APUSH Midterm Study Guide

EVENTS: 1100 1300 Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East o Indirectly leads to discovery of America: want to find shorter, less expensive route to bypass Muslim middlemen 1517 Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation 1536 John Calvin of Geneva publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion o Argued god = all powerful, all-good, and all-knowing: humans = sinful 1558 Elizabeth 1 becomes queen of England 1585 Raleigh founds Roanoke colony 1588 England defeats Spanish Armada 1500s Iroquois Confederacy founded 1590 English crush Irish uprising 1598 Edict of Nantes 1598 1609 Spanish conquer the Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande Valley 1603 James 1 becomes king of England 1604 Spain and England sign peace treaty 1607 Virginia colony founded at Jamestown o Joint-stock company o Primary goal was to make a profit 1608 Champlain colonizes Quebec for France 1609 Spanish found New Mexico 1612 Rolfe perfects tobacco culture in Virginia o European demand tobacco rush across Virginia o Colonists exclusively concentrated on planting tobacco: had to import food 1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War ends

o Lord de la Warr declared war against Indians, introduced Irish tactics o Settled by marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe 1619 First Africans arrive in Jamestown Virginia House of Burgesses established 1620 Pilgrims sail on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay o Pilgrims = Separatists who originally fled to Holland Longed to find a haven where they could live and die as English men and as purified Protestants o Before sailing from Holland, drew up the Mayflower Compact Simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon 1624 Virginia becomes royal colony Dutch found New Netherland 1629 Charles 1 dismisses Parliament and persecutes Puritans 1630 Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony o Non-Separatist Puritans o Turmoil in England waves of Puritans migrating to MA o Colonists believed they had a covenant with God Agreement to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind o Voting = open to all freedmen adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations Freedmen were the only ones eligible for church membership o Liberal but not a democracy o Power of the preachers = absolute Congregation has right to hire/fire it minister/set his salary 1634 Maryland colony founded 1635 Roger Williams convicted of heresy and founds Rhode Island colony o Extreme Separatist o Challenged legality of the Bay Colonys charter o Condemned it for expropriating the land from the Indians w/o fair compensation o Established complete freedom of religion in Rhode Island, even for Jews/Catholic Makes RI more liberal than all other English settlements Settlers usually criminals/outcasts 1637 Pequot War o English settlers arrive and push Pequots out of their lands Local Indians at first befriended settlers o English militiamen set fire to Pequot villiages 1638

Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts colony o Claimed holy life was no sure sign of salvation o Truly saved need not bother to obey the law of God/man o Boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God

1639 Connecticuts Fundamental Orders drafted o Both (Connecticut River Colony/New Haven Colony) = founded by Puritans who were even more extreme in desire to tie religion to government o Modern constitution, est. regime democratically controlled by citizens 1640 (67) Large-scale slave-labor system established in English West Indies 1642 1648 English Civil War 1643 New England Confederation formed o Consisted of Bay Colony, Plymouth, and 2 Connecticut colonies o Puritan leaders blackmailed Rhode Island o Served as defense against foes/potential foes (Indians, French, Dutch) 1644 Second Anglo-Powhatan War o Indians make one last effort to dislodge the Virginians, but were defeated again o Peace Treaty of 1646 Banished Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands Formally separated Indians from white areas of settlement 1649 Act of Toleration in Maryland Charles 1 beheaded; Cromwell rules England 1650 First Navigation Laws to control colonial commerce o Reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th cent. o Throttled American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown 1655 New Netherland conquers New Sweden 1660 Charles II restored to England throne o Puritan hopes of purifying the old English church withered o Determined to take aggressive hand in managing the colonies o Revoked Bay Colonys charter 1661 Barbados slave code adopted o Denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves o Gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers Incl. the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions 1662 Half-Way Covenant for Congregational church membership est. o Late 17th century: time was dampening the original Puritans religious zeal

 Decline in conversions Half-Way Covenant = solution to this problem o Dramatized the difficulty of maintaining at fever pitch the religious devotion of the founding generation o Opened the church to all comers, converted or not converted o Widening of church membership erased distinction b/w elect and other members of society 1664 England seizes New Netherland from Dutch East/West Jersey founded 1670 Carolina colony created Virginia assembly disfranchises landless freeman 1675 King Philips War o Indians under Metacom (King Phillip to English) attacked 52 Puritan towns o Indians lose, inflicts lasting defeat on Indians lose their moral 1676 Bacons Rebellion o Swelling number of impoverished freedmen (former indentured servants) rattled est. planters o Nathanial Bacon leads 1.000 Virginians o Most = frontiersmen who had been forced into untamed backcountry in search for arable land o Resented friendly policies toward Indians Thriving fur trade = monopolized by the governor o Torched the capital o Ignited the unhappiness of landless former servants Encouraged slaves to prevent something similar 1680 Pops rebellion in New Mexico French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle 1681 William Penn founds Pennsylvania colony o Land given to Penn, a Quaker, because king owed his father money o Bought land from the Indians and treated them fairly Some Southern tribes migrate to PA b/c of treatment o Non-Quaker immigrants flood into province Undermined Quakers benevolent behavior to the Indians o Unusually liberal, included a representative assembly elected by landowners o No restrictions on immigration o Attracted various ethnic groups 1682 La Salle explores Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico 1686 Royal authority creates Dominion of New England

