8527141159,8527141159 mrs.

anandita
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
INTRODUCTION
Laplace transform is an integral transform employed in solving physical problems.
Many physical problems when analyzed assumes the form of a differential equation
subjected to a set of initial conditions or boundary conditions.
By initial conditions we mean that the conditions on the dependent variable are
specified at a single value of the independent variable.
If the conditions of the dependent variable are specified at two different values of the
independent variable, the conditions are called boundary conditions.
The problem with initial conditions is referred to as the Initial value problem.
The problem with boundary conditions is referred to as the Boundary value problem.
The subject is divided into the following sub topics.

Definition :
Let f(t) be a real-valued function defined for all t 0 and s be a parameter, real or complex.
Suppose the integral

0
) ( dt t f e
st
exists (converges). Then this integral is called the Laplace
transform of f(t) and is denoted by Lf(t).
Thus,
Lf(t) =

0
) ( dt t f e
st
(1)
We note that the value of the integral on the right hand side of (1) depends on s. Hence Lf(t) is
a function of s denoted by F(s) or ) (s f .
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Definition and
Properties
Transforms of
some functions
Convolution
theorem
Inverse
transforms
Solution of
differential
equations
Thus,
Lf(t) = F(s) (2)
Consider relation (2). Here f(t) is called the Inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and is denoted by
L
-1
[F(s)].
Thus,
L
-1
[F(s)] = f(t) (3)
Suppose f(t) is defined as follows :

f
1
(t), 0 < t < a
f(t) = f
2
(t), a < t < b
f
3
(t), t > b
Note that f(t) is piecewise continuous. The Laplace transform of f(t) is defined as
Lf(t) =

0
) (t f e
st

=

+ +
a b
a b
st st st
dt t f e dt t f e dt t f e
0
3 2 1
) ( ) ( ) (
NOTE : In a practical situation, the variable t represents the time and s represents frequency.
Hence the Laplace transform converts the time domain into the frequency domain.
Basic properties
The following are some basic properties of Laplace transforms :
1. Linearity property : For any two functions f(t) and (t) (whose Laplace transforms exist)
and any two constants a and b, we have
L [a f(t) + b (t)] = a L f(t) + b L (t)
Proof :- By definition, we have
L[af(t)+b (t)] =
[ ]dt t b t af e
st

+
0
) ( ) (
=



+
0 0
) ( ) ( dt t e b dt t f e a
st st

= a L f(t) + b L (t)
This is the desired property.
In particular, for a=b=1, we have
L [ f(t) + (t)] = L f(t) + L (t)
and for a = -b = 1, we have
L [ f(t) - (t)] = L f(t) - L (t)
2. Change of scale property : If L f(t) = F(s), then L[f(at)] =
,
_

a
s
F
a
1
, where a is a positive
constant.
Proof :- By definition, we have
Lf(at) =

0
) ( dt at f e
st
(1)
Let us set at = x. Then expression (1) becomes,
L f(at) =

,
_

0
) (
1
dx x f e
a
x
a
s

,
_

a
s
F
a
1
This is the desired property.
3. Shifting property :- Let a be any real constant. Then
L [e
at
f(t)] = F(s-a)
Proof :- By definition, we have
L [e
at
f(t)] =
[ ]

0
) ( dt t f e e
at st
=

0
) (
) ( dt t f e
a s
= F(s-a)
This is the desired property. Here we note that the Laplace transform of e
at
f(t) can be
written down directly by changing s to s-a in the Laplace transform of f(t).
TRANSFORMS OF SOME FUNCTIONS
1. Let a be a constant. Then
L(e
at
) =

0 0
) (
dt e dt e e
t a s at st
=
a s a s
e
t a s

1
) (
0
) (
, s > a
Thus,
L(e
at
) =
a s
1
In particular, when a=0, we get
L(1) =
s
1
, s > 0
By inversion formula, we have
at at
e
s
L e
a s
L

1 1
1 1
2. L(cosh at) =

,
_

+

2
at at
e e
L
=
[ ]

+
0
2
1
dt e e e
at at st
=
[ ]

+
+
0
) ( ) (
2
1
dt e e
t a s t a s
Let s > |a| . Then,

+
1
]
1

+
+

0
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( 2
1
) (cosh
a s
e
a s
e
at L
t a s t a s
=
2 2
a s
s

Thus,
L (cosh at) =
2 2
a s
s

, s > |a|
and so
at
a s
s
L cosh
2 2
1

,
_

3. L (sinh at) =
2 2
2 a s
a e e
L
at at

,
_

, s > |a|
Thus,
L (sinh at) =
2 2
a s
a

, s > |a|
and so,
a
at
a s
L
sinh 1
2 2
1

,
_

4. L (sin at) =

0
sin at e
st
dt
Here we suppose that s > 0 and then integrate by using the formula
[ ]

+
bx b bx a
b a
e
bxdx e
ax
ax
cos sin sin
2 2
Thus,
L (sinh at) =
2 2
a s
a
+
, s > 0
and so
a
at
a s
L
sinh 1
2 2
1

,
_

5. L (cos at) =
atdt e
st
cos
0

Here we suppose that s>0 and integrate by using the formula

[ ]

+
+
bx b bx a
b a
e
bxdx e
ax
ax
sin cos cos
2 2
Thus,
L (cos at) =
2 2
a s
s
+
, s > 0
and so
at
a s
s
L cos
2 2
1

6. Let n be a constant, which is a non-negative real number or a negative non-integer. Then

L(t
n
) =

0
dt t e
n st
Let s > 0 and set st = x, then

,
_

0 0
1
1
) ( dx x e
s s
dx
s
x
e t L
n x
n
n
x n
The integral
dx x e
n x

0
is called gamma function of (n+1) denoted by
) 1 ( + n
. Thus

1
) 1 (
) (
+
+

n
n
s
n
t L
In particular, if n is a non-negative integer then
) 1 ( + n
=n!. Hence

1
!
) (
+

n
n
s
n
t L
and so

) 1 (
1
1
1
+

n
t
s
L
n
n
or
! n
t
n
as the case may be
TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
f(t) F(s)
1
s
1
, s > 0
e
at
a s
1
, s > a
coshat
2 2
a s
s

, s > |a|
sinhat
2 2
a s
a

, s > |a|
sinat
2 2
a s
a
+
, s > 0
cosat
2 2
a s
s
+
, s > 0
t
n
, n=0,1,2,..
1
!
+ n
s
n
, s > 0
t
n
, n > -1
1
) 1 (
+
+
n
s
n
, s > 0
Application of shifting property :-
The shifting property is
If L f(t) = F(s), then L [e
at
f(t)] = F(s-a)
Application of this property leads to the following results :
1.
[ ]
a s s
a s s
at
b s
s
bt L bt e L



