Exp.No.

14

BLOCK CODE GENERATION

AIM: To simulate Block codes using Matlab REQUIREMENTS: Personal computer MATLAB 7

THEORY: A block code is a code in which k bits or more generally symbols are input and n bits are output. We designate the code as an (n; k) code. Each message of n symbols associated with a with each input block is called a codeword. We could, in general, simply have a lookup table with k inputs and n outputs. However, as k gets large, this quickly becomes infeasible. A block code C of length n with 2k codewords is called a linear (n; k) code if and only if its 2k code words form a k-dimensional subspace of the vector space of all n-tuples. More generally, with a bigger field, a block code C of length n with qk is called a linear (n; k) code if and only if its qk code words form a k-dimensional subspace of the vector space of all n-tuples .

PROGRAM: clc; clear; w=[1 0 0 0 1 0]; fprintf(The original code is:); disp(w); P=[1 1 0; 0 1 1; 0 0 1]; I=[1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]; pt=P`; H=[pt,I];

ht=H; disp(ht); for(i=1:3) s1=0; for(j=1:6) s1xor(s1,ht(j,i)*w(j)); end s(i)=s1; end fprint(The syndrome is:); disp(s); for(k=1:6); if(s==ht(k,:)) temp=k; end end fprintf(The error is in the position %d\n,temp); w(temp)=xnor(w(temp),1); disp(Corrected code is:); disp(w)

OUTPUT The original code is: 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0

The syndrome is:

The error is in the position 4 Corrected code is: 1 0 0 1 1 0

Result: Block code is generated using Matlab

Exp.No. 13

PN SEQUENCE GENERATION

AIM: To simulate PN Sequence using Matlab REQUIREMENTS: Personal computer MATLAB 7

THEORY: The PN Sequence Generator block generates a sequence of pseudorandom binary numbers. A pseudo noise sequence can be used in a pseudorandom scrambler and descrambler. It can also be used in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system.The schematic of the pseudorandom sequence generator is shown below. All adders perform addition modulo 2.

All M registers in the generator update their values at each time step. The state of each switch is defined by the generator polynomial, which is a polynomial in z-1 having binary coefficients. The constant term of the generator polynomial must be 1. You can specify the Generator polynomial parameter using either of these formats:

A vector of coefficients of the polynomial, starting with the constant term and proceeding in order of increasing powers of z-1. The first and last elements must be 1. A vector containing the exponents of z (not z-1) for the nonzero terms of the polynomial. The first element must be zero.

For example, p = [1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1] and p = [0 -6 -8] represent the same polynomial p(z) = 1 + z-6 + z-8. It is very important that the Initial states parameter have a suitable value. The initial state of at least one of the registers must be nonzero in order to generate a nonzero sequence. The length of the Initial states vector must equal the order of the generator polynomial, and its elements must be binary numbers. If the Generator polynomial parameter is a vector that lists the coefficients in order, then the order of the generator polynomial is one less than the vector length.

PROGRAM:

clc; clear; x=input(Enter the Number of Registers:); len=(2^x)-1; fprintf(\nInital state of the Registers:); for i=1:x if(i==1) r(i)=1; else r(i)=0; end fprintf(\t%d,r(i)); end

%Balance property% ones=0; zeros=0; for i=1:len if(p(i)==1) ones=ones+1; else zeros=zeros+1; end

end if(ones>zeros) fprintf(\n\nBalance property is satisfied\n); else fprintf(\n\nBalance property is not satisfied\n); end

%run length property% Run=0; for j=1(len-1) if(p(j)~=p(j+1)) run=run+1; end end frprintf(\n no of runs=%d\n,run); if(run==(2^(x-1))) fprintf(\nRun length property is satisfied); else fprintf(\nRun length property is not satisfied); end

%Autocorrelation property% temp=p(len); fprintf(\n\nPN Sequence after shifting:); output=p;

for j=len:-1:2 output(j)=output(j-1); end output(1)=temp; fprintf(\t%d,output); agree=0; disagree=0; for j=1:len if(output(j)==p(j)) agree=agree+1; else disagree=disagree+1; end end if(disagree>agree) fprintf(\n\nAuto correlation property is satisfied\n); else fprintf(\n\nAuto correlation property is not satisfied\n); end Output 1 Enter the Number of Registers:3 Initial state of the Registers: 1 PN Sequence : 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Balance property is statisfied

No of runs=3 Runs length property is not satisfied PN Sequence after shifting: 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Auto correlation property is satisfied Output 2 Enter the Number of Registers:4 Initial state of the Registers: 1 PN Sequence :0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Balance property is satisfied No of runs=7 Runs length property is not satisfied PN Sequence after shifting:1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Auto correlation property is satisfied

Result: PN sequence is generated using Matlab