o Imposed from London o Aimed at bolstering colonial defense in event of a war o Designed to promote administration of Navigation Laws Reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th cent. Throttled American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown o Governed by Sir Edmund Andros 1688 1689 Glorious Revolution overthrows Stuarts and Dominion of England 1689 1691 Leislers Rebellion in New York 1689 1697 King Williams War (War of the League of Augsburg) 1692 Salem witch trials in Massachusetts o Grew from superstition and unsettled social/religious conditions of the rapidly evolving MA village o Most accused witches = Salems prosperous merchant elite Accusers = largely from the poorer families in the Souths agricultural hinterland o reflected widening social stratification of New England o reflected anxieties that Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism o Ended once the governors wife was accused of being a witch 1696 Board of Trade assumes governance of colonies 1698 Royal African Company slave trade monopoly ended 1702 1713 Queen Annes War (War of Spanish Succession) 1711 1713 North Carolina formally separates from South Carolina 1712 NYC slave revolt 1715 1716 Yamasee War in South Carolina 1733 Georgia colony founded 1738 George Whitefield spreads Great Awakening 1739 SC slave revolution 1744 1748 King Georges War (War of Austrian Succession) 1750 Industrial revolution begins in Britain 1754

 Albany Congress Washington battles French on frontier French and Indian War (ends 1763) 1755 Braddocks defeat 1757 Pitt emerges as leader of British government 1759 Battle of Quebec 1760 British vetoes South Carolina anti-slave trade measures 1763 Peace of Paris Pontiacs uprising Proclamation of 1763 1764 Paxton Boys march on Philadelphia Sugar Act 1766 Declaratory Act 1767 Townshend Acts passed New York legislature suspended by Parliament 1768 British troops occupy Boston 1770 Boston Massacre All Townshend Acts ex. tea tax repealed 1772 Committees of correspondence formed 1773 British East India Company granted tea monopoly Boston Tea Party 1774 Intolerable Acts Quebec acts First Continental Congress The Association boycotts British goods 1775 Battle of Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Battle of Bunker Hill King George III formally proclaims colonies in rebellion Failed invasion of Canada Philidelphia Quakers found first antislavery society

1776 New Jersey constitution temporarily gives women the vote 1778 Formation of French-American alliance Battle of Monmouth 1780 MA adopts first constitution drafted in convention and ratified by popular vote 1781 Battle of Kings Mountain Battle of Cowpans Greene leads Carolina campaign 1783 Treaty of Paris Military officers form Society of Cincinnati 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 1787 Northwest Ordinance Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia 1788 Nine states ratify the Constitution 1789 Constitution formally put into effect Judiciary Act of 1789 Washington elected president French Revolution begins 1791 Bill of Rights adopted Bank of United States created Excise tax passed Samuel Slater builds first US textile factory 1792 Washington reelected president 1793 France declares war on Britain/Spain Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation Citizen Genet affair Eli Whitney invents cotton gin 1794 Whiskey Rebellion Battle of Fallen Timbers Jays Treaty with Britain 1795

 Treaty of Greenville: Indians cede Ohio Pinckneys Treaty with Spain 1796 Washingtons Farewell address 1797 Adams becomes president XYZ affair 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky/Virginia resolutions Undeclared war with France (ends 1800) 1800 Convention of 1800 o Peace with France Jefferson defeats Adams for presidency Second Great Awakening begins Gabriel slave rebellion in Virginia 1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 Naval war with Tripoli 1802 Revised naturalization law Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed 1803 Louisiana Purchase Marbury v. Madison 1804 Jefferson reelected president Impeachment of Justice Chase 1805 Peace Treaty with Tripoli 1806 Burr treason trial 1807 Chesapeake affair Embargo Act Robert Fultons first steamboat Embargo spurs American manufacturing 1808 Madison elected president Congress outlaws slave trade 1809 Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act 1810 Macons Bill No. 2

 Napoleon falsely announces repeal of blockade decrees Madison reestablishes nonimportation against Britain 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe Cumberland Road construction begins 1812 US declares war on Britain Madison reelected president 1813 Battle of Thames America invasions of Canada fail 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Plattsburgh British burn Washington Treaty of Ghent signed 1815 Battle of New Orleans 1816 Second Bank of US founded Protectionist Tariff of 1816 Monroe elected president 1817 Madison vetoes Calhouns Bonus Bill Bush-Bagot agreement limits naval armament on Great Lakes Erie Canal construction begins American Colonization Society formed 1818 Treaty of 1818 with Britain Jackson invades Florida 1819 Panic of 1819 Spain cedes Florida to United States McCulloch v. Maryland case Dartmouth College v. Woodward case 1820 Missouri Compromise Missouri and Maine admitted to the Union Land Act of 1820 Monroe reelected 1821 Cohens v. Virginia case 1822 Slave rebellion in Charleston, SC

