AP Physics B Review ASBWIN }AC0B

Exam1
Kinematics
Definition:TheDescriptionofMotion
Projectileanobjectthatsinfluencedbygravityandinmotion
o Horizontalandverticalcomponentsareindependent
o Thehorizontalcomponentofthevelocityremainconstant
o Theverticalcomponenthasaconstantaccelerationofgor9.8m/s
2

o Onlytheverticalcomponentofvelocity,atitsmaximumheight,isequaltozero
i Kinemat cFormulas
1) : =
d
t

: =
v
]
+
2
2)

o =
Av
At
=
v
]
t
-
i
3)
4) 2 ot x
]
= x

+:

t +1
2
:
]
2
= :

2
+ 2o
Acceleration()istheratethatvelocitychange
orchangeofmotion
positiveandwhatdirectionis
forvelocityoffreefallingobject: = gy
5) x

o Occurswhenthereisachangeofspeed
Whendoingprojectileproblems,itisyourchoiceonwhatdirectionis
2
negative
Shortcut
phisthedistance
omA(1
st
point)toxaxis,ithasanegativevelocity(backward)andsincebelowxaxisit

AnalyzingGraphs
o AreaofGra
o GraphB
Fr
isnegativedistance
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.00 5.00 15.00 25.00
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
Time
Line1
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
0 5 10 15
Line2
Series1
Exam2
Vectors
Vectors
o
Scalars
o
Vector
o
o
o
o
****DegreeMode****
Quantitiesthatrequirebothsize(magnitude)anddirection
Velocity,Displacement,andForce
MagnitudeOnly
Volume,Mass,Distance,Speed
Equations
x = R cos 0
y = R sin 0
x = A
x
-B
x

= x
2
+y
2

0 = tan
-1
(

x
o
N
A
A
A
40
o
30
o
B
B
B
E
S
W
)
o
N o w
Pluginthevaluesinto
the1
st
and2
nd
equations
togetthexandyvaluesof
AandB.Fromthere,you
Cansolveforanythingyou
Want

VectorRules
o IfthetwoXsorYsaregoinginthesamedirection,thenaddthe
o IfthetwoXsorYsaregoingintheoppositedirection,subtractthe
fro thesmallerxvalueoryvalue(thedirectionitwillbeheading
o btractingVectors
A

-B

VectorExample
-=Sum 4u
o
N of E
A
o
o
B
- = 2um Su

xvectorsoryvectorsvector
biggerxvalueoryvalue
isthebigvaluesdirection) m
= A

+(-B

Su
)
JusttheoppositeofB=SameAngle Meter,DifferentDirection
TwoDimensionKinematics
Thehorizontalandverticalmotionsofaprojectileareindependentofoneanother
,Same
F
g

0
0
F
N

Newtons
ofmass(kg)
Newtons Law
o An e
willremaininmotioninastraightlineataconstantspeedunlessacted
Force(pushorpull)
F
nct
= mo
TwothingstoRememb
Equation
nMUSThavethesamedirection!!!

lighter
G
RightPicture(ColorCoded)
o F
g
(Weight)
F (Peipenuiculai to Inline)= mgcos0
] N
Cocicont o Friction)
FrictionopposesMotion
o F
N
=F

o F
P
=mgsin0 (paralleltoincline;alwaysgoesdownhill)
aNetforceofZERO
Ex 3
Circular
rce:InwardForceNeededtomaintaincircularmotion
o F
c
=
m
2

ChangedEquations
o y
]
= y

+:

t +
1
2
, ot
2

o x = : t
o StillNeedtoconsidertheangles
FirstLaw(LawofInertia)
toresistchangeintheirmotion Inertiatendencyofanobject
o Dependsontheamount
First
obj ctatrestwillremainatrest
o Anobjectinmotion
uponaNetExternal
NewtonsSecondLaw
o
o er

Vector
NetForceandAcceleratio
o F = mg(DefinitionofWeight)
2
Forceismeasuredinkg*m/s orNewton
ElevatorProblem
upwards,youfeelheavier o Ifaccelerating
o Ifacceleratingdownwards,youfeel
LeftPicture
o F
N
isyoursupporting

Force(NormalForce)
F =F o
N
o

o F = pF (p =
ObjectatrestormovingatconstantVelocityhave
am
Motion
o CentripetalFo

