Display PEL
Fifth Display PEL
Sixth Display PEL
Seventh Display PEL
Eighth Display PEL
~
Basic Operations
I
I II
In the alphanumeric mode, the adapter fetches character and
attribute information from its display buffer. The starting address
of the display buffer is programmable through the CRT
controller, but it must be an even address. The character codes
and attributes are then displayed according to their relative
positions in the buffer. The following addresses will produce an
"AB" in the upper-left corner of a 40 by 25 screen and an "X" in
the lower-right corner.
(Even)
Memory
Address
(in hex)
B8000
Starting B8001
Address
Last
Address
B8002
B8003
B87CE
B87CF
Display Buffer
Character Code A
Attribute A
Character Code B
Attribute B
Character Code X
Attribute X
(Example of a 40 by 25 Screen)
AB
X
Video Screen
The processor and the display control unit have equal access to
the display buffer during all of the operating modes, except the
high-resolution alphanumeric mode. During this mode, the
processor gains access to the display buffer during the vertical
retrace time. If it does not, the display will be affected with
random patterns as the microprocessor is using the display buffer.
In the alphanumeric mode, the characters are displayed from a
pre-stored ROM character generator that contains the dot
patterns for all of the displayable characters.
In the graphics mode, the displayed dots and colors, up to 16K
bytes, are fetched from the display buffer.
Programming the Mode Control and Status
Register
The following I/O devices are defined on the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter.
Hex
Address A9 AS A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 AD Function of Register
308 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Mode Control Register (001
309 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Color Select Register (001
30A 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Status Register (011
30B 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Clear Light Pen Latch
30C 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Preset Light Pen Latch
304 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Z Z 0 6845 Index Register
305 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Z Z 1 6845 Oata Register
Z = don't care condition
Programming the 6845 CRT Controller
The controller has 19 internal accessible registers, which are used
to define and control a raster-scan CRT display. One of these
registers, the index register, is used as a pointer to the the other
18 registers. It is a write-only register, which is loaded from the
processor by executing an 'out' instruction to I/O address hex
3D4. The five least-significant bits of the I/O bus are loaded into
the index register.
In order to load any of the other 18 registers, the index register is
first loaded with the necessary pointer, then the data register is
Color / Graphics Monitor Adapter 15
loaded with the information to be placed in the selected register.
The data register is loaded from the processor by executing an
'out' instruction to I/O address hex 3D5.
The table on the next page defines the values that must be loaded
into the 6845 CRT Controller registers to control the different
modes of operation supported by the attachment.
40 by 25 80 by 25
Address Register Register Alpha- Alpha- Graphic
Register Number Type Units I/O numeric numeric Modes
0 RO Horizontal Character Write 38 71 38
Total Only
1 R1 Horizontal Character Write 28 50 28
Displayed Only
2 R2 Horizontal Character Write 20 5A 20
Sync Position Only
3 R3 Horizontal Character Write OA OA OA
Sync Width Only
4 R4 Vertical Total Character Write 1F 1F 7F
Row Only
5 R5 Vertical Total Scan Write 06 06 06
Adjust Line Only
6 R6 Vertical Character Write 19 19 64
Displayed Row Only
7 R7 Vertical Character Write 1C 1C 70
Sync Position Row Only
8 R8 Interlace Write 02 02 02
Mode Only
9 R9 Maximum Scan Write 07 07 01
Scan Line Line Only
Address
A R10 Cursor Start Scan Write 06 06 06
Line Only
B R11 Cursor End Scan Write 07 07 07
Line Only
C R12 Start
-
Write 00 00 00
Address (H) Only
0 R13 Start Write 00 00 00
Address (L) Only
E R14 Cursor Read/ XX XX XX
Address (H) Write
F R15 Cursor Read/ XX XX XX
Address (L) Write
10 R16 Light Pen (H)
-
Read XX XX XX
Only
11 R17 Light Pen (L)
-
Read XX XX XX
Only
Note: All register values are given in hexadecimal
6845 Register Description
Color-Select Register
The color-select register is a 6-bit output-only register. Its I/O
address is hex 3D9, and it can be written to using a processor
'out' command. The following are the bit definitions for this
register.
Bit 0 Selects blue border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric
mode.
Selects blue background color (CO-Cl) in 320 by 200
graphics mode.
Selects blue foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.
Bit 1 Selects green border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric
mode.
Selects green background color (CO-Cl) in 320 by 200
graphics mode.
Selects green foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.
Bit 2 Selects red border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.
Selects red background color (CO-Cl) in 320 by 200
graphics mode.
Selects red foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.
Bit 3 Selects intensified border color in 40 by 25
alphanumeric mode.
Selects intensified background color (CO-Cl) in 320 by
200 graphics mode.
Selects intensified foreground color in 640 by 200
graphics mode.
Bit 4 Selects alternate, intensified set of colors in the graphics
mode.
Selects background colors in the alphanumeric mode.
Bit 5 Selects active color set in 320 by 200 graphics mode.
When bit 5 is set to 1, colors are determined as follows:
C1 co Set Selected
0 0 Background (Defined by bits 0-3 of port hex 3D9)
0 1 Cyan
1 0 Magenta
1 1 White
When bit 5 is set to 0, colors are determined as follows:
C1 co Set Selected
0 0 Background (Defined by bits 0-3 of port hex 3D9)
0 1 Green
1 0 Red
1 1 Brown
Bit 6 Not used
Bit 7 Not used
Mode-Control Register
The mode-control register is a 6-bit output-only register. Its I/O
address is hex 3D8, and it can be written to using a processor
'out' command. The following are bit definitions for this register.
Bit 0 A 1 selects 80 by 25 alphanumeric mode.
A 0 selects 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.
Bit 1 A 1 selects 320 by 200 graphics mode.
A 0 selects alphanumeric mode.
Bit 2 A 1 selects black-and-white mode.
A 0 selects color mode.
Bit 3 A 1 enables the video signal. The video signal is
disabled when changing modes.
Bit 4 A 1 selects the high-resolution (640 by 200)
black-and-white graphics mode. One of eight colors can
be selected on direct-drive monitors in this mode by
using register hex 3D9.
Bit 5 A 1 will change the character background intensity to
the blinking attribute function for alphanumeric modes.
When the high-order attribute is not selected, 16
background colors or intensified colors are available.
This bit is set to 1 to allow the blinking function.
Mode-Control Register Summary
Bits
0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
z = don't care condition
5
1
1
1
1
z
z
z
40 x 25 Alphanumeric Black-and-White
40 x 25 Alphanumeric Color
80 x 25 Alphanumeric Black-and-White
80 x 25 Alphanumeric Color
320 x 200 Black-and-White Graphics
320 x 200 Color Graphics
640 x 200 Black-and-White Graphics
Enable Blink Attribute
640 x 200 Black-and-White
Enable Video Signal
Select Black-and-White Mode
Select 320 x 200 Graphics
80 x 25 Alphanumeric Select
Note: The low-resolution (160 by 100) mode requires special programming and is
set up as the 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.
Status Register
The status register is a 4-bit read-only register. Its I/O address is
hex 3DA, and it can be read using the processor 'in' instruction.
The following are bit definitions for this register.
Bit 0 A 1 indicates that a regen-buffer memory access can be
made without interfering with the display.
Bit 1 A 1 indicates that a positive-going edge from the light
pen has set the light pen's trigger. This trigger is reset
when power is turned on and may also be cleared by a
processor 'out' command to hex address 3DB. No
specific data setting is required; the action is
address-activated.
Bit 2 The light pen switch is reflected in this bit. The switch
is not latched or debounced. A 0 indicates that the
switch is on.
Bit 3 A 1 indicates that the raster is in a vertical retrace mode.
Screen-buffer updating can be performed at this time.
Sequence of Events for Changing Modes
1 Determine the mode of operation.
2 Reset the video-enable bit in the mode-control register.
3 Program the 6845 CRT Controller to select the mode.
4 Program the mode-control and color-select registers
including re-enabling the video.
Memory Requirements
The memory used by this adapter is self-contained. It consists of
16K bytes of memory without parity. This memory is used as
both a display buffer for alphanumeric data and as a bit map for
graphics data. The regen buffer's address starts at hex B8000.
Read/Write Memory
Address Space (in hex)
System
Read/Write
Memory
Display Buffer
(16K Bytes)
01000
AOOOO
B8000
BCOOO
COOOO
128K Reserved
Regen Area
Specifications
The following pages contain card and connector specifications for
the IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter.
isplay IBM Color D
or other Dir
Monitor
ect-Drive
Ground
Ground
Red
Green
Blue
Intensity
Reserved
Horizontal Drive
Vertical Drive
0