,
_

2 2
) (cosh ) cosh (
=
2 2
) ( b a s
a s

Thus,
L(e
at
coshbt) =
2 2
) ( b a s
a s

and

bt e
b a s
a s
L
at
cosh
) (
2 2
1

2.
2 2
) (
) sinh (
b a s
a
bt e L
at

and

bt e
b a s
L
at
sinh
) (
1
2 2
1

3.
2 2
) (
) cos (
b a s
a s
bt e L
at
+

and

bt e
b a s
a s
L
at
cos
) (
2 2
1

4.
2 2
) (
) sin (
b a s
b
bt e L
at

and

b
bt e
b a s
L
at
sin
) (
1
2 2
1

5.
1
) (
) 1 (
) (
+

n
n at
a s
n
t e L
or
1
) (
!
+

n
a s
n
as the case may be
Hence

) 1 ( ) (
1
1
1
+

n
t e
a s
L
n at
n
or
1
) (
!
+

n
a s
n
as the case may be
Examples :-
1. Find Lf(t) given f(t) = t, 0 < t < 3
4, t > 3
Here
Lf(t) =



+
0
3
0 3
4 ) ( dt e tdt e dt t f e
st st st
Integrating the terms on the RHS, we get
Lf(t) = ) 1 (
1 1
3
2
3 s s
e
s
e
s

+
This is the desired result.
2. Find Lf(t) given f(t) = sin2t, 0 < t
0, t >
Here
Lf(t) =

dt t f e dt t f e
st st
) ( ) (
0
=

0
2 sin tdt e
st
= { }

0
2
2 cos 2 2 sin
4
1
]
1

t t s
s
e
st
= [ ]
s
e
s

+
1
4
2
2
This is the desired result.
3. Evaluate : (i) L(sin3t sin4t)
(ii) L(cos
2
4t)
(iii) L(sin
3
2t)
(i) Here
L(sin3t sin4t) = L [ )] 7 cos (cos
2
1
t t
= [ ] ) 7 (cos ) (cos
2
1
t L t L , by using linearity property
=
) 49 )( 1 (
24
49 1 2
1
2 2 2 2
+ +

1
]
1

+ s s
s
s
s
s
s
(ii) Here
L(cos
2
4t) =
1
]
1

+
+
1
]
1

+
64
1
2
1
) 8 cos 1 (
2
1
2
s
s
s
t L
(iii) We have
( ) 3 sin sin 3
4
1
sin
3

For =2t, we get
( ) t t t 6 sin 2 sin 3
4
1
2 sin
3

so that
) 36 )( 4 (
48
36
6
4
6
4
1
) 2 (sin
2 2 2 2
3
+ +

1
]
1

s s s s
t L
This is the desired result.
4. Find L(cost cos2t cos3t)
Here
cos2t cos3t = ] cos 5 [cos
2
1
t t +
so that
cost cos2t cos3t = ] cos cos 5 [cos
2
1
2
t t t +
= ] 2 cos 1 4 cos 6 [cos
4
1
t t t + + +
Thus
L(cost cos2t cos3t) =
1
]
1

+
+ +
+
+
+ 4
1
16 36 4
1
2 2 2
s
s
s s
s
s
s
5. Find L(cosh
2
2t)
We have
2
2 cosh 1
cosh
2

For = 2t, we get

2
4 cosh 1
2 cosh
2
t
t
+

Thus,
1
]
1

+
16
1
2
1
) 2 (cosh
2
2
s
s
s
t L
-------------------------------------------------------05.04.05-------------------------
6. Evaluate (i) L( t ) (ii)

,
_

t
L
1
(iii) L(t
-3/2
)
We have L(t
n
) =
1
) 1 (
+
+
n
s
n
(i) For n=
2
1
, we get
L(t
1/2
) =
2 / 3
) 1
2
1
(
s
+
Since
) ( ) 1 ( n n n +
, we have
2 2
1
2
1
1
2
1

,
_

,
_

+
Thus,
2
3
2
) (
s
t L

(ii) For n = -
2
1
, we get

s
s
t L

,
_

2
1
2
1
2
1
) (

(iii) For n = -
2
3
, we get

s
s s
t L

2
2 2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
2
3

,
_

7. Evaluate : (i) L(t

2
) (ii) L(t
3
)
We have,
L(t
n
) =
1
!
+ n
s
n
(i) For n = 2, we get
L(t
2
) =
3 3
2 ! 2
s s

(ii) For n=3, we get
L(t
3
) =
4 4
6 ! 3
s s

8. Find L[e
-3t
(2cos5t 3sin5t)]
Given =
2L(e
-3t
cos5t) 3L(e
-3t
sin5t)
=
( )
25 ) 3 (
15
25 ) 3 (
3
2
2 2
+ +

+ +
+
s s
s
, by using shifting property
=
34 6
9 2
2
+ +

s s
s
, on simplification
9. Find L[coshat sinhat]
Here
L[coshat sinat] =
( )
1
]
1

+

at
e e
L
at at
sin
2
=
1
]
1

+ +
+
+
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( 2
1
a a s
a
a a s
a
, on simplification
10. Find L(cosht sin
3
2t)
Given

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+

4
6 sin 2 sin 3
2
t t e e
L
t t
= ( ) [ ] ) 6 sin ( ) 2 sin ( 3 ) 6 sin ( 2 sin 3
8
1
t e L t e L t e L t e L
t t t t
+
=
1
]
1

+ +

+ +
+
+

+ 36 ) 1 (
6
4 ) 1 (
6
36 ) 1 (
6
4 ) 1 (
6
8
1
2 2 2 2
s s s s
=
1
]
1

+ +

+ +
+
+

+ 36 ) 1 (
1
24 ) 1 (
1
36 ) 1 (
1
4 ) 1 (
1
4
3
2 2 2 2
s s s s
11. Find
) (
2
5
4

t e L
t
We have
L(t
n
) =
1
) 1 (
+
+
n
s
n
Put n= -5/2. Hence
L(t
-5/2
) =
2 / 3 2 / 3
3
4 ) 2 / 3 (



s s

Change s to s+4.
Therefore,
2 / 3
2 / 5 4
) 4 ( 3
4
) (


+

s
t e L
t

Transform of t
n
f(t)
Here we suppose that n is a positive integer. By definition, we have
F(s) =

0
) ( dt t f e
st
Differentiating n times on both sides w.r.t. s, we get

0
) ( ) ( dt t f e
s
s F
ds
d
st
n
n
n
n
Performing differentiation under the integral sign, we get

