ECE708PROJECT PART2

KISHANNANDAKUMAR A20252276 SPRING2011

MIMO SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

When designing a communication system one important aspect of the system to consider is the capacity of the channel, i.e. the highest rate of information that can be transmitted through a channel. In the late 40s Shannon came up with the Channel Capacity theorem i.e. C= log2 (1+SNR) bits/s/Hz, by using this theorem we can estimate the amount of information that can be transmitted through the channel. According to this theorem capacity varies logarithmically with transmission power, in order to increase throughput, power has to be increased. Even though more information can be transmitted by increasing the spectrum this is not considered because it is not economically feasible. Therefore new techniques by which more data could be transferred had to be found.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is one such technique by which more data can be transferred through the channel without increasing bandwidth or transmit power. MIMO systems consists of N number of transmitters and receivers equipped with own antenna. MIMO systems divides a data stream into multiple unique streams, each of which is modulated and transmitted through a different antenna chain at the same time in the same frequency channel.

Some limitations in communication channels are multipath interference and data throughput limitations which result due to Shannon's Law. MIMO use multipath propagation to increase the capacity of the channels they use. Performance can be increased, by increasing the number of transmit antennas and using spatial diversity. Adding more transmit antennas doesnt increase the channel bandwidth. Sensitivity to fading is reduced by the spatial diversity provided by multiple spatial paths. In MIMO systems when the data is received at the receiver side, complexity arises from the difficulty of separating the multiple signal streams that are sent simultaneously across the MIMO channel. There are many types of MIMO receivers which deals with the problem of interference cancellation; they are classified into two types depending on the method of processing: *Linear: Zero-Forcing, Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) it is the best linear receiver. *Nonlinear: Successive detection and cancellation, parallel detection, joint detection. Optimum receiver that achieves capacity is nonlinear, one way of building an optimum receiver is via successive detection and cancellation with a chain of linear MMSE receivers.

For narrowband MIMO systems, the coupling between the transmitter and receiver for each sample in time can be modeled using x(k) = Hs(k) + n(k), where x is the complex receive-array output, s is the transmit-array vector, and n is zero-mean-complex Gaussian noise of variance n2. There is no Intersymbol Interference (ISI).

In MIMO systems capacity increases linearly with Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at low SNR, but increases logarithmically with SNR at high SNR. Mutual information in a MIMO system is given by I(s;x)= H(s)-H(x|s) where, H(S) is the entropy of the transmit-array vector, and H(x|s) is the conditioned entropy of the complex receive-array output given by the transmit-array vector. Channel Capacity of a MIMO system is defined as the maximum mutual information between vector s and x.

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).

Open Loop operations are designed for high mobility or limited feedback capability. If the channel is not known at the transmitter, it is optimum to assign equal transmit power to all transmit antenna i.e. Rss P M)*IM. If the receiver can accurately estimate the channel, but the transmitter does not attempt to optimize its output to compensate for the channel, the maximum spectral efficiency bound is given by [2].

C= log2 det[In+(P/Mn2)HHT]
When both Transmitter and Receiver know the channel perfectly, it is more advantageous to assign power based on the channel state. The problem of allocating power to several parallel channels, each of which have different SNR can be overcome by Waterfilling Algorithm technique.

References: [1]. http://www.comsoc.org/form/tutorialregistrationmimosystemswirelesscommunications. [2]. MIMO Wireless Communication - Daniel W. Bliss, Keith W. Forsythe, and Amanda M. Chan. [3]. Wireless Communications Andreas Molisch.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) - PHYSICAL LAYER

Ever increasing demand for capacity in cellular communication has given rise to many new technologies. One such latest standard in mobile network technology is 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The current generation of mobile telecommunication networks are known as 3G ("Third Generation"). Even though LTE is marketed as 4G, first-release LTE does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced 4G requirements. The ITU has coined the term IMT-Advanced to identify mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. Further evolution of the Release 8 and 9 LTE is a step toward LTE-Advanced. 3GPP Partners made a formal submission to the ITU proposing that LTE Release 10 & beyond (LTE-Advanced) be evaluated as a candidate for IMT-Advanced [2]. Figure 1 shows the evolution of LTE.

Figure 1. Evolution of LTE Some of the key features of LTE Release 8: high spectral efficiency achieved by access schemes such as OFDMA (DL) and DFTS-OFDM (UL), very low latency, support variable bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, compatibility and inter-working with earlier 3GPP Releases, simple protocol architecture, efficient Multicast/Broadcast. LTE-Advanced is an evolution of LTE. For LTE-Advanced to be adopted as a 4G technology it should meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements within the ITU-R time plan. LTE-Advanced meets all the advantages of LTE, meets user demand for higher data rate and QOS, meets continued demand for cost reduction, has peak data rates of 1 Gbps (DL) and 500 Mbps (UL), peak spectrum efficiency is 30 bps/Hz (DL) and 15 bps/Hz (UL). Most important key feature of LTE-Advance is it must be backward compatible with LTE.

Some of the challenges LTE-Advanced faces by enhancing the physical layer are:

Carrier Aggregation: LTE-Advanced offers higher data rates than the previous releases of LTE. While the spectrum usage efficiency has been improved, this alone cannot provide the required data rates, in order to achieve such high data rates it is necessary to increase the transmission bandwidths. The method being proposed is called Carrier Aggregation. In this technique several carriers are aggregated on the physical layer to provide the required bandwidth.
Advanced MIMO Techniques: For LTE-Advanced, advanced MIMO techniques can be used such as SU-MIMO Enhancement and MU-MIMO Optimization to provide very high data rates. SU-MIMO stands for Single User MIMO. In this, the time-frequency resources are dedicated to single User Equipment (UE). By doing so, peak spectral efficiency can be increased. SU-MIMO employs Closed Loop scheme which are used at the transmitter for increasing the coverage or throughput. Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) scheme is used to increase the cell spectral efficiency. When MIMO techniques are used the numbers of antennas increases, as a result techniques such as beamforming may be used to enable the antenna coverage to be focused where it is needed. Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP): One of the key parameters of LTEAdvanced is the high data rates. These data rates are relatively easy to maintain close to the base station, but at the cell edges the signal lowers in strength due to the distance from Base Station (eNB) and also interference from neighboring eNBs will be high. LTE CoMP dynamically coordinate between a number of geographically separated eNBs to provide joint scheduling and transmission. In this way a UE at the edge of a cell is able to be served by two or more eNBs to improve signals reception / transmission and increase throughput particularly under cell edge conditions.

Relaying: It supports deployment of cells in area where wired backhawl is not available or very expensive. By employing relay backhawl cost is reduced and coverage is increased.

References: [1]. http://www.comsoc.org/form/tutorialregistrationlteadvanced. [2]. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/3gpp-4g-imt-lteadvanced-tutorial.php.