EVOLUTION OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR PAINTS

PREPARED BY: SAHIL BHASIN (09BCL038) FACULTY GUIDE: Dr. P H SHAH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Prof. Dr. P. H. Shah, head of civil engineering department, Nirma University for giving us such an opportunity to do something innovative and guiding me on the topic Evolution of interior and exterior paints . I am also thankful to Prof. A.M Popat and Anurag Kandya sir for giving me opportunity to present seminar.

ABSTRACT
In the 21st century, good infrastructure facilities are very important for the development of a nation. There is a need of the construction of durable and long-lasting buildings and structures. For this purpose the building and construction materials should be chosen carefully after proper research. Paint is one such important building material which provides a protective coating on both interior as well as exterior sides and protects the building from various types of damages. This has led to the vast development of the paint industry from earlier times till today. Hence , different types of interior and exterior paints are discussed in detail along with various painting techniques.

INDEX
Sr.no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Particulars Introduction History of paints Classification of building paints Properties of paints Types of paints Types of finishes Tools used for painting Innovation in paints Conclusion Page no. 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 25 27

Introduction
What is a paint ? Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. One may also consider the digital mimicry thereof. It is most commonly used to protect , color or provide texture to objects.

Components of paints
Pigment
Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contribute color, toughness, texture, give the paint some special properties or simply to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments. Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic types. Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas.

Binder, vehicle, or resins

The binder, commonly referred to as the vehicle, is the actual film forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be present; other components listed below are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film. The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness.

Solvent
The main purposes of the solvent are to adjust the curing properties and viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and affects the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. In order to spread heavier oils (i.e. linseed) as in oilbased interior housepaint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarilyonce the solvent has evaporated or disintegrated, the remaining paint is fixed to the surface. This component is optional: some paints have no diluent. Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types. Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of solvents as the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirit. These include

organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents. Such solvents are used when water resistance, grease resistance, or similar properties are desired.

Additives
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in very small amounts and yet give a very significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigment stability, impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth, and the like.

History of paints
From cave paintings to modern high tech architectural coatings, paint has been used to decorate and protect buildings, to create works of art and to coat any number of things from ocean liners to toys. Until the nineteenth century and mass production, the history of paint mirrored local materials.

1. History of evolution of paints

o

Paint has been used since pre-history. Cave paintings dating back an estimated 40,000 years feature artwork made with soot, colored earth and animal fats. The early Egyptians formulated paint that has remained brilliantly colored to this day, using ground glass and semi-precious stone, lead, colored earth and even animal blood mixed with oils, glues and fats. Over the centuries, other colors were formulated and perfected. Artists devised their own paint recipes, which were often jealously guarded. Paint as a method of decorating buildings did not become common until the nineteenth century. Prior to that, it was expensive and time consuming to make, and decorating was more often done with stone, mosaic tile and colored plaster.

Effects
o

Lead and arsenic were common pigments for hundreds of years, making painting a rather dangerous profession. Lead is a naturally occuring ore and when added to paint makes it extremely durable, with color retention lasting for centuries. No synthetic alternative has been found as durable and although lead was banned from artists' and house paints in 1978 in the U.S., it is still widely used for industrial applications and for painting road markings.

Types
o

Historically, paint has many uses. Early uses were primarily artistic. With the advent of linseed oil as an inexpensive binder and the wider availability of

mass produced pigments, it became common in the nineteenth century to both beautify and protect buildings. Linseed oil paints (more commonly known merely as oil-based paint) protected wood from the elements and old-style linseed oil paints containing lead as a color base outperforms modern day acrylic paints and lasted for decades. Today's oil-based paints are unlike the paints of 100 years ago. Acrylic (water-based) paint is used by the vast majority of painters and homeowners today. Artist's paints are also available in both oil and water bases. Milk paint, used in the 1800s for painting homes, is making a comeback today, popular for its subtle colors. Synthetic coatings like epoxy and polyurethanes were unheard of even 50 years ago and are now used in varnishes and paints for flooring, appliances, autos and industrial applications.