0
) ( ) ( ) ( dt t f e t s F
ds
d
st n
n
n
] ) ][( ) [(
) 2 (
2 2 2 2
2 2
a a s a a s
a s a
+ + +
+

Multiplying on both sides by (-1)

n
, we get

0
)] ( [ ) ( ( ) ( ) 1 ( t f t L dt e t f t s F
ds
d
n st n
n
n
n
, by definition
Thus,
L[t
n
f(t)]= ) ( ) 1 ( s F
ds
d
n
n
n

This is the transform of t

n
f(t).
Also,
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
t f t s F
ds
d
L
n n
n
n

1
]
1

In particular, we have
L[t f(t)] = ) (s F
ds
d
, for n=1
L[t
2
f(t)]= ) (
2
2
s F
ds
d
, for n=2, etc.
Also,
) ( ) (
1
t tf s F
ds
d
L
1
]
1

and

) ( ) (
2
2
2
1
t f t s F
ds
d
L
1
]
1

Transform of
t
f(t)
We have , F(s) =

0
) ( dt t f e
st
Therefore,

1
]
1

s s
ds dt t f
st
e ds s F
0
) ( ) (
=
dt ds e t f
s
st

1
]
1

0
) (
=

1
]
1

0
) ( dt
t
e
t f
s
st
=

,
_

1
]
1

0
) ( ) (
t
t f
L dt
t
t f
e
st

Thus,

,
_

s
ds s F
t
t f
L ) (
) (
This is the transform of
t
t f ) (
Also,

s
t
t f
ds s F L
) (
) (
1
Examples :
1. Find L[te
-t
sin4t]
We have,
16 ) 1 (
4
] 4 sin [
2
+ +

s
t e L
t
So that,
L[te
-t
sin4t] =
1
]
1

'

+ +

17 2
1
4
2
s s ds
d
=
2 2
) 17 2 (
) 1 ( 8
+ +
+
s s
s
2. Find L(t
2
sin3t)
We have
L(sin3t) =
9
3
2
+ s
So that,
L(t
2
sin3t) =
,
_

+ 9
3
2 2
2
s ds
d
=
2 2
) 9 (
6
+

s
s
ds
d
=
3 2
2
) 9 (
) 3 ( 18
+

s
s
3. Find

,
_

t
t e
L
t
sin
We have
1 ) 1 (
1
) sin (
2
+ +

s
t e L
t
Hence

,
_

t
t e
L
t
sin
=
[ ]

+
+ +
0
1
2
) 1 ( tan
1 ) 1 (
s
s
s
ds
= ) 1 ( tan
2
1
+

s

= cot
1
(s+1)
4. Find
,
_

t
t
L
sin
. Using this, evaluateL
,
_

t
at sin
We have
L(sint) =
1
1
2
+ s
So that
Lf(t) =
,
_

t
t
L
sin
=
[ ]

S
s
s
s
ds
1
2
tan
1
= ) ( cot tan
2
1 1
s F s s

Consider
L
,
_

t
at sin
= a L
) (
sin
at aLf
at
at

,
_

=
1
]
1

,
_

a
s
F
a
a
1
, in view of the change of scale property
=
,
_

a
s
1
cot
5. Find L
1
]
1

t
bt at cos cos
We have
L [cosat cosbt] =
2 2 2 2
b s
s
a s
s
+

+
So that
L
1
]
1

t
bt at cos cos
=
ds
b s
s
a s
s
s

1
]
1

+
2 2 2 2
=

1
]
1

,
_

+
+
s
b s
a s
2 2
2 2
log
2
1

=
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
+

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
log log
2
1
b s
a s
b s
a s
Lt
s
=
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+
2 2
2 2
log 0
2
1
a s
b s
=

,
_

+
+
2 2
2 2
log
2
1
a s
b s
6. Prove that

0
3
50
3
sintdt t e
t
We have

0
) sin ( sin t t L tdt t e
st
= ) (sint L
ds
d
=
1
]
1

1
1
2
s ds
d
=
2 2
) 1 (
2
+ s
s
Putting s = 3 in this result, we get

0
3
50
3
sintdt t e
t
This is the result as required.
Questions
I Find L f(t) in each of the following cases :
1. f(t) = e
t
, 0 < t < 2
0 , t > 2
2. f(t) = 1 , 0 t 3
t , t > 3
3. f(t) =
a
t
, 0 t < a
1 , t a
II. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions :
4. cos(3t + 4)
5. sin3t sin5t
6. cos4t cos7t
7. sin5t cos2t
8. sint sin2t sin3t
9. sin
2
5t
10. sin
2
(3t+5)
11. cos
3
2t
12. sinh
2
5t
13. t
5/2
14.
3
1

,
_

+
t
t
15. 3
t
16. 5
-t

17. e
-2t
cos
2
2t
18. e
2t
sin3t sin5t
19. e
-t
sin4t + t cos2t
20. t
2
e
-3t
cos2t
21.
t
e
t 2
1

22.
t
e e
bt at

23.
t
t
2
sin
24.
t
t t 5 sin 2 sin 2
III. Evaluate the following integrals using Laplace transforms :
25.

0
2
5 sin tdt te
t
26.

0
3 5
cos tdt t e
t
27.

,
_

0
dt
t
e e
bt at
28.

0
sin
dt
t
t e
t
-------------------------------------------- --------------------------
Transforms of the derivatives of f(t)
Consider
L
) (t f
=

0
) ( dt t f e
st
=
[ ]

0
0
) ( ) ( ) ( dt t f e s t f e
st st
, by using integration by parts
=
[ ] ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ( t sLf f t f e Lt
st
t
+

= 0 - f (0) + s Lf(t)
Thus
L
) (t f
= s Lf(t) f(0)
Similarly,
L
) (t f
= s
2
L f(t) s f(0) -
) 0 ( f
In general, we have
) 0 ( ....... ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1

n n n n n
f f s f s t Lf s t Lf
Transform of

t
0
f(t)dt
Let (t) =

t
dt t f
0
) (
. Then (0) = 0 and

(t) = f(t)
Now,
L (t) =

0
) ( dt t e
st

1
]
1

0 0
) ( ) ( dt
s
e
t
s
e
t
st st

=

+
0
) (
1
) 0 0 ( dt e t f
s
st
Thus,

t
t Lf
s
dt t f L
0
) (
1
) (
Also,

1
]
1

t
dt t f t Lf
s
L
0
1
) ( ) (
1
Examples :
1. By using the Laplace transform of sinat, find the Laplace transform of cosat.
Let
f(t) = sin at, then Lf(t) =
2 2
a s
a
+
We note that
at a t f cos ) (
Taking Laplace transforms, we get
) (cos ) cos ( ) ( at aL at a L t f L
or L(cosat) = [ ] ) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
1
f t sLf
a
t f L
a

=
1
]
1

+
0
1
2 2
a s
sa
a
Thus
L(cosat) =
2 2
a s
s
+
This is the desired result.
2. Given
2 / 3
1
2
s
t
L
1
]
1

, show that
s t
L
1 1

1
]
1

Let f(t) =

t
2 , given L[f(t)] =
2 / 3
1
s
We note that,
t t
t f

1
2
1 2
) (
Taking Laplace transforms, we get

1
]
1

t
L t f L

1
) (
Hence
) 0 ( ) ( ) (
1
f t sLf t f L
t
L
1
]
1

=
0
1
2 / 3

,
_

s
s
Thus
s t
L
1 1

1
]
1

This is the result as required.