 Republic of Liberia established in Africa 1823 Adams proposes Monroe Doctrine Mexico opens Texas to American settlers 1824 Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Gibbons v. Ogden case Lack of electoral majority for presidency throws election into the House of Representatives 1825 Erie Canal completed House elects John Quincy Adams as president New Harmony commune established 1826 American Temperance Society formed 1828 The South Carolina Exposition published Noah Webster publishes dictionary American Peace Society founded Jackson elected president First railroad in US 1830 Maysville Road veto Webster-Hayne debate Indian Removal Act Joseph Smith founds Mormon church Finney conducts revivals in eastern cities 1831 Anti-Masonic party holds first national convention Eaton affair Nat Turners slave rebellion Garrison begins publishing The Liberator 1832 Jackson defeats clay Calhoun resigns as vice president Bank War Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Bank of US Tariff of 1832 Black Hawk War South Carolina nullification crisis 1833 Compromise Tariff of 1833 Jackson removes federal deposits from Bank of the United States 1834 Anti-Catholic riot in Boston

 Abolitionist students expelled from Lane Theological Seminary 1835 Southeastern Indians removed on Trial of Tears Lyceum movement flourishes US Post Office orders destruction of abolitionist mail 1836 Bank of US expires Specie Circular issued Bureau of Indian Affairs established Battle of the Alamo Battle of San Jacinto Texas wins independence from Mexico Van Buren elected president House of Representatives passes Gag Resolution 1837 Seminole Indians defeated and eventually removed from Florida United States recognizes republic of Texas but refuses annexation Panic of 1837 Canadian rebellion and Caroline incident 1840 Independent Treasury established Harrison defeats Van Buren for presidency Liberty Party organized 1841 Harrison dies, Tyler assumes presidency Brook Farm commune established 1842 Massachusetts declares labor unions legal (Commonwealth v. Hunt) Webster-Ashburton treaty 1844 Anti-Catholic riot in Philadelphia Polk defeats Clay in Manifest Destiny election 1845 Potato famine in Ireland United States annexes Texas 1846 Walker Tariff Independent Treasury restored United States settles Oregon dispute with Britain US and Mexico clash over Texas boundary Kearny takes Santa Fe Fremont conquers Calfornia Wilmot Proviso passes Mexican War (ends 1848)

1847 Battle of Buena Vista 1848 Democratic revolutions collapse in Germany Free Soil party organized Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Taylor defeats Cass, Van Buren for presidency 1849 Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (Know-Nothing party) formed California gold rush 1850 Filmore assumes presidency after Taylors death Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Law Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain 1852 Cumberland Road completed Pierce defeats Scott for presidency Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Toms Cabin 1853 Gadsden Purchase from Mexico 1854 Commodore Perry opens Japan Ostend Manifesto proposes seizure of Cuba Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican party organized 1856 Buchanan defeats Fremont and Filmore for presidency Sumner/Brooks scandal in Senate Browns Pattawatomie Creek massacre Civil war in Bleeding Kansas 1857 Dred Scott decision Lecompton Constitution rejected Panic of 1857 Tariff of 1857 Hinton R. Helper published The Impending Crisis of the South 1858 Cyrus Field lays first transatlantic cable Lincoln/Douglas debates 1859 Brown raids Harpers Ferry 1860 Lincoln becomes president South Carolina secedes from the Union

Crittenden Compromise Pony Express est.

PEOPLE: Francis Drake English buccaneer Sought to promote Protestantism/raided Spanish settlements and boats Sir Humphrey Gilbert Attempted first English colonization at Newfoundland Sir Walter Raleigh Organized group of settlers at Roanoke Island Colony mysteriously vanished John Smith Smith to Whipped hungry Jamestown colonists into line with rule o He who shall not work shall not eat Powhatan Indian chieftain who married his daughter to John Rolfe to create peace with the settlers Lord De La Warr New governor of England Ordered fleeing settlers back to Jamestown/imposed harsh military regime Undertook aggressive military action against Indians o Irish tactics included burning down homes o involved in First Anglo-Powhatan War ends with settlement by marrying Pocahontas to John Rolfe John Rolfe Father of tobacco industry perfected methods of growing it Lord Baltimore Absentee proprietor of Maryland Permitted unusual freedom of worship Act of Toleration passed o Guaranteed toleration to all Christians, but not Jews/Atheists Martin Luther Began period known as Protestant Reformation John Calvin Elaborated Luthers ideas, created Calvinism Argued God was all-powerful, all-good, all-knowing o Humans = weak and wicked John Winthrop Became Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor Believed he has a calling from God to lead the new religious experiment Thought democracy = meanest and worst of all forms of government Anne Hutchinson Banished from MA Bay Colony Claimed holy life was no sure sign of salvation

