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FLOW OF STEAM IN NOZZLES NATURE OF PROCESS IN AN IDEAL NOZZLEFUNDAMENTAL ENERGY RELATION (Assume Frictionless, Adiabatic Flow)
Infinite Reservoir
P0 , v0 , T0 , V0
P , v1 , T1 , V1 1
h0 +
V02 V2 = h1 + 1 2 2
V12 Vo2 = ho h1 2
where V = absolute velocity
ho h1 = hs = Available energy
Now consider the reservoir - (stagnation condition)
VR = 0 Vo2 2
hR + 0 = h0 +
V02 V2 = hR h0 = hs and hR = ho + 0 2 2
VELOCITY OF FLOW and QUANTITY DISCHARGED If initial K.E.can be neglected:
V12 = h0 h1 2
G=
V1 = 223.8kn ho h1 & Q = AV = mv & mv A= V v Now, for constant flow, the area will depend on the ratio . As the steam expands through the nozzle V
both v and V will increase.
Calculations for Nozzle with Ideal Frictionless Steam Flow Start with steam at 100 psia and 440 F expanding through a nozzle to P1 = 90 psia and let
& m = 1lbm / s.
( 1) lbm ( 5.62) ft
s lbm
If the calculation is repeated using a drop from 100 to 80 psia, A will found to be following table for additional calculations.
NOZZLE CALCULATIONS P1 100 90 80 70 60 55 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 h1 1248.6 1238.2 1227.5 1215 1201.8 1194.2 1186.5 1168.9 1147.1 1117.5 1069.8 1026.1 973 936 del hs 0 10.4 21.1 33.6 46.8 54.4 62.1 79.7 101.5 131.1 178.8 222.5 275.6 312.6 C1 0 721 1028 1296 1529 1649 1763 1996 2253 2561 2991 3336 3714 3956 v1 5.2 5.62 6.16 6.8 7.67 8.2 8.81 10.45 13.5 19.24 35.67 65.6 149 279 A (in2) 1.122 0.864 0.756 0.722 0.716 0.72 0.755 0.863 1.082 1.718 2.83 5.77 10.17 D (in) 1.195 1.049 0.981 0.959 0.955 0.958 0.98 1.049 1.174 1.479 1.899 2.711 3.6
MINIMUM SECTION OR THROAT OF NOZZLE Variations in Nozzle Area and Form; Variations in Flow Consider a valve in the exit line. As the valve is opened, P1 will drop and m will increase until P1 55 psia . At that point, a maximum flow is reached which is not exceeded no matter how low the final pressure is made. The flow will always reach a maximum at P / P 1 0 however, do not apply completely if there is a divergent section beyond the minimum diameter or if the entrance is not well rounded. For an orifice plate, the flow continues to increase as P is lowered. 1
1.0
r =P1/P0
~0.5
Flow of an Ideal Gas; Critical Pressure Rate The critical pressure ratio is the value of
r=
=0
V12 = uo u1 + Po vo Pv1 1 2
Noting that
k but, v1 = P0 v0 P 1
and
r=
P1 P0
; therefore,
k 1 V12 k = Po v0 1 r k 2 k 1
2k V1 = P0 vo 1 r k 1
k 1 k
2r
2 k k
( k + 1) r k = 0 r r
1 k 2 k k
2 ( k + 1)
k 1 k
=0
2 ( k + 1) r r
= 0 ; and, finally: = 2 k +1
k 1 k
2 k 1 rcr = k + 1 rrc = 0.527 For superheated steam k 1.28; rcr = 0.546 For dry, saturated steam k 1135 ; rcr 0.577 .
For air k=1.41; Critical Velocity
k 1 V12 k = P0v0 1 r k 2 k 1 2 Vcr k = P0 v0 2 k +1
Vcr =
If k=1.4 and R=53.34 ft-lbf/lbm- 0 R:
2k 2k P0 v0 = RT0 k +1 k +1
Vcr = 44.75 T0
Velocity of Sound
k k Pcr v cr = P0 v o ; therefore:
P P0 v 0 = Pcr v cr cr P0
1 k k
= Pcr v cr ( r cr )
1 k k
Useful Relations For superheated steam (and approximately for saturated steam):
Po v0
for
P 0.547 P0 1
P0 v0
for
mmax =
0.410 Acr P0 T0
and
All of the foregoing equations hold where r < critical. For r > critical,
m = 139 A .
P0 1.539 ( r r 1.770 ) v0
Nozzle Velocity Coefficient, kn The following empirical formula based on experimental results was adapted from Church.2
x = Vs1 /1000 .
V1 = knVs1 .
DESIGN OF IDEAL STEAM NOZZLES Convergent Nozzle
& m = 1.60lbm / s; P0 = 130 psia; P = 106; psia; T0 = 420 o F ; s0 = 1.6309 Btu / lbm / o R 1 Pcr = ( 130 ) ( 0.546 ) = 71.0 psia , which is less than 106 psia; therefore, a convergent nozzle is indicated. h0 h1 = 1233.5 1215.1 = 18.4 Btu / lbm available energy Vs1 = 223.8 18.4 = 960 ft / s isentropic velocity As1 = & mv1 ( 1.60 ) ( 4.508 ) = = 1.082in2 isentropic area Vs1 ( 960 )
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle At the throat:
2
hs = h0 hst = 1233.5 1181.2 = 52.3Btu / lbm Vst = 223.8 52.3 = 1618 ft / s Ast =
At the exit: Let
P = 16 psia; Pt = Pcr = 71.0 psia; vst = 22.703 ft 3 / lbm 1 hs = 1233.5 1071.6 = 161.9 Btu / lbm Vs1 = 223.8 161.9 = 2848 ft / s As1 =
= 1.837in 2
EFFECT OF NOZZLE FRICTION ON THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Entropy is increased. Available energy is decreased. Velocity of flow at throat is decreased. Volume of flowing steam is decreased. Throat area necessary to discharge a given mass of steam is increased.
DESIGN OF ACTUAL NOZZLES Extending the previous calculations: Convergent Nozzle (Vs1 =960 ft/s; kn = 0.965)
V1 = Vs1 n = 223.8kn hs = ( 223.8 ) ( 0.965) 18.4 = 926 ft / s h1 = h0 n hs = 1233.5 ( 0.956 ) ( 18.4 ) = 1216.4 Btu / lbm
2
A1 =
= 1.13in 2
ht = 1233.5 ( 0.965) At =