3. Find

,
_

t
dt
t
bt at
L
0
cos cos
Here
Lf(t) =

,
_

+
+

,
_

2 2
2 2
log
2
1 cos cos
a s
b s
t
bt at
L
Using the result
L

t
t Lf
s
dt t f
0
) (
1
) (
We get,

,
_

t
dt
t
bt at
L
0
cos cos
=

,
_

+
+
2 2
2 2
log
2
1
a s
b s
s
4. Find

t
t
tdt te L
0
4 sin
Here
[ ]
2 2
) 17 2 (
) 1 ( 8
4 sin
+ +
+

s s
s
t te L
t
Thus

t
t
tdt te L
0
4 sin
=
2 2
) 17 2 (
) 1 ( 8
+ +
+
s s s
s
Transform of a periodic function
A function f(t) is said to be a periodic function of period T > 0 if f(t) = f(t + nT) where n=1,2,3,
.. The graph of the periodic function repeats itself in equal intervals.
For example, sint, cost are periodic functions of period 2 since sin(t + 2n) = sin t, cos(t
+ 2n) = cos t.
The graph of f(t) = sin t is shown below :
Note that the graph of the function between 0 and 2 is the same as that between 2 and 4 and
so on.
The graph of f(t) = cos t is shown below :
Note that the graph of the function between 0 and 2 is the same as that between 2 and 4 and
so on.
Formula :
Let f(t) be a periodic function of period T. Then

T
st
ST
dt t f e
e
t Lf
0
) (
1
1
) (
Proof :
By definition, we have
L f(t) =

0 0
) ( ) ( du u f e dt t f e
su st
=
+ + + + +

+

.... ) ( ....... ) ( ) (
) 1 ( 2
0
T n
nT
su
T
T
su
T
su
du u f e du u f e du u f e
=

0
) 1 (
) (
n
T n
nT
su
du u f e
Let us set u = t + nT, then
L f(t) =

+
+
0
0
) (
) (
n
T
t
nT t s
dt nT t f e
Here
f(t+nT) = f(t), by periodic property
Hence

T
st
n
n sT
dt t f e e t Lf
0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
=

1
]
1

T
st
ST
dt t f e
e
0
) (
1
1
, identifying the above series as a geometric series.
Thus
L f(t) =

1
]
1

T
st
sT
dt t f e
e
0
) (
1
1
This is the desired result.
Examples:-
1. For the periodic function f(t) of period 4, defined by f(t) = 3t, 0 < t < 2
6 , 2 < t < 4
find L f(t)
Here, period of f(t) = T = 4
We have,
L f(t) =

1
]
1

T
st
sT
dt t f e
e
0
) (
1
1
=

1
]
1

4
0
4
) (
1
1
dt t f e
e
st
s
=
1
]
1

4
2
2
0
4
6 3
1
1
dt e dt te
e
st st
s
=
1
1
]
1

,
_

'

1
]
1

,
_

4
2
2
0
2
0
4
6 . 1 3
1
1
s
e
dt
s
e
s
e
t
e
st st st
s
=
( )
1
]
1

2
4 2
4
2 1 3
1
1
s
se e
e
s s
s
Thus,
Lf(t) =
) 1 (
) 2 1 ( 3
4 2
4 2
s
s s
e s
se e

2. A periodic function of period

2
is defined by
Esint, 0 t <

f(t) =
0 ,

2
where E and are positive constants. Show that
L f(t) =
) 1 )( (
/ 2 2 w s
e w s
E

+
Here
T =

2
. Therefore
L f(t) =

/ 2
0
) / 2 (
) (
1
1
dt t f e
e
st
s
=

/
0
) / 2 (
sin
1
1
tdt Ee
e
st
s
= { }

/
0
2 2 ) / 2 (
cos sin
1
1
]
1

t t s
s
e
e
E
st
s
=
2 2
/
) / 2 (
) 1 (
1

+
+

s
e
e
E
s
s
=
) )( 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
2 2 / /
/

+ +
+

s e e
e E
s s
s
=
) )( 1 (
2 2 /

+

s e
E
s
This is the desired result.
3. A periodic function f(t) of period 2a, a>0 is defined by
E , 0 t a
f(t) =
-E, a < t 2a
show that
L f(t) =
,
_

2
tanh
as
s
E
Here T = 2a. Therefore
L f(t) =

a
st
as
dt t f e
e
2
0
2
) (
1
1
=
1
]
1

a a
a
st st
as
dt Ee dt Ee
e
0
2
2
1
1
=
( ) [ ] ) ( 1
) 1 (
2
2
as as sa
as
e e e
e s
E

=
( ) [ ]
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
2
2
2 as as
as
as
as
e e s
e E
e
e s
E

=
,
_

1
]
1

2
tanh
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
as
s
E
e e
e e
s
E
as as
as as
This is the result as desired.
----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Step Function :
In many Engineering applications, we deal with an important discontinuous function H(t-a)
defined as follows :
0, t a
H (t-a) =
1, t > a
where a is a non-negative constant.
This function is known as the unit step function or the Heaviside function. The function is
named after the British electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside. The function is also denoted by
u(t-a). The graph of the function is shown below:
H(t-a)
1
0 a t

Note that the value of the function suddenly jumps from value zero to the value 1 as
a t

from the left and retains the value 1 for all t>a. Hence the function H(t-a) is called the unit step
function.
In particular, when a=0, the function H(t-a) become H(t), where
0 , t 0
H(t) =
1 , t > 0
Transform of step function
By definition, we have
L[H(t-a)] =