 Truly saved need not bother to obey the law of God/man Boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God Roger Williams convicted of heresy and founds Rhode Island colony Extreme Separatist Challenged legality of the Bay Colonys charter Condemned it for expropriating the land from the Indians w/o fair compensation Established complete freedom of religion in Rhode Island, even for Jews/Catholic o Makes RI more liberal than all other English settlements o Settlers usually criminals/outcasts Sir Edmund Andros Head of the Dominion of New England Autocratic Generated hostility b/c of open association with the Church of England Harshly governed o Curbed town meetings, revoked land titles, taxed people without consent of their elected representatives Peter Stuyvesant Led Dutch military expedition William Penn Proprietor of Pennsylvania Quaker promoted peace with the Indians Joseph Fighting Joe Hooker Aggressive military officer for the Americans during the Revolutionary War William Berkeley Virginia governor during Bacons Rebellion Friendly policies towards Indians Nathaniel Bacon Leader of Bacons Rebellion Swelling number of impoverished freedmen (former indentured servants) rattled est. planters Nathanial Bacon leads 1.000 Virginians Most = frontiersmen who had been forced into untamed backcountry in search for airable land Resented friendly policies toward Indians o Thriving fur trade = monopolized by the governor Torched the capital Jonathon Edwards Starter of the first Great Awakening Proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through good works Affirmed the need for complete dependence on Gods grace George Whitefield Minister during the First Great Awakening John Trumbull Charles Willson Peale

John Singleton Benjamin Franklin John Peter Zenger Newspaper printer who had assailed the corrupt royal governor Charged with seditious libel, but found not guilty Achieved freedom of the press Louis XIV Samuel de Champlain Antoine Cadillac Robert de la Salle George Washington Chairman of Constitutional Convention Cabinet: o Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State o Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury o Henry Knox: Secretary of War Braddock Pitt James Wolfe Ottawa (Pontiac) George Grenville (British) Samuel Adams Baron von Steuben (American) Marquis de Lafayette (American) Lord Dunmore (British) Ethan Allen Benedict Arnold (A B) Hessians General Richard Montgomery (A) Thomas Paine Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Kentucky Resolutions o Compact theory Byrds of Virginia (neutral) Battle of Long Island General Burgoyne (B) Coronel Barry St. Leger (B) General Howe (B) General Horatio Gates (A) Rousseau Louis XVI Treaty of Alliance Catherine the Great Nathanael Greene (A) General Charles Cornwallis (B)

Oneidas, Tuscaroras (Allied with Am.) Senecas, Six Nations of Iroquois (Allied with Brit.) Joseph Brant George Rogers Clark John Paul Jones (A) Privateers Admiral de Grasse (A) Rochambeau (A) John Jay Jays Treaty Lord Sheffield Allen Brothers of Canada Captain Daniel Shays Alexander Hamilton Father of the National Debt Bank of the United States Loose interpretation James Madison Father of the Constitution Bill of Rights Kentucky Resolutions o Compact theory Roger Sherman John Jay First Supreme Court Justice Citizen Edmond Gnet General Mad Anthony Wayne Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Grenville (1795) John Adams John Marshall Talleyrand Matthew Lyon Aaron Burr Pell-mell Albert Gallatin William Marbury Samuel Chase Pasha of Tripoli James Monroe Livingston John Quincy Adams General Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren Meriwether Lewis William Clark

Sacajawea Zebulon M. Pike Henry Clay Tecumseh and the Prophet William Tippecanoe Harrison Cabinet: o Daniel Webster: Secretary of State o Henry Clay: Spokesman of the Senate Felix Grundy General Isaac Brock Oliver Hazard Perry Thomas Macdonough Tsar Alexander I Washington Irving James Fennimore Cooper Stephen Decatur Daniel Webster George Canning Martin van Buren John H. Eaton Robert Y. Hayne William Crawford John C. Calhoun Nicholas Biddle Davy Crockett James Bowie Sam Houston Santa Anna Martin Van Buren George Caitlin Carl Schurz Samuel Slater Father of the Factory System Moses Brown Eli Whitney Elias Howe Isaac Singer Samuel F. B. Morse John Deere Cyrus McCormick Robert Fulton Governor DeWitt Clinton John Jacob Astor Cyrus Field Donald McKay Peter Cartwright

