Chapter 3

Section 1: Scalar - a physical quality that has magnitude but no direction. Vector - a physical quality that has both magnitude and direction. Resultant - a vector that represents the sum of two or more vectors. Vector sum the direct sum of displacement. A vector can be drawn anywhere in the diagram as long as the vector is parallel to its previous alignment (so that it still points in the same direction). Resultant vector can be drawn from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last vector. This method is known as the triangle or polygon method of addition. The vector sum of two or more vectors is the same regardless of the order in which the vectors are added, provided that the magnitude and direction of each magnitude be the same. Section 2: The magnitude of vertical displacement is y. The magnitude of horizontal displacement is x. Pythagorean Theorem ( ). The inverse tangent function can be used to find the angle, which denotes the direction of displacement. = Components of a vector the projections of a vector along the axes of a coordinate system. Any vector can be completely described by a set of perpendicular components. Resolving a vector allows you to analyze motion in each direction. Section 3: When an object is propelled into the air in a direction other than straight up or down, the velocity, acceleration, and displacement of the object do not all point in the same direction. Projectile Motion the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of the Earth. Projectiles objects that are thrown or launched into the air and are subject to gravity. The path of a projectile curve is called a parabola. If two objects are dropped one launched horizontally and the other going straight down both will hit the ground at the same time. Vertical motion of an object that falls from rest: o Vfy = ayt o Vfy2 = 2ayy o y = ay (t)2 Horizontal motion of a projectile: o Vx = Vix = constant x = Vxt

 In any time interval, the launched ball undergoes the same vertical displacement as the ball that falls straight down. For this reason, both balls reach the ground at the same time. Projectiles launched at an angle: o Vx = Vix = Vi cos = constant x = (Vi cos) t o Vfy= Vi sin + ayt o Vfy2= Vi2 (sin)2 + 2ayy o y = (Vi sin) t + ay (t)2 Section 4: Velocity measures differ in different frames of reference.