Function
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While paint was used for decoration and art for centuries, it now performs many functions. Plaster and sheetrock walls are not only beautified by paint, they are made washable. Paint protects wood from rotting and drying out. It is used as a rust preventative on metal, from ships to buildings to outdoor furniture and signs. Paint used in parking structures and roadways directs traffic. Non-skid paint is used for steps, flooring and such diverse applications as dog agility equipment.

Time Frame
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Until the mid 1800s, paint was usually made by hand for each application by artists and house painters. The advent of the mass production of pigments and the wide availability of inexpensive linseed oil as a binder prompted several companies to start manufacturing paint. The largest paint company in the world is Sherwin Williams, which started the manufacture and sale of paint for architectural applications in 1866. Now there are thousands of companies worldwide producing paint for art, buildings and industry.

Classification of building paints

Two types:
1 Interior paints 2 Exterior paints

1. Common Attributes of Paint

o

All paints have four parts: Solvents, resins, additives and pigments. Solvent, which is usually in the form of water (for latex paints) or mineral spirits (for oil paints), is what makes paint wet. Lower-quality paints use more solvents than resins, additives or pigments. The solvent evaporates as the paint dries, leaving only the resins, additives and pigments on the wall. Resins bind the pigment (color) to the wall and are made of acrylic, silicone or epoxy. Additives are additional chemicals added to paint to change a property of the paint. Some additives prevent mildew or fading. Others make the painted surface easier to clean. And some make the paint chip-resistant or make it easier to apply. There is a variety of additives to suit a variety of applications. Pigment is the actual color added to the paint. It is usually added in powder form and does not dissolve but is suspended in the solvent and bound to the wall by the resin.

What Interior and Exterior Paint Have in Common

o

Interior and exterior paints have similar solvents and pigments, but some pigments are not suitable for exterior paints because they fade quickly. Water and mineral spirit soluble paints can be used indoor and outdoors depending on their formulation, but "oil" paints are less popular choices for interior painting because of their high odor and cumbersome cleanup. They are also regulated by some municipalities because of their impact on the environment.

Where Interior and Exterior Paints Differ

o

Interior and exterior paints often use different resins to bind the pigment to the painted surface. Exterior paints must be flexible to accommodate temperature changes and exposure to moisture, so the binding resins used in exterior paint often make exterior paint softer and more prone to scuffing. Exterior paints have to be highly durable with an exceptional resistance to peeling and chipping. Interior paints are not exposed to huge temperature changes or excessive moisture so the resins used to bind the paint to the wall can be more rigid. This can help the paint be less prone to scuffing and easier to wash.

Unique Additives
o

Interior paints are formulated with additives that make it easier to clean, scuffresistant, stain-resistant and with good hiding ability. Exterior paints are

formulated with additives that make it durable, and resistant to mildew and fading.

Use the Right Paint

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Many people think exterior paints offer better long-term results when used indoors, but this is not true. Exterior paints are often softer and more prone to scuffing. They are high-odor and release more VOCs (volatile organic compounds) than interior paints while they cure. They are not as washable or stain-resistant. Conversely, interior paints are not a good choice for outdoor projects because they are prone to peeling when exposed to temperature flux and moisture, and can mildew.

Properties of interior and exterior paint

1. Properties of Exterior Paint

o

A room prepped for paint Exterior paint coats the outside of a building or structure. It must withstand sun, rain and snow. Exterior paint remains flexible after curing so that it won't crack or peel as the surface expands and contracts with changes in temperature and humidity. Additives for mildew, fungus and UV resistance are added to exterior paints. Exterior paints are often not as easy to scrub as good interior paints. They typically come in three sheens -- flat, semi gloss and high gloss.