William Miller Noah Webster Emma Willard Mary Lyon Ralph Waldo Emerson William H. McGuffey William Ladd T.S. Arthur Neal S. Dow Father of Prohibition Susan B. Anthony Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Angelina Bloomer Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Bowditch Mathew F. Murray Professor Benjamin Silliman John Jay Audubon Gilbert Stuart Charles Wilson Peale John Trumbull Louis Daguerre Stephen C. Foster James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Walt Whitman Henry Wadsworth Longfellow John Greenleaf Whittier Professor James Russell Lowell Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Louisa May Alcott Emily Dickinson William Gilmore Simms Edgar Allen Poe Herman Melville George Bancroft William H. Prescott & Francis Parkman Amos Bronson Alcott Angelina and Sarah Grimke William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Dorthea Dix Elizabeth Cady Stanton Frances Wright George Ripley Robert Owen

John Humphrey Noyes Joseph Smith Nat Turner Thomas Dorr Theodore Dwight Weld Seth Luther Osceola Lucy Stone John Ross Horace Mann Charles Grandison Finney Samuel Austen Worcester William Wirt Sylvester Graham Lucretia Mort Henry Thoreau Claude Henri Saint Simon Charles Fourier Ann Lee (Shaker Communities) Sir Walter Scott Denmark Vesey Nat Turner Brooker T. Washington Theodore Dwight Weld Arthur and Lewis Tappan Lyman Beecher Wendell Phillips David Walker Sojourner Truth Martin Delaney Frederick Douglas Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy John Tyler McLeod Lord Ashburn James K. Polk Cabinet: Robert J. Walker: Secretary of the Treasury Robert Gray John Slidell General Zachary Taylor Santa Anna General W. Kearny John C. Frmont General Winfield Scott Nicholas P. Trist Robert E. Lee

U. S. Grant David Wilmot Wilmot Proviso General Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor Harriet Tubman William H. Seward Millard Fillmore (VP Pres.) Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott William Walker Commodore Matthew C. Perry Jefferson Davis James Gadsden Stephen A. Douglas Hinton R. Helper Henry Ward Beecher John Brown James Buchanan Charles Sumner Andrew Butler Preston Brooks John C. Frmont Dred Scott Chief Justice Taney Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckenridge (Dem.) James Henry Crittenden Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson Charles Francis Adams Laird Rams Emperor Napoleon III (Austrian) Archduke Maximilian Clara Barton Dorthea Dix Sally Tompkins General George B. McClellan Jeb Stuart General John Pope Horace Greeley General A. E. Burnside General George G. Meade General George Pickett David G. Farragut General William Tecumseh Sherman Salmon Chase

Clement L. Vallandigham Edward Everett Hale Secretary of Treasury: Chase General Sheridan John Wilkes Booth General Oliver O. Howard Thaddeus Stevens Ex Parte Milligan Susan B. Anthony Blanche K. Bruce Edwin M. Stanton Benjamin Butler & Thaddeus Stevens Horatio Seymour Jim Fiske & Jay Gould Boss Tweed Thomas Nast Samuel J. Tilden Horace Greeley Richard P. Bland Roscoe Conkling James G. Blaine Rutherford B. Hayes David Davis Denis Kearney James A. Garlfield Chester A. Arthur Winfield S. Hancock (Dem.) Charles G. Guiteau Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison (Repub.) Sir Lionel Sack-Ville West Leland Stanford Collis P. Huntington James J. Hill Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt Jay Gould Alexander Graham Bell Thomas A. Edison Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller J. Pierpont Morgan William Kelly Gustavus F. Swift Philip Armour James Buchanan Duke Henry W. Grady

Terrence V. Powderly John P. Altgeld Samuel Gompers Louis Sullivan Theodore Dreiser Walter Rauschenbusch Washington Gladden Jane Addams (Hull House) Lillian Wald (Henry Street Settlement) Florence Kelley Dwight Lyman Moody (Moody Bible Institute) Cardinal Gibbons Mary Baker Eddy Charles Darwin Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll Chatauqua Movement George Washington Carver W. E. B. Dubois Dr. Charles W. Eliot Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister William James Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Edwin L. Godkin Henry George Edward Bellamy Harland F. Halsey General Lewis Wallace Horatio Alger Sidney Lanier Kate Chopin Mark Twain Charles Dudley Warner Bret Harte William Dean Howells Stephen Crane Henry James Jack London & Frank Norris Paul Laurence Dunbar Charles W. Chestnutt Victoria Woodhull Tennessee Claflin Anthony Constock Charlotte Perkins Gilman Carrie Chapman Catt

Ida B. Wells Frances E. Willard Carrie A. Nation Clara Barton James Whistler John Singer Sargeant Mary Cassatt George Inness Thomas Eakins Winslow Homer August Saint-Gaudens Henry H. Richardson P. T. Barnum & James A. Bailey William F. Cody Annie Oakley Walter C. Camp Jim Corbett John L. Sullivan James Naismith Great Sioux Reservation Generals Sherman & Custer Colonel J. M. Chivington Captain J. Fetterman Chief Joseph Geronimo Helen Hunt Jackson Marshall James B. Hickok John Wesley Powell Frederick Jackson Turner Francis Parkman Frederic Remington Albert Bierstadt Aaron Montgomery Ward Oliver H. Kelley Ignatius Donnelly Mary Elizabeth Lease Benjamin Harrison Cabinet: o James G. Blaine: Secretary of State o Theodore Roosevelt: Civil Service Commission Thomas B. Reed General James B. Weaver Tom Watson Adlai E. Stevenson William Jennings Bryan General Jacob S. Coxey