CentripetalAcceleration:Thechangeindirectionproducedbyacentralforce
o

Thecentripetalforceisnotaspecialkindofforce;ther verlabelaforceonafree
ascentripetal.Thecentripetalforceis
mal,etc.
MinimumSpeedtogoaroundonce
o : =

rg
eforene
providedbythecomponentoftheforcethatisdirected
bodydiagram
towardsthecenterofthecircularpathe.g.friction,tension,gravity,nor

ticalCircle
Top=Light
m=Heavy

ofthedisplacementandthecomponentoftheforceinthedirectionofthe
w = F x
FistheSumoftheForces
o Fandxmustgointhesamedirection
Area istheworkdone
nt
ched
lEnergy KineticEnergy
Ver
o
o Botto
Work
Definition:The product
displacement.(UnitsJoules)

o
o The

WorkandEnergyandScalarQuantities
Work/EnergyTheorem
o w = E
GraphofForceandDistance
o underneath
SpringForce
o F
s
= kx
K=SpringC o onsta
o X=distancestret
Potentia
u
c
=
1
2
, kx
2
SpringStretched K =
1
2
, m:
2

u
g
= mgyVertical
PendulumProblem
o cos0 =
-

PositiveandNegativeWork
o Forceactingonanobjecthasthesamedirectionasdisplacement=+W
onanobjecthastheoppositedirectionasdisplacement=W
!!
tentialEnergy,thenincludePotentialEnergy
ctisinmotionatthepoint,thenincludekineticEnergy
aspring,thenuseonlyequationsrelatedtospring
x
o Force acting
MechanicalEnergy=Constant
o IfobjectisabovethezerolineofPo
o Ifobje
o Ifobjectis
w
P
= F
]
-
DO TIME
Power
Defin teatwhichworkisdone
NOTNEEDMASSALLTHE
ition:Thera
P =
w
t

Exam4
NewtonsUniversalLawofEnergy
F
g
= 0(
m
1
m
2
r
2
)

r=distanceapartfromthecenter(m
1
andm
2
)
Gravity=Forcebetweenobjects
Every tracts masses
sLaw
o PlanetsRevolvearoundthesuninellipsiss
SecondLaw
o Lawofequalareas
o Speedsoftheplanetsintheirorbits
ThirdLaw
o g =

2
massat other
G=6.67*10
11
Nm
2
/(kg)
2

Kepler
FirstLaw


uM

g=accelerationonanyplanet
M=Massofobjectin?
o : = _
um

m=mass
v= orbitalspeed
ofstationaryobject
2
=
4n
2

3
uM
o I
r=meters
object
uM
T=Period(Sec.)

M=stationary
SolarSystemConstant=
4n
2

Mome
P

ntum

= m:
o P=momentum= kg(ms)
o Wiite Positive oi Negative Sign to show specific uiiection because it is a vectoi
F
nct

=
P
t

ntum changes
ei
Enei Nomentum
o A foice is the iate mome
o Foice get biggei when time gets small
gy
w = E Impulsc = P
w = F

x I = F

t
Aiea unue ement is woi i giaph foi FoiceBisplac k Aiea unuei FoiceTime uiaph is Implulse
Newtons
Forevery oppositereaction
Howtoform theConstructionofMomentum
ThirdLaw
action,thereisanequaland
ulate
o F

= -F
2

o P = -P
o
1 2
P
1
+P
2
=0
o P = P
]

Inelast
yNEVERASSUME
o n gyisconservedonlyinelastic
icCollisionAnycollisionwhereK
i
>K
f

CollisionAcollisionthatconservesKineticEnerg
me tumisconservedinallcollisionsystems.Kinetic
Elastic
M ener collisions.
en
tofind
giveyo
[
2m
m
1
Ballistic P dulum
K=U
g

Findv
PlugintotheConstructionofMomentum
leofthemanytheycan
massofbullet
u Thisisoneexamp
ElasticCollision
:
2
i
=
1
+m
2
:
1
i

m
1
-m
m
1
:
i
= [
2
1
+m
2
:
1
Onethatismoving=m
1

atisnot=m
2
Oneth
Exam5
Fluid
P
P =
A
=
N
m
2
= PoNotaVector.Itisascalarquantity.
Canonlyusetwounits
ofafluid
enuent of the shape oi aiea of the containei
nsity =
m
v
PI = nRI
Pa&m
3