2. Properties of Interior Paint

o

Interior paints are often harder and more washable than exterior paints. They are available in a wider range of sheens, including flat, matte, eggshell, satin, semi gloss and high gloss. While some interior paints have mildew remover added for use in bathrooms, most do not. When dry, they withstand the same temperature extremes as exterior paints, but will not hold up well in wet or sunny conditions.

Can You Get Interior and Exterior Paints in the Same Colors?
o

Typically it's fine to mix both interior and exterior paints in any possible color. The exception will be some yellow and red pigments that will quickly fade in direct sunlight. If you look through the light yellow and peach colors on the paint store color cards, you'll notice some colors marked "interior use only." This is because they'll quickly fade if used outside.

Can Exterior Paint be Used Inside?

Using exterior paint inside may not be safe. Some of the additives in exterior paints have not been approved for use inside homes. All water based paints take up to a month to cure, and during this time they are emitting VOCs (volatile organic compounds.) This can be of particular concern for people with breathing difficulties, small children, and pregnant women. Additionally, exterior paints are often not as stain resistant or washable as interior paints. So while it is technically possible, it is not really advisable. It would be fine to use exterior paint inside any building where safety and washability are not concerns, like sheds and garages.

Can Interior Paint be Used Outside?

o

Unless you want to see the paint job start to peel, crack and fade within a year, interior paint should never be used outside.

The Bottom Line

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Interior and exterior paints are formulated for different functions. Interior paint dries and is much harder, less flexible and more washable than exterior paint. Paint formulated for outside use withstands sunlight and weather extremes to a much greater degree and is generally more mildew resistant. For most applications, it is best to use it for the function intended.

Types of paints

TYPES OF FINISHES
Paints, when dried on the surface, produce films with varying degree of sheen. This ranges from Matt finishes which have no sheen, to high gloss finishes.

Matt

A matt finish has the lowest level of gloss.

Egg Shell or Satin

This finish has silk like gloss, explains the name Satin finish.

Semi-Gloss

This finish has more gloss than a satin finish.

Glossy

This is the finish with highest level of gloss

Tools used for painting

Paint Brush (Bristle) Types

Synthetic
Synthetic brushes are made for all types of coatings. Everything from oil, to primers, to latex paint, these brushes are ideal for the casual painter who simply might want to paint a cabinet, or some bedroom walls over a long weekend, and then throw it away, or put it in storage for later use. If you're a little more serious about the amount of painting you're going to do, along with the particular applications you might use (as in the example above), you'll want to look at using ....

White (or Black) China Bristle

These brushes are generally a little more expensive because of the higher quality of bristle that is used in their construction. China bristle allows for a smoother, consistent application and distribution of the paint, which in turn means a more professional-looking job as opposed to using expensive paint - but with a cheap brush. Believe me, it will show! (As a side note, this is the brush I use in all of my painting jobs. It "feels" really good in my hand as apply all paint - whether it's primer, latex, or oil - to any surface.) For an in-depth analysis of brush construction and qualitative aspects, you should definitely read this article by Robert Lowes. And no, it's not that boring! Just some solid information that you'll need to know before you run out and buy some brushes.

Brush Sizes
Common Sizes - Specific Applications * 1" - for use in tight (narrow) places

* 2" - for use with trim (and sash)

* 3" - wall brush

* 4" - wall brush (also great for painting exterior siding and trim)

Paint Roller Frames

Standard 9" Roller Frame Nine inch paint roller frames are probably the most popular on the market today. The 9" roller (shown with sleeves) is ideal for painting average sized rooms and ceilings, say, for example, a 100 square-foot bedroom. Ten-foot wide walls, and eight-foot high ceilings, and a closet.

Medium-Sized Roller Frame ( 7" ) Medium sized frames are ideal for painting exterior surface areas such as vinyl/wood siding, exterior wood trim, and masonry/concrete to name a few. Seven inch frames (shown with sleeve) are handy for the surfaces where a 9" roller is just too much frame for a particular application (such as mentioned above). Easy clean-up.