6

5

9

0
Color Direct
Drive 9-Pin
D-Shell Connector
1
2
3
4 Color/Gr aphics
rive
5
Direct-D
6
Adapter
7
8
9
Composite Phono Jack
Hookup to Monitor
ideo V
M onitor
Composite Video Signal of
Approximately 1.5 Volts
Peak to Peak Amplitude
Chassis Ground
Connector Specifications (Part 1 of 21
1
2
Color/Gr aphics
teJack Composi
P1 (4- Pin Berg Strip)
for RF Modulator
Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter
RF
Mo dulator
+ 12 Volts
(key) Not Used
Composite Video Output
Logic Ground
RF Modulator Interface
ht Lig
Pe n
- Light Pen Input
(key) Not Used
- Light Pen Switch
Chassis Ground
+ 5 Volts
+ 12 Volts
Light Pen Interface
Connector Specifications (Part 2 of 2)
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
P2 (6-Pin Berg Strip)
for Light-Pen
Connector
Color/Gr aphics
Monitor
Adapter
Color/Gr aphics
Monitor
Adapter
26 C910r / Graphics Monitor Adapter
Logic Diagrams
The following pages contain the logic diagrams for the IBM
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter.

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Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter (Sheet 1 of 6)
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Index
A
alphanumeric mode 6
B
basic operations 12
c
change modes 21
character generator 5
color-select register 18
composite color generator 6
controller 5
D
description 1
display buffer 5
Index-l
G
graphics modes 9
H
high-resolution black-and-white 11
low-resolution color 9
medium-resolution color 9
high-resolution black-and-white graphics mode 11
L
logic diagrams 27
low-resolution color/graphics mode 9
M
medium-resolution color/graphics mode 9
memory requirements 22
mode set register 5
mode types
alphanumeric 6
graphics 9
mode-control register 19
mode-control register summary 20
modes of operation 1
Index-2
p
programming considerations 15
programming the mode control and status register 15
programming the 6845 crt controller 15
R
registers
color-select 18
s
mode control and status 15
mode set 5
mode-control 19
status 21
sequence of events for changing modes 21
specifications 23
status register 21
T
timing generator 6
Index-3
Index-4

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