Atm&L
P
]
=
]
gb
Fluiu piessuie is inuep
Pressure
Be
Ga P
f
Pressure
a
ugePressure onlybyfluid
Absolutepressureise l othegaugepressureplustheatmosphericpressure
gainstgravity)F
B

=
qu
r
t
BuoyantForceisupwa ds(a

=
]
gI
s

Submerged
Itisavector
V
S
=VolumeofObject
Definition:WeightofFluiddisplacedbyObject
PleaseNotethatyoucanthinkof
fobject
A
F
g
=
o
gI
1

p
o
=densityo
Dynamic ds
EquationofContinuity
Flui
1
:
1 2
:
FlowRa
= A
2
t
A :
e

1 1
m
2
-
m
s

3

m
s

s
,

I

Bernoulli'sEquation:Thenetworkdoneonafluidisequaltothechangesinkineticandpotentialenergyof

P + , : +gy = P + , :
2
+gy
2

Pressure=1atm
sbetweenthetwofluidsareveryclose,thentheycanbesettozero
g.: = 2gy
thefluidintermsofquantitiespervolume.
1 2 1 2
1
2
1 1 2
2
AnyTimefluidisexposedtoairthe
Ifthedistance
waterisleakingthenyoucanfindvelocityusin If
Exam ics
on
Increase
etalsatarate
xpa i
I =I
0
I

a. n=moles
i. 8.31J/(mol*K)
0821(atm*L)/(mol*K)
tempScale
C+273
6ThermoDynam
Thermoexpansi
ofatemperatureonobject
Expandingofm
LinearE ns on

IdealGasLaw
1. PI = nRI
b. ValueofR
ii. 0.
c. TAlwaysuseKelvinfor
i. ___
o
K=___
o
2. n - N
A
= N
Coefficie
Expansion
ntofLinear
1/c
o
or
o
c
1

o
C!!!
a. n=#ofmoles
b. N
A
=Avogadros#=6.022*10
23

c. N=#ofMolecules
S. PI = NkI
a. k = BoltzmannsConstant=1.38*
KineticTheory
Kinetictheoryrelatestheaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesinagastothetemperatureofthegasin
Kelvin
10
23
J/ K
|m: ]sameasP =
2
3

2
=
1
3
P
N N
v v
K

kI =
S
2
,
: = _
3k1
m

ms
m=m
r.m.s=root e
i.e.O
2
2(diatomic)
a s f inglemolecule

s o s
ansquare
=16 / a l )
to isthe value
m
g
Changed
mol(Periodic T b e * =21g/molThendivideby1000thendividebyN
A

Kgwhich youneedform
ics
=
InternalEnergyofGas
stLa fT
w
eONtheSystem
nisImportantsoalwaysputa+or
PVDiagrams
(1) Isobaric r cessProcesswhenPressureisconstant
(2) Isometric(Isochoric)ProcessOccursatConstantVolume
. u =
Isothermal ocessConstantTemperature
2

Therm
u

Fir
alEnergy/LawofThermodynam
S
2
,
wo hermodynamics
= -
NkI
u
Workisdon
w = PI
TheSig
P o
a
(3) Pr
a. Everywhere,V
1
P
1
=P
2
V
b. w = nRI ln [
v
]
v
i

c. PI ln _
I
_ _Sameasabove
d. w
I
]
w =
=

(4) AdiabaticPressure
a. =
Complete ycle
b. TotalfordeltaQ=W
alforW=+
Carnot n
c
+ w

Carnotcyclesinvolveonlyisothermalandadiabaticprocesses.TodeterminetheefficiencyusetheKelvin
temper t resofthereservoirs.
in The PerfectCycle
e =
w

h
u
b. u = -w
(5) C
a. TotalfordeltaU=0
c. Tot
d. PayAttentiontoDirection

h
=
Engi e

a u
CarnotEng e=
= 1 -

c

h
Efficiencyofanyengine
Carnot imumEfficiency)e = 1 -
1
c
1
h
Efficiencyof (max

(GasDoestheWork)
Basicmeasureofdisorder

NegativeWork
(1) w = -(PI)
(2) u = + w
(S) W = -nRTln _
v
I
v
I
, _
Entropy
Entropyoftheuniverseisalways+
A
s =
1

s=entropy

1
c
Q=changeinentropy
T=Kelvin

c
=
1
H

1CarnotCycleOnlyAdia
andIsothermal
Watt=(J/S)=Energy/Time=P
(Didntknowwheretoputthis)
batic