Eugene V. Debs John Altgeld Richard Olney William McKinley William Hope Harvey Joseph H. Choat Marcus Allonzo Hanna Vachal Lindsay ERAS: First Great Awakening Religion = less fervid in early 1700s than it had been in the 1600s Puritan churches sagged under weight of elaborate theological doctrines/compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements Some ministers worried that many of their parishioners had gone soft/that their souls were no longer kindled by orthodox Calvinism No need for spiritual conversion for membership/challenge of liberal ideas to old-time religion decrease in spiritual vitality of many denominations Great Awakening exploded in the 1730s and 1740s First ignited by Jonathan Edwards Other important minister = George Whitefield Orthodox clergymen (old lights) = deeply skeptical of the revivalists New light ministers defended the Awakening for revitalizing American religion Encouraged a fresh wave of missionary work among Indians/black slaves First spontaneous mass movement of the American people o Broke down sectional boundaries/denominational lines Second Great Awakening Age of Good Feelings Gilded Age Jim Crow Laws Social Gospel Gospel of Wealth Social Darwinism New Immigrants Nativism Vertical vs horizontal intergration TERMS: Virginia Company of London Joint-stock company, received charter from King James for settlement in New World Main attraction = promise of gold/passage through America to Indies Settled to a place they called Jamestown

Calvinists Argued God was all-powerful, all-good, all-knowing o Humans = weak and wicked Inspired those such as King Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic Church/created the Church of England Fed on social unrest/provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadavantaged Puritans Calvinists who wanted total purification of English Christianity o Wanted full break with the Catholic Church Only visible saints should be admitted to Church membership Made feeble attempts to Christianize Indians never as powerful as Catholic Spanish in Latin America Pressure of a growing population gradually to farms far from the control of the church Late 17th century: time was dampening the original Puritans religious zeal o Decline in conversions o Solution = Half-Way Covenant Separatists Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) Group of dissenters who refused to support the Church of England with taxes Especially offensive to religious/civil authorities Abhorred strife/warfare advocates of passive resistance Had a safe-haven in Pennsylvania Dominion of New England Imposed from London Aimed at bolstering colonial defense in event of a war Designed to promote administration of Navigation Laws Governed by Sir Edmund Andros Life in the South, pre-Revolution (70) Life in the North, pre-Revolution (70) Mayflower Compact Separatist Pilgrims set sail from Holland looking for haven to die as purified Protestants o Simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon Barbados Slave Code Denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves Gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers o Incl. the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions House of Burgesses New Lights vs. Old Lights Old lights = Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the revivalists during the First Great Awakening New light ministers defended the Awakening for revitalizing American religion Fundamental Orders Blue Laws Headright Program

The Halfway Covenant Late 17th century: time was dampening the original Puritans religious zeal o Decline in conversions o Half-Way Covenant = solution to this problem Dramatized the difficulty of maintaining at fever pitch the religious devotion of the founding generation Opened the church to all comers, converted or not converted Widening of church membership erased distinction b/w elect and other members of society Triangular Trade Navigation Laws Reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th cent. Throttled American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown Committee of Correspondence Boston Tea Party Continental Congress Philadelphia Congress Olive Branch Petition Patriots Whigs Loyalists Tories Treaty of Alliance Society of Cincinnati Fundamental Law Bill of Rights Second Continental Congress Articles of Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Constitutional Convention Antifederalists Federalists Great Compromise Bicameral legislature: House of Representatives and Senate Bank of the United States Whiskey Rebellion Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans Rule by the informed masses Friendliness toward extension of democracy Weak central government to conserve states rights Strict interpretation of the Constitution No special favors for businesses/manufacturers o Agriculture preferred Pro-French (radical Revolutionaries) National debts = bane; rigid economy

 Encouragement to state banks Relatively free speech/press Concentration in agricultural areas/backcountry of South + South west Minimal navy for defense Hamiltonian Federalists Rule by the best people Hostility to extension of democracy Powerful cent. Gov at the expense of states rights Loose interpretation of the Constitution Government to foster businesses o Concentration of wealth = capital enterprise Protective tariff Pro-British (conservative Torys) Nat. debt = blessing if properly funded Powerful central bank Restrictions on free speech and press Strong navy to protect shippers Franco-American Alliance of 1778 Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Grenville (1795) Jays Treaty Pinckneys Treaty High Federalists Talleyrand X, Y, Z Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky Resolutions Compact theory Pell-mell Neutralization Law of 1802 Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight judges Gunboats Louisiana Purchase Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Austerlitz (Austria) Orders in Council Impressments Embargo Act (1807) Non-intercourse Act Macons Bill No. 2 Twelfth Congress Submission men Battle of the Thames