0
) ( dt a t H e
st
=

+
a
a
st st
dt e dt e
0
) 1 ( 0
=
s
e
as
In particular, we have L H(t) =
s
1
Also,
) (
1
a t H
s
e
L
as

1
]
1

and
) (
1
1
t H
s
L

,
_

Heaviside shift theorem

Statement :-
L [f(t-a) H(t-a)] = e
-as
Lf(t)
Proof :- We have
L [f(t-a) H(t-a)] =

0
) ( ) ( dt e a t H a t f
st
=

a
st
dt a t f e ) (
Setting t-a = u, we get
L[f(t-a) H(t-a)] =
du u f e
u a s
) (
0
) (

+
= e
-as
L f(t)
This is the desired shift theorem.
Also,
L
-1
[e
-as
L f(t)] = f(t-a) H(t-a)
Examples :
1. Find L[e
t-2
+ sin(t-2)] H(t-2)
Let
f(t-2) = [e
t-2
+ sin(t-2)]
Then
f(t) = [e
t
+ sint]
so that
L f(t) =
1
1
1
1
2
+
+
s s
By Heaviside shift theorem, we have
L[f(t-2) H(t-2)] = e
-2s
Lf(t)
Thus,
1
]
1

+
+

+

1
1
1
1
) 2 ( )] 2 sin( [
2
2 ) 2 (
s s
e t H t e L
s t
2. Find L(3t
2
+2t +3) H(t-1)

Let
f(t-1) = 3t
2
+2t +3
so that
f(t) = 3(t+1)
2
+2(t+1) +3 = 3t
2
+8t +8
Hence
s s s
t Lf
8 8 6
) (
2 3
+ +
Thus
L[3t
2
+2t +3] H(t-1) = L[f(t-1) H(t-1)]
= e
-s
L f(t)
=
1
]
1

+ +

s s s
e
s
8 8 6
2 3
3. Find Le
-t
H(t-2)

Let f(t-2) = e
-t
, so that, f(t) = e
-(t+2)
Thus,
L f(t) =
1
2
+

s
e
By shift theorem, we have
1
) ( )] 2 ( ) 2 ( [
) 1 ( 2
2
+

+

s
e
t Lf e t H t f L
s
s
Thus
[ ]
1
) 2 (
) 1 ( 2
+

+

s
e
t H e L
s
t
4. Let f(t) = f
1
(t) , t a
f
2
(t), t > a
Verify that
f(t) = f
1
(t) + [f
2
(t) f
1
(t)]H(t-a)
Consider
f
1
(t) + [f
2
(t) f
1
(t)]H(t-a) = f
1
(t) + f
2
(t) f
1
(t), t > a
0 , t a
= f
2
(t), t > a
f
1
(t), t a = f(t), given
Thus the required result is verified.
5. Express the following functions in terms of unit step function and hence find their
Laplace transforms.
1. t
2
, 1 < t 2
f(t) =
4t , t > 2
2. cost, 0 < t <
f(t) =
sint, t >
1. Here,
f(t) = t
2
+ (4t-t
2
) H(t-2)
Hence,
L f(t) = ) 2 ( ) 4 (
2
2
3
+ t H t t L
s
(i)
Let
(t-2) = 4t t
2
so that
(t) = 4(t+2) (t+2)
2
= -t
2
+ 4
Now,

s s
t L
4 2
) (
3
+
Expression (i) reads as
L f(t) = [ ] ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2
3
+ t H t L
s

= ) (
2
2
3
t L e
s
s

+
=
,
_

+

3
2
3
2 4 2
s s
e
s
s
This is the desired result.
2. Here
f(t) = cost + (sint-cost)H(t-)
Hence,
L f(t) = ) ( ) cos (sin
1
2
+
+
t H t t L
s
s
(ii)
Let
(t-) = sint cost
Then
(t) = sin(t + ) cos(t + ) = -sint + cost
so that
L (t) =
1 1
1
2 2
+
+
+

s
s
s
Expression (ii) reads as
L f(t) = [ ] ) ( ) (
1
2
+
+
t H t L
s
s
= ) (
1
2
t L e
s
s
s

+
+
=
1
]
1

+
+

1
1
1
2 2
s
s
e
s
s
s
---------------------------------- ---------------------------
CONVOLUTION
The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) denoted by f(t) g(t) is defined as
f(t) g(t) =

t
du u g u t f
0
) ( ) (
Property : f(t) g(t) = g(t) f(t)
Proof :- By definition, we have
f(t) g(t) =

t
du u g u t f
0
) ( ) (
Setting t-u = x, we get
f(t) g(t) =

0
) )( ( ) (
t
dx x t g x f
=

t
t f t g dx x f x t g
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
This is the desired property. Note that the operation is commutative.
Convolution theorem :-
L[f(t) g(t)] = L f(t) . L g(t)
Proof :- Let us denote
f(t) g(t) = (t) =

t
du u g u t f
0
) ( ) (
Consider

0 0
)] ( ) ( [ )] ( [
t
st
dt u g u t f e t L
=

0 0
) ( ) (
t
st
du u g u t f e
(1)
We note that the region for this double integral is the entire area lying between the lines u =0
and u = t. On changing the order of integration, we find that t varies from u to and u varies
from 0 to .
u
u=t
t=u t =
0 u=0 t
Hence (1) becomes
L[ (t)] =

0
) ( ) (
u u t
st
dtdu u g u t f e
=

'

0
) (
) ( ) ( du dt u t f e u g e
u
u t s su
=

'

0 0
) ( ) ( du dv v f e u g e
sv su
, where v = t-u
=



0 0
) ( ) ( dv v f e du u g e
sv su
= L g(t) . L f(t)
Thus
L f(t) . L g(t) = L[f(t) g(t)]
This is desired property.
Examples :
1. Verify Convolution theorem for the functions f(t) and g(t) in the following cases :
(i) f(t) = t, g(t) = sint (ii) f(t) =t, g(t) = e
t
(i) Here,
f g =

t
du u t g u f
0
) ( ) (
=

t
du u t u
0
) sin(
Employing integration by parts, we get
f g = t sint
so that
L [f g] =
) 1 (
1
1
1 1
2 2 2 2
+

s s s s
(1)
Next consider
L f(t) . L g(t) =
) 1 (
1
1
1 1
2 2 2 2
+

s s s s
(2)
From (1) and (2), we find that
L [f g] = L f(t) . L g(t)
Thus convolution theorem is verified.
(ii) Here
f g =

t
u t
du ue
0
Employing integration by parts, we get
f g = e
t
t 1
so that
L[f g] =
) 1 (
1 1 1
1
1
2 2

s s s s s
(3)
Next
L f(t) . L g(t) =
) 1 (
1
1
1 1
2 2

s s s s
(4)
From (3) and (4) we find that
L[f g] = L f(t) . L g(t)
Thus convolution theorem is verified.
2. By using the Convolution theorem, prove that

t
t Lf
s
dt t f L
0
) (
1
) (
Let us define g(t) = 1, so that g(t-u) = 1
Then


t t
g f L dt u t g t f L dt t f L
0 0
] [ ) ( ) ( ) (
= L f(t) . L g(t) = L f(t) .
s
1
Thus

t
t Lf
s
dt t f L
0
) (
1
) (
This is the result as desired.
3. Using Convolution theorem, prove that

+ +

t
u
s s
du u t e L
0
2
) 1 )( 1 (
1
) sin(
Let us denote, f(t) = e
-t
g(t) = sin t, then

t t
u
du u t g u f L du u t e L
0 0
) ( ) ( ) sin(
= L f(t) . L g(t)
=
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
2
+

+ s s
=
) 1 )( 1 (
1
2
+ + s s
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Let L f(t) = F(s). Then f(t) is defined as the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and is denoted by
L
-1
F(s). Thus L
-1
F(s) = f(t).
Linearity Property
Let L
-1
F(s) = f(t) and L
-1
G(s) = g(t) and a and b be any two constants. Then
L
-1
[a F(s) + b G(s)] = a L
-1
F(s) + b L
-1
G(s)
Table of Inverse Laplace Transforms
F(s)
) ( ) (
1
s F L t f

0 ,
1
> s
s
1
a s
a s
>

,
1
at
e
0 ,
2 2
>
+
s
a s
s Cos at
0 ,
1
2 2
>
+
s
a s a
at Sin
a s
a s
>

,
1
2 2
a
at h Sin
a s
a s
s
>

,
2 2
at h Cos
0 ,
1
1
>
+
s
s
n
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
! n
t
n
0 ,
1
1
>
+
s
s
n
n > -1
( ) 1 + n
t
n
Examples
1. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:

2 2
) (
a s
b s
ii
+
+

2 2
9
9 4
25 4
5 2
) (
s
s
s
s
iii

+
+

Here
2
5
1 1
2
1
2
5
1
2
1
5 2
1
) (
t
e
s
L
s
L i

at
a
b
at
a s
L b
a s
s
L
a s
b s
L ii sin cos
1
) (
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
+
+
+
+

+
+

9
2
9
4
4
25
2
5
4
2
9
8 4
25 4
5 2
) (
2
1
2
1
2 2
1

1
]
1

+
+

s
s
L
s
s
L
s
s
s
s
L iii

1
]
1

1
]
1

t h t h
t t
3 sin
2
3
3 cos 4
2
5
sin
2
5
cos
2
1
Evaluation of L
-1
F(s a)
We have, if L f(t) = F(s), then L[e
at
f(t)] = F(s a), and so
5 2
1
) (
s
i
L
-1
F(s a) = e
at
f(t) = e
at
L
-1
F(s)
Examples
( )
4
1
1
1 3
: Evaluate 1.
+
+

s
s
L
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4
1
3
1
4
1 -
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1 1 - 1 s 3
L Given
+

+
+ +

s
L
s
L
s
4
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
s
L e
s
L e
t t

Using the formula
get we and n taking and
n
t
s
L
n
n
, 3 2
!
1
1
1

+

3 2
3
3 2
t e t e
Given
t t

5 2s - s
2 s
L : Evaluate 2.
2
1 -
+
+


( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 1
1
3
4 1
1
4 1
3 1
4 1
2
L Given
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 -
+
+
+

1
1
]
1

+
+

+
+

s
L
s
s
L
s
s
L
s
s

4
1
3
4
2
1
2
1
+
+
+

s
L e
s
s
L e
t - t

t e t e
t t
2 sin
2
3
2 cos +
1 3
1 2
: Evaluate
2
1
+ +
+

s s
s
L
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1

+
+

+
+

4
5
1
4
5
2
4
5
1
2L Given
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
1 -
s
L
s
s
L
s
s


1
1
]
1

4
5
1
4
5
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
s
L e
s
s
L e
t t

1
]
1

t h t h e
t
2
5
sin
5
2
2
5
cos 2
2
3
s s s
s s
2
4 5 2
: Evaluate 4.
2 3
2
+
+

have we

( )
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
4 5 2
2
4 5 2
2
4 5 2
2
2
2
2 3
2

+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s s
s s
s s s
s s
s s s
s s
Then
2s
2
+5s-4 = A(s+2) (s-1) + Bs (s-1) + Cs (s+2)
For s = 0, we get A = 2, for s = 1, we get C = 1 and for s = -2, we get B = -1. Using these
values in (1), we get

1
1
2
1 2
2
4 5 2
2 3
2

+
+

+
+
s s s s s s
s s
Hence

t t
e e
s s
s s
L +
+
+
2
2 2
2
1
2
25
4 5 2
( ) ( ) 2 1
5 4
: Evaluate 5.
2
1
+ + +
+

s s
s
L
Let us take

( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
1 2 1
5 4
2 2
+
+
+
+
+

+ + +
+
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s
s
Then
4s + 5 = A(s + 2) + B(s + 1) (s + 2) + C (s + 1)
2
For s = -1, we get A = 1, for s = -2, we get C = -3
Comparing the coefficients of s
2
, we get B + C = 0, so that B = 3. Using these values in (1), we
get
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 2
3
1
3
1
1
2 1
5 4
2 2
+

+
+
+

+ + +
+
s s
s s s
s
Hence
( ) ( )
s
L e
s
L e
s
L e
s s
s
L
t t t
1
3
1
3
1
2 1
5 4
1 2 1
2
1
2
1
+
+ + +
+
t t t
e e te
2
3 3

+
4 4
3
1
: Evaluate 5.
a s
s
L

Let
) 1 (
2 2 4 4
3
a s
D Cs
a s
B
a s
A
a s
s
+
+
+
+
+

Hence
s
3
= A(s + a) (s
2
+ a
2
) + B (s-a)(s
2
+a
2
)+(Cs + D) (s
2
a
2
)
For s = a, we get A = ; for s = -a, we get B = ; comparing the constant terms, we get
D = a(A-B) = 0; comparing the coefficients of s
3
, we get
1 = A + B + C and so C = . Using these values in (1), we get
2 2 4 4
3
2
1 1 1
4
1
a s
s
a s a s a s
s
+
+
1
]
1