Small Roller Frame (3" - 6") These roller frames (various shown with sleeves) are ideal for the hard-to-reach surfaces such as painting around closet shelves, the area behind toilet tanks, beside bathroom vanities...the list goes on and on. They are also great for painting cabinets, doors, small rooms such as closets, laundries, and more. Pretty handy considering the ease with which you use them, and the fact that they're extremely easy, and fast to clean up. A fact that I particularly like!

Large-Framed Industrial Roller (18") This frame (shown with sleeve) is generally what the professionals use on large painting projects. It's also ideal for rental property owners , as well as the serious do-it-yourselfer. Basically, if you have a large amount of surface area to paint, you might want to consider this tool. Rental property owners who want to paint their units themselves, can save a lot of time and expense using large frame rollers. By utilizing this roller with an extension pole , you can cut your working time in half. I know, because I do this for a living! I just can't recommend this industrial-type roller enough for the serious do-it-yourselfer. Takes a little while to clean, as you have to basically dismantle the frame, and clean it piece, by piece. Cost for the frame is generally $20.00 bucks. Use a 3/8", or 1/2' nap roller pad for wall/ceiling surfaces.

Paint Roller Pans

Small Roller Pan This pan (shown) is basically for the small (3" - 4") roller. Ideal for the small roller when painting hard to reach places like behind toilets, behind closet doors, and woodwork.

Medium Roller Pan This pan (shown) is the most common type found on the market today for medium size use. This is the pan you'd use most for the standard 9" roller, as well as 6" - 7" rollers.

Also shown (in the following picture) is a deep-well pan made specifically for the thicker roller covers. The deep-well allows the user to effectively handle more paint on the roller, without the mess that might come with a standard shallow pan. Great for outdoor use when utilizing a thicker roller cover (like the 1 1/4" shown) for painting masonry, split-faced concrete block, or other textured surfaces.

Large Roller Pan This is the industrial-sized pan (shown here with an 18' roller) used in bigger painting projects by the professional, or serious do-it-yourselfer. It can hold up to one and a half gallons of paint, and can be quite heavy and awkward when trying to move. This pan is required when using a 12" (minimum) on up to an 18" roller - or bigger.

Various Types of Step Ladders

Good Old Reliable "Woody" I like to use a rather lightweight, wooden ladder (like the one shown) simply because it's a little easier, and a little less awkward to haul around as opposed to my other ladders. The wooden ladder is not as sturdy as say an aluminum or even a fiberglass ladder, but if I don't get too top heavy by standing at the top rung, I won't have any problems. (And certainly from a safety standpoint, you never want to stand at, or near the top of a step ladder anyway!)

That's why I use it for light-duty work where I don't have to get up very high, but still need to get close to whatever it is I'm looking at to paint.

Nothing Beats Fiberglass Another great piece of equipment to have on hand is a fiberglass step ladder because of the fact that it provides such a sturdy platform from which you do your work. It's certainly heavier to use than a wooden ladder or even an aluminum ladder. But , to me, I simply prefer having a little more piece of mind when continually going up and down a ladder, and not having to worry if it's going to hold up, or not. That, and it can take a beating as well.

Instant Scaffolding! Another nice addition to your equipment list (for you serious do-it-yourselfers) is a folding ladder (shown). This is not really a step ladder as such, but I think it can be of help to you in certain projects where a step ladder might not make sense.

Extension Poles For Paint Roller

For higher-reach areas, use this tool instead of a ladder Extensions come in all different lengths, anywhere from 12" wooden handle , all the way up to 10' (or more) in length. They really are handy for quick work, when you just don't want to fool with a ladder. Plus, they're safer to use (because you're standing on firm ground - not a wobbly ladder). The following pictures (sorry if hard to see) showing one of my painters using an eight footer

attached with an industrial-sized (18") paint roller. He is standing on a landing in a twostorey apartment building common area stairwell, and is painting a 10' wall. Notice how easy the process looks compared to standing on a tall step ladder and reaching out to paint the ceiling or wall. (Definitely good for people who don't like heights)

Extensions come in many different lengths, ranging from very small (basically an arm extension) of 2.5', all the way to 30' - 35'.