Warhawks Declaration of War (1812) Electoral College Tariff of 1828 (Black Tariff) The South Carolina Exposition Spoils System Rotation in Office Tariff of 1832 Tariff of 1833 Force Bill (Bloody Bill) Anti-Masonic Party Five Civilized Tribes Creeks Choctaw Chickasaws Seminoles Cherokee Indian Removal Act (1830) Trail of Tears Battle of Tippecanoe Panic of 1837 Bank War and Specie Circular Divorce Bill Yellowstone Park America Letters The Ancient Order of Hibernians The Order of the Star Spangled Banner Know-Nothing Party Peace at Ghent (1815) Commonwealth vs. Hunt American Peace Society Millerites American Temperance Society Mountain Whites Responsorial Preaching American Colonization Society Second Great Awakening Nullification Crisis of 1832 Free Soilers Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Tariff of 1842 Aroostook War Florida Treaty of 1819 Treaty of 1818 Tariff-for-Revenue Bill Walker Tariff of 1846

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Underground Railroad Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Filibusters Ostend Manifesto Gadsden Purchase Kansas-Nebraska Bill Lecompton Constitution American Party (Know-Nothing) Constitutional Union Party Copperheads Wilderness Campaign Appomattox Courthouse Great English Reform Bill Freedmens Bureau Wade Davis Bill Civil Rights Bureau 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Reconstruction Act (1867) Womens Loyal League Union League Hiram Revels Scalawags Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 Tenure of Office Act Crdit Mobilier Scandal Whiskey Ring Jay Cooke and Co. Freedmens Savings and Trust Company Resumption Act of 1875 Bland Allison Act Grand Army of the Republic Electoral Count Act Civil Rights of 1875 Crop-lien system Jim Crow Laws Plessey vs. Ferguson Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Act of 1883 Civil Service Commission Dawes Act Mulligan Letters Interstate Commerce Act

Forgettable Presidents Hayes Garfield Arthur Harrison Union Pacific Railroad Central Pacific Railroad Stock watering Depression of the 1870s Grange Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Interstate Commerce Commission The Bessemer Process Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 American Tobacco Industry Pittsburg Plus Pricing System National Labor Union The Knights of Labor Haymarket Sq. American Federation of Labor Vicksburg Morill Tariff Act (1861) National Banking System Battle at Bull Run Battle of Antietam Dumbbell Tenament Nativism Salvation Army Church of Christ, Scientist Morrill Act of 1862 Linotype National Prohibition Party Womens Christian Temperance Union Anti-Saloon League American Red Cross Humanitarians Hard liners Battle of Wounded Knee Dawes Severality Act Field matrons Indian Reorganization Act Farmers Alliance Homestead Act of 1862 Greenback Labor Party McKinley Tariff Bill of 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Dingley Tariff Bill ESSAY 2, ESSAY 3, ESSAY 4, ESSAY 6, ESSAY 7, ESSAY 10, ESSAY 11, ESSAY 12, ESSAY 14, ESSAY 15, ESSAY 16, ESSAY 17

ESSAY 1 most honored profession in 1775 was Christian ministry

Early encounters between Native Americans and Europeans led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in New England and Chesapeake. Confine your answer to the 1600's. Similarities between Native Americans and colonists: Both lived in village communities Both shared a strong sense of spirituality Both divided labor by gender Both depended on agricultural economies Differences: Native Americans did not share the English concept of private property Native American children were often part of their mothers clan Chesapeake: Berkeley, Bacons Rebellion First and Second Powhatan Wars (1610-46) Headright system, land from Indians Initial help of Indians in Jamestown Powhatan Confederacy Rolfe, John and Pocahontas Smith, John Tobacco, land need Treaty of Middle Plantation (1677, 1680) New England Few conversions Anne Hutchison killed by Indians King Philips War (1676), Indians as slaves o Some tribes join against Philip o Wampanoags, Metacom Miscegenation rare in New England Pequot War (1637), Narragansetts Pilgrims on old Indian village Roger Williams

ESSAY 2
a. Compare the ways in which religion shaped the development of colonial society (to 1740) in New England and Chesapeake.

New England Self-governing congregationalism Political control in hands of male saints or church members Taxes used in support of Congregational Church Meetinghouses used for both church and town meetings Compact settlements Importance of literacy in order to read the Bible; development of schools Demand for religious conformity; suppression of dissent (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson) Role of family/patriarchal society Halfway Covenant Salem Witch Trials Mayflower Compact Predestination Chesapeake Church of England; tax-supported Baptist dissent; relationship to class issues Church-administer poor relief Planter-backwoods division Elected assembly, House of Burgesses Indentured servitude Maryland Toleration Act 1649 Lord Baltimore, Catholic proprietors Slavery b.Compare and contrast the ways in which economic development affected politics in Massachusetts and Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750. Massachusetts:

Merchant class vs. middle class

c."Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies in North America." Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600's. d. Analyze the impact of Atlantic trade routes established in the mid 1600's on economic development in the British North American colonies. Consider the period 1650-1750.

ESSAY 3
a.Compare the ways Bacons Rebellion and Salem witchcraft trials reflected tensions in colonial society: Bacon's Rebellion (1676) Opposed Indian policy of Virginia Governor Berkeley Land hunger of recent arrivals for tobacco acreage White versus Indians (Bacon wanted to ruine and extirpate all Indians)

Social conflicts fueled by land hunger, falling tobacco prices, rising taxes and lack of opportunity Salem witchcraft trials (1692) Generational conflict b/w adolescent girls and older women Generational conflict between Puritan coloni b.Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750. British French Spanish

ESSAY 4
Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation.

ESSAY 5
To what extent was the United States Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Articles of Confederation Written in 1777, enforced in 1781 Emphasis on states rights One-house Congress One state, one vote Need for major legislation, unanimous to amend No executive, no judiciary Cannot tax Cannot regulate commerce Northwest Ordinance Shays Rebellion Revolutionary War debt/monetary supply Constitution Written in 1787, implemented in 1789 Federal system Two-house Congress New Jersey/Virginia plans Elastic clause Three branches balance of powers Can tax Can regulate commerce No Bill of Rights Fugitives/Three-Fifths Compromise

Whiskey Rebellion French/Enlightenment influence

ESSAY 6
To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the "Revolution of 1800"? Respond with reference to economics and politics Economics: Two-faced Jefferson said farmers = most productive and trustworthy citizens, but recognized that machine-based manufacturing = necessary Embargo Act passed to force Britain to

ESSAY 7
Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution: Thomas Jefferson Urged strict interpretation of the Constitution in 1790s but proved to be flexible when in power as presid George Washington

ESSAY 8
a. Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and the Nulification Crisis. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799 Jefferson and Madison Arose in opposition to Federalist-dominated Congress Opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts Declared national government violated Bill of Rights Resolutions declared o states have right to judge whether central government threatens peoples liberties o Alien and Sedition acts = null and void o Rallied Republican opinion, provided precedent for alter states rights advocates Nullification Crisis, 1832-33 Conflict surfaced about division of sovereignty between state/central governments Southern leaders feared growth of federal power, feared abolitionist sentiment in the North + continuation of high tariff policies John C. Calhoun expanded on the idea of nullification expressed in Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions o States have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions

 Resulted in Compromise tariff of 1833 with both sides claiming victory

b. Analyze the way in which the following influenced the development of American society: Puritanism during the 17th century The Great Awakening during the 18th century The Second Great Awakening during the 19th century ESSAY 9 Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to the years 1825-1850. Lucretia Mott Temperance Societies Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator Mormons o Brigham Young, Joseph Smith Transcendentalism o Ralph Waldo Emerson o Henry David Thoreau o New Harmony o Shakers Establishment of factories Lowell girls Growth of cities Dorothea Dix and mental asylums Public school movement o Horace Mann

ESSAY 10
a. "Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others". Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to American expansionism in the 1840s. b. To what extent did the debates about the Mexican War and its aftermath reflect the sectional interests of New Englanders, westerners, and southerners in the period from 1845 to 1855? c. Analyze the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and Kansas- Nebraska Act ESSAY 11

"I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races." How can this statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?

ESSAY 12
How and why did transportation developments spark growth during the period from 1860 to 1900 in the United States?

ESSAY 14
Evaluate the impact of the Civil War on political and economic developments in the North and the South Focus your answer on the period between 1865 and 1900.

ESSAY 15
What immigrants from Europe wanted in coming to America, and what America gave them, both changed during the period 1607-1911. Discuss changes BOTH in what these immigrants wanted and what they found, giving about equal attention to the periods of 1607-1790 and 1820-1915.

ESSAY 16
If William Jennings Bryan had defeated William McKinley in 1896, the United States would have been vastly different." Explain why you agree or disagree with this generalization. ESSAY 17 a. "The Monroe Doctrine acquired meaning only after 1900 when the United States had sufficient power to compel its observance by the major nations of Europe." Assess the validity of this generalization. b. Analyze the extent to which the Spanish American War was a turning point in American foreign policy.

ESSAY 18
How successful were progressive reforms during the period 1890 to 1915 with respect to industrial conditions and urban life? Industrial conditions Poor wages, hours, and working conditions Growing populations in cities Homestead Strike

 Andrew Carnegie Immigrant work force Social Darwinism Pullman Strike Sherman Anti-Trust Women/children at work Panic of 1893 American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers Knights of Labor Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Urban Life Jane Addams and the Hull House Department Stores Salvation Army Tenements Skyscrapers Crime and pollution Settlement House Movement Public education