+
+

Taking inverse transforms, we get

[ ] at e e
a s
s
L
at at
cos
2
1
4
1
4 4
3
1
+ +

[ ] at hat cos cos
2
1
+
1
: Evaluate 6.
2 4
1
+ +

s s
s
L
Consider

( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
]
1

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + 1 1
2
2
1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 4
s s s s
s
s s s s
s
s s
s
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
1
1
1
]
1

+ +

1
]
1

+ +

1
]
1

+ + +
+ + +

4
3
1
4
3
1
2
1
1
4
3
1
4
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 4
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2 2 2
2 2
s
L e
s
L e
s s
s
L
Therefore
s s
s s s s s s s s
s s s s
t t
1
1
1
1
]
1

2
3
2
3
sin
2
3
2
3
sin
2
1
2
1
2
1
t
e
t
e
t t

,
_

,
_

2
sin
2
3
sin
3
2 t
h t
Evaluation of L
-1
[e
-as
F(s)]
We have, if Lf(t) = F(s), then L[f(t-a) H(t-a) = e
-as
F(s), and so
L
-1
[e
-as
F(s)] = f(t-a) H(t-a)
Examples
( )
4
1
2
: ) 1 (

s
e
L Evaluate
ss

Here

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 5
6
5
) ( ) (
2
6
1
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( , 5
3 5 2
4
5
1
3 2
4
1 2
4
1 1
4

t H
t e
a t H a t f
s
e
L
Thus
t e
s
L e
s
L s F L t f Therefore
s
s F a
t
s
t
t
1
]
1

+
+
+

4 1
: ) 2 (
2
2
2
1
s
se
s
e
L Evaluate
s s

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )


2 2 cos cos
2 2 2 cos sin
) 1 (
2 cos
4
) (
sin
1
1
) (
) 1 ( 2 2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
+
+

t H t t H t
t H t t H t Given
as reads relation Now
t
s
s
L t f
t
s
L t f Here
t H t f t H t f Given
Inverse transform of logarithmic and inverse functions
( ) [ ] ( ) . t tf L then F(s), f(t) L if have, We Hence s F
ds
d

( ) ) (
1
t tf s F
ds
d
L

,
_

Examples

,
_

+
+

b s
a s
L Evaluate log : ) 1 (
1

( ) ( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( )
b
e e
t f Thus
e e t f t or
e e s F
ds
d
L that So
b s a s
s F
ds
d
Then
b s a s
b s
a s
s F Let
at bt
at bt
bt at

1
]
1

1
]
1

+

+ +

,
_

+
+

1
1 1
log log log ) (
(2) Evaluate
1
L
,
_

s
a
1
tan
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

,
_

t
t
dt t f
s
s F
L
have we
s
s F
dt t f SinceL
a
at
t f
at t f t or
that so at s F
ds
d
L or
a s
a
s F
ds
d
Then
s
a
s F Let
0
1
0
1
2 2
1
, ,
sin
sin
sin
tan ) (
s
s F
of transform Inverse
Examples
( )
1
]
1

2 2
1
1
: ) 1 (
a s s
L Evaluate
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0
1
2 2
1
1
2 2
cos 1
sin 1
sin
) (
1
a
at
dt
a
at
s
s F
L
a s s
L Then
a
at
s F L t f
that so
a s
s F denote us Let
t

( )
( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
[ ]
[ ] ( ) ( )

+ +
+
+
+

+
1
]
1

t
at at
t
at -
at
t
at
at
du u g u t f t g t f s G s F L
so and s G s F t Lg t Lf
e e at
a
dt at e
a a s s
L
at e
a
dt t e
a s s
L Hence
t e
a s
L have we
a s s
L Evaluate
0
1
3
0
2 2 2
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( g(t) f(t) L
then G(s), Lg(t) and F(s) L(t) if have, We
1 2 1
1
1 1
1 1
get we this, Using
parts. by n integratio on , 1 1
1
1
1
1
: ) 2 (
theorem n convolutio using by F(s) of transform Inverse
transform Laplace inverse for n theorem convolutio the called is expression This
Examples
Employ convolution theorem to evaluate the following :
( ) ( ) b s a s
L
+ +

1
) 1 (
1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
b a
e e
b a
e
e
du e e du e e
b s a s
L
e , g(t) e f(t)
b s
s G
a s
at bt t b a
at
t
u b a at
t
bu u t a -
-bt -at

1
]
1

+ +

+

1
1
n theorem, convolutio by Therefore,
get we inverse, the Taking
1
) ( ,
1
F(s) denote us Let
0 0
1
( )
2
2 2
1
) 2 (
a s
s
L
+

( )
( )
( )
( )
a
at t
a
au at
at u
du
au at at
a
du au u t a
a
a s
s
L
at , g(t)
at
f(t)
a s
s
s G
a s
F(s)
t
t
t
-
2
sin
2
2 cos
sin
2a
1
formula angle compound using by ,
2
2 sin sin 1
cos sin
1
n theorem, convolutio by Hence
cos
a
sin
Then ) ( ,
1
denote us Let
0
0
0
2
2 2
1
2 2 2 2

1
]
1

+

+

( ) ( ) 1 1
) 3 (
2
1
+

s s
s
L

Here
1
) ( ,
1
1

2
+

s
s
s G
s
F(s)

Therefore

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] t t e t t e
e
u u
e
e du u e
s s
L
t , g(t) e f(t)
t t
t
t
u
t u t -
t
cos sin
2
1
1 cos sin
2
cos sin
2
sin
1 1
1
have we n theorem, convolutio By
sin
0
2
1

1
]
1

Assignment
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate the following :
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) 2 1
5 4
) 6 (
1
) 3 (
1
1
) 5 (
1 1
) 2 (
, ) 4 (
1 1
1
) 1 (
2
1
2
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
1
+
+
+
+ + +

+ + + +



s s
s
L
a s
L
s s
L
s s
s
L
b a
b s a s
s
L
s s
L
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
As noted earlier, Laplace transform technique is employed to solve initial-value problems. The
solution of such a problem is obtained by using the Laplace Transform of the derivatives of
function and then the inverse Laplace Transform.
The following are the expressions for the derivatives derived earlier.

(o) f - (o) f s - f(o) s - f(t) L s (t) f [ L
(o) f - f(o) s - f(t) L s (t) f L[
f(o) - f(t) L s (t)] f L[
2 3
2



Examples
1) Solve by using Laplace transform method
2 y(o) t y y , +
t
e
Taking the Laplace transform of the given equation, we get

( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) 4
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3 1 1 4 1 1 2
1
3 4 2
get we , transform Laplace inverse the Taking
1
3 4 2
1
1
2 1 s
becomes this condition, given the Using
1
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
+
1
]
1

+
+
+

1
]
1

+
+ + + +

+
+ +

+
+ +

+
+
+
+

t e
s
s
L
s
s s
L
s
s s
L t Y
s
s s
t y L
that so
s
t y L
s
t y L o y t y sL
t
This is the solution of the given equation.
Solve by using Laplace transform method :
0 ) ( ) ( , sin 3 2 ) 2 ( + o y o y t y y y
Taking the Laplace transform of the given equation, we get
[ ] [ ]
1
1
) ( 3 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
+
+
s
t y L o y t Ly s o y o sy t Ly s
Using the given conditions, we get
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
equation. given the of solution required the is This
sin 2 cos
10
1
40
1
8
1
sums, partial of method the using by
1
5
1
10
3
1
40
1
1
1
8
1
1 3 1
1 3 1
1
) (
1 3 1
1
) (
1
1
3 2 ) (
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
t t e e
s
s
s s
L
s
D Cs
s
B
s
A
L
s s s
L t y
or
s s s
t y L
or
s
s s t y L
t t
+
1
1
1
]
1

+

+
+

1
]
1

+
+
+
+
+

1
]
1

+ +

+ +

+
+

equation. integral the solve to method Transform Laplace Employ 3)

( ) ( )

+
t
0
sin l f(t) du u t u f

( ) ( )
equation. integral given the of solution the is This
2
1
1
) (
1
) (
1
) ( 1
sin ) (
1
get we here, n theorem, convolutio using By
sin
1
get we equation, given the of transform Laplace Taking
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
t
0
t
s
s
L t f or
s
s
t f L
Thus
s
t f L
s
t L t Lf
s
L f(t)
du u t u f L
s
L f(t)
+

,
_

+
+ +
+

s. transform Laplace using t any time at particle the of nt displaceme the find 10, is speed initial the and
20 at x is particle the of position initial the If t. at time particle the of nt displaceme the denotes x
where 0 25
dt
dx
6
dt
x d
equation the , satisfying path a along moving is particle A 4) (
2
2

+ + x

get we equation, the of transform Laplace the Taking
10. (o) x' 20, x(o) are conditions initial the Here
0 25x(t) (t) 6x' (t) ' x'
as rewritten be may equation Given

+ +

[ ]
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
problem. given the of solution desired the is This
2
4 sin
35 4 cos 20
16 3
1
70
16 3
3
20
16 3
70 3 20
16 3
130 20
x(t)
25 6
130 20
Lx(t)
0 130 20 25 6s s Lx(t)
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
t e
t e
s
L
s
s
L
s
s
L
s
s
L
that so
s s
s
or s
t
t

+
+ +
+
+ +
+

1
]
1

+ +
+ +

1
]
1

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +
1
]
1

L
Rt
at
e e
aL - R
E
is t any time at current
that the Show R. resistance and L inductance of circuit a to 0 at t applied is Ee A voltage (5)
-at
The circuit is an LR circuit. The differential equation with respect to the circuit is
) (t E Ri
dt
di
L +
Here L denotes the inductance, i denotes current at any time t and E(t) denotes the E.M.F.
It is given that E(t) = E e
-at
. With this, we have
Thus, we have

at
at
Ee t i R t Li
or Ee Ri
dt
di
L

+
+
) ( ) ( '

[ ] [ ] ( ) or E R
at
+ e L (t) i' L (t) i' L L
T T T
get we sides, both on ) ( transform Laplace Taking
T
L
[ ] [ ]
a s
E t i L R o i t i L s L
T T
+
+
1
) ( ) ( ) (

[ ]
( ) ( )
) )( (
) ( get we , L transform inverse Taking
) (
) ( get we o, i(o) Since
1 1 -
T
R sL a s
E
L t i
R sL a s
E
t i L
or
a s
E
R sL t i L
T
T
T
+ +

+ + +

+
+

desired. as result the is This
) (
1 1
1 1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

L
Rt
at
T T
e e
aL R
E
t i
Thus
R sL
L L
a s
L
aL R
E
1. y(o) 2, with x(o) 0 9
dt
dy

, 0 4
dt
dx
given t of in terms y and for x equations us simultaneo the Solve ) 6 (

+
x
y
Taking Laplace transforms of the given equations, we get

[ ]
[ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( 9
0 ) ( 4 x(o) - Lx(t) s
+
+
o y t Ly s t x L
t Ly
get we , conditions initial given the Using

1 ) ( 5 ) ( 9
2 ) ( 4 ) (
+
+
t y L t x L
t y L t x L s
get we Ly(t), for equations these Solving

36
18
2
+
+

s
s
L y(t)
that so

t t
s s
s
L y(t)
6 sin 3 6 cos
36
18
36
2 2
1
+
1
]
1

+
+
+

(1)
get we , 0 9
dt
dy
in this Using x

[ ] t t 6 cos 18 6 sin 6
9
1
x(t) +

or

[ ] t t 6 sin 6 cos 3
3
2
x(t)
(2)
(1) and (2) together represents the solution of the given equations.
Questions
Employ Laplace transform method to solve the following initial value problems
( )
( )
( )

+
+
+
+ +

,
_

+
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+

t
t
u
t
t
f du u u t f t t f
du e u t f t f
y y t H y y
y y t y y y
y y t y y
y y t t y y y
y y e y y y
y y e y y y
y y y given y y y y
0
0
2
2
2
4 ) 0 ( , cos ) ( ' ) 9
2 1 ) ( ) 8
1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 7
1 ) 1 ( , 3 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 6
1
2
, 1 ) 0 ( , 2 cos 9 ) 5
0 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( , 2 2 2 2 3 ) 4
) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( , 3 4 ) 3
1 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( , 6 5 ) 2
6 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( 0 2 2 ) 1

any time. at current the find initially, zero is current the If 0. at t applied is
sin voltage a circuit, R - L an In 11)
t. any time at nt displaceme the
find rest, at initially is particle the If . 5 sin 80 5
dt
dx
4
dt
x d

equation by the governed is t any time at point fixed a
from nt x displaceme its that so line a along moves particle A ) 10
2
2

+ +
t E
t x

3 ) 0 ( , 8 ) 0 ( , 2
dt
dy
, 2 3
dt
dx
) 15
3 ) 0 ( , 8 ) 0 ( , 2
dt
dy
, 3 2
dt
dx
) 14
0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( , sin
dt
dy
,
dt
dx
) 13
0 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( , cos
dt
dy
, sin
dt
dx
12)
:
+ +

+
+ +
y x y x x y
y x x y y x
y x t x e y
y x t x t y
t
t of terms in y and x
for equations al differenti us simultaneo following the Solve