Spray painting equipments used nowdays

Earlex HV1900 This Earlex HVLP sprayer is their entry-level model and is ideal for the first time or occasional sprayer on a limited budget.

Earlex HV3500 A bit more powerful and is totally capable of tackling jobs like spray painting trim, doors, furniture and can also handle fine finishing with a different needle for those woodworking projects.

Earlex HV5500 This is their professional unit designed for light contractors and serious DIY'ers out there. The HV5500 is the model that I bought and you can see me use it on some closet doors in the video below. Very happy with it :)

Earlex HV6900 Ok, to accommodate the more serious professional for commercial use, the HV6900 model is a powerful HVLP unit suitable for thick and thin viscosity paints. It boasts 1100 watts compared to only 300 watts for the HV1900 model.

Polymers used nowdays in making paints

Polymer Emulsions / Adhesives for Paint Industry

PRODUCT TYPE USES

All Acrylic Copolymer Emulsions

For excellent interior / exterior Paints with excellent flow leveling properties, low dirt pick up Good water & Alkali resistance Good Freeze thaw stability Excellent Alkali Resistance Excellent Pigment Binding Capability Excellent colour development with Tinters Styrene Acrylic Copolymer

For making interior / exterior paints For road marking paints

Excellent Water / Alkali Resistance Low Particle size to enhance excellent Pigment binding capability Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Used for premium quality interior paints Excellent flow leveling and brushability Good water & alkali resistance Excellent Mechanical & Electrolyte stability Vinyl Acrylic Copolymer

Specially developed for cement sandex paints Good water and Alkali Resistance Good Electrolyte & Mechanical Stability Good Pigment binding & Brushability For making good quality interior wall paints Good water resistance Excellent flow leveling Good electrolyte & Mechanical Stability Low cost emulsion Fine particle size Good pigment binding Good water and Alkali resistance Polyvinyl Acetate Plasticised Emulsion

For making economical high viscosity interior emulsion paints Polymer Solution

Used as dry distemper liquid (DDL) to promote adhesion & chalking resistance Alkali Soluble Acrylic Copolymer

Used as thickener in plastic emulsion paints Compatible with vinyl acetate and acrylic homopolymers and copolymers for imparting good rheological properties to paint.

Polyacrylate Type Thickening Agent

Used as thickener in plastic emulsion paints Compatible with Vinyl acetate and acrylic homopolymers and copolymers

Innovation in paints

Eco-friendly interior paints.

I researched paints with the following criteria: 1) Low or no VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), 2) Color options, 3) Availability & Source, and 4) Price. 1. AFM Safecoat paints have been manufactured so that they release the least amount of toxic emissions into your home. The paint itself does not contain chemical residuals, formaldehyde, or other harmful preservatives, according to AFM Safecoat. AFM Safecoat actually creates a safe coat over the paint. 2. Anna Sova paints are different than many other paints, even in the eco-friendly category. Their paints are made of food-grade ingredients, not of acrylics or other chemicals. This eco-friendly brand also offers aromatherapy blends, for paint that smells good. 3. Bioshield makes natural paints, including clay paints, and does not use additive or harmful chemicals. 4. Eco-Spec by Benjamin Moore is an eco-friendly paint line for home interiors. Their Eco Spec paint line comes in a selection of quiet neutrals, and are 100% acrylic paint. 5. Green Planet Paints are a Zero VOC interior paint. These interior home paints are also soy-based, and do not contain any petroleum. Instead, these unique eco-friendly paints are made with clay-based pigments and other renewable materials, according to Green Planet Paints. In addition to being eco-friendly, and being available in natural colors, the look of the finished painted walls is also organic.

6. Harmony Interior Latex Low Odor Coatings by Sherwin-Williams have low odor and no VOCs. They also do not contain silica and are anti-microbial, according to Sherwin-Williams. 7. Horizon by Rodda Paint Company is a low-VOC interior paint. Their eco-friendly home-improvement products are Green-certified. 8. Yolo Colorhouse paint has the Green Seal certification, and is 100 percent acrylic paint, according to Yolo Colorhouse. This eco-friendly interior paint brand also has low odor, which is preferable for the DIY homeowner. Yolo has also not added solvents or harmful chemicals. Best of all, this eco-friendly paint will go on like conventional wall paint. Yolo is available in flat, eggshell and semi-gloss, as well as primer. Yolo Colorhouse interior paint colors are also environmentally-friendly. VOCs: Many paints contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which refers to a class of chemicals that evaporate readily at room temperature. When these VOCs off-gas, a process that can last for weeks depending on the type of paint, they may cause a variety of health problems Fungicides and Biocides: Paints also contain toxic fungicides to prevent mildew growth, and biocides, which are used as preservatives to extend the full shelf life. Pigments: Some of the toxic chemicals in paints come from the substances used to color them. Instead of chemical pigments, look for paints made with all-natural pigments.

Components of green paints

Paints: What to Look For Ideally, youll want to use paints that meet all three better health requirementslow VOCs, low biocides, and natural pigments. Keep in mind that many paints labeled low-VOC simply meet the Environmental Protection Agencys minimum requirementswhich call for no more than 250 grams per liter (gm/l) of VOCs in low-VOC latex paints and no more than 380 gm/l for low-VOC oil-based paints. There are paints available with even lower VOC levels (0-100 gm/l). To find the VOC level, check the paint can label, or call the company and ask for a material safety data sheet. Youll need to tailor your eco-requirements to whether youre looking for an exterior or an interior paint as follows: Exterior paints: All exterior paints have fungicides, and low-biocide paints are not available for exteriors. The best choice for an exterior paint is one that has zinc oxide as the fungicide. Next best choices are zero- to very low-VOC paints, acrylic or latex paints, and recycled water-based paint. Avoid oil-based paints because of their high VOC content, as well as paint from old cans that may contain mercury or lead. Interior paints: Milk paint and natural paints are the first choice for commercially available

interior paint. Natural paints are derived from substances such as citrus and balsam, as well as minerals. Although these paints are made with natural materials and are petroleum-free, they often contain terpenes, which are VOCs derived from plants. However, natural paints do not off-gas biocides and fungicides. Milk paint, which is made with milk protein (called casein) and lime, was the interior paint of choice in Colonial America. Milk paint is excellent for interiors and also gives wood a rich, deep color, allowing the grain to show through. Latex paint with very low biocide and VOC levels is another top-tier choice. Again, latex paint is safer for the environment than oil-based paint, but it needs to be used with great care due to the strong terpenes. Acceptable paints, although they contain biocides, include latex, acrylic, and recycled latex paints, assuming they dont contain mercury or lead. Avoid oil- and solvent-based paints.

CONCLUSION

Paints have been an important material amongst the building materials - and people - for well over thousands of years. Some countries like India use the paints since ancient civilization period. Time has changed now and paints have been modernized. For any country to develop, it is very important to modernize the infrastructure upto the optimum level. India is still lagging behind when it comes to latest painting techniques. This seminar carries detail about the latest technology in paints. This seminar also provide glimpse of how paints have been developed from past till today. If India modernizes its infrastructure il be very useful for the national development. I sincerely hope India does it quickly.

REFERENCES
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG WWW.EHOW.COM WWW.ECOINDIA.COM WWW.PAINTERSTOOLBOX.COM SEARCH ENGINE: WWW.GOOGLE.COM MANUAL REFFERED: THE A TO Z OF PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT.