Name __Savannah Scheyer, period 4____________ Date __4-30-12________

Chapter 19 Air Pollution

I. Briefly Define the following Key Term: acid deposition (p. 447) Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic

acid rain (p. 447) Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakesair pollution (p. 441) pollution of the

atmosphereatmosphere (p. 440) The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planetbuffer (p. 447) A person or thing that prevents incompatible or antagonistic people or things from coming into contact with or harming each other carbon dioxide (CO2) (p. 442) A gas consisting of one part carbon and two parts oxygen released during fermentation carbon monoxide (CO) (p. 442) Colorless, odorless, nonirritating but highly toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuel, incineration of biomass or solidchronic bronchitis (p. 455) a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flowClean Air Acts (p. 457) A Clean Air Act is one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollutiondry deposition (p. 447) the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaceselectrostatic precipitator (p. 459) A device that removes suspended dust particles from a gas or exhaust by applying a high-voltage electrostatic chargeemphysema (p. 455) A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.formaldehyde (p. 453) A colorless pungent gas, CH2O, in solution made by oxidizing methanolgray-air smog (p. 445) dense, visible air pollutionindustrial smog (p. 444) pollution produced by industries composed mostly of particulate matter and sulfur oxides produced primarily by the burning of coallung cancer (p. 455) carcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancernitric acid (HNO3) (p. 443) Produced by an ammonia oxidation processnitrogen dioxide (NO3) (p. 443) a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogennitrogen oxides (p. 443) any of several oxides of nitrogen formed by the action of nitric acid on oxidizable materialsoutput approach (p. 462) trying to make the most of an item possible, regardless of circumstance or consequenceozone (O3) (p. 444) bluish gas that is harmful to breathe, consisting of three bound atoms of oxygenozone layer (p. 441) A layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 10 km (6.2 miles) containing a high concentration of ozone photochemical smog (p. 444) Smog is a type of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fogprimary pollutants (p. 441) a pollutant which is emitted directly into the airRadon-222 (p. 444) The most stable radon isotopesecondary pollutants (p. 441) a pollutant which results from a chemical reaction between a primary pollutant and some other substancesick-building syndrome (p. 452) A condition affecting office

workers, typically marked by headaches and respiratory problemsstratosphere (p. 441) The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surfacesulfur dioxide (SO2) (p. 444) Polluting, colorless gas with a choking odor produced by burning fossil fuelsulfuric acid (H2SO4) (p. 444) a highly corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxidesuspended particulate matter (p. 444) Particulates, alternatively known to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles and also called soot, are tiny subdivisionstemperature inversion (p. 446) In meteorology, an inversion is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitudetroposphere (p. 440) The lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 610 kmultrafine particles (p. 444) nanoscale, less than 100 nanometers. There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPsvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) (p. 444) Organic chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as gases in the airwet deposition (p. 447) Deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaceswet scrubber (p. 459) The term Wet scrubber describes a variety of devices that remove pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams II. Answer the following Questions: 1. Draw and describe the structure of the atmosphere being sure to include troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, showing approximate thicknesses. The smallest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the earths surface about 6-10 km. The next layer is the stratosphere, which extends from 10-50 km. The next layer is the mesosphere, which extends from about 50-90 km.

2.

Summarize ways in which humans disrupt Earth's major gaseous nutrient cycles.

Humans can disrupt the cycles through the over extensive creation of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The atmosphere consists of several layers with different temperatures, pressures, and composition. About 75-80% of the earth's air mass is found in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere and extends from 11-30 miles above the earth's surface. The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. Within the mesosphere, temperature decreases with increasing altitude. This is due to decreasing solar heating and increasing cooling by CO2 radioactive emission. The thermosphere is the biggest, where ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. The International Space Station has a stable orbit within the upper part of the thermosphere, between 320 and 380 kilometers. Auroras also occur in the thermosphere.

3.

Distinguish between the following terms: A. primary pollutant and secondary pollutant Primary pollutants: harmful substances emitted directly into the air. Secondary pollutants: new pollutants formed by primary pollutants B. stationary source and mobile source Stationary sources: are pollutants that are from the same area Mobile sources are pollutants that accumulate from various areas and move around C. photochemical smog and industrial smog Photochemical smog: mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of UV radiation from the sun. Industrial smog consists mostly of sulfur dioxide, aerosols containing suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended solid particles.

4.

Fill in the chart below for the 7 major classes of primary outdoor pollutants (see pages 442 444). NAME DESCRIPTION Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, both colorless, odorless gases Colorless gas SOURCE Combustion of carboncontaining material/ natural carbon cycle Forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in engines Colorless gas with an Natural resources in the irritating odor troposphere and human sources, combustion of sulfurcontaining coal in plants A variety of solid particles 62% comes from natural and liquid droplets small and sources (dust, wild fires, sea light enough to remain salt nuclei) 38% from humans suspended in the air (plowing, road construction, smoking, plants, cars) Colorless and highly reactive Photochemical smog gas Organic compounds that exist as gases in the air Colorless and odorless gas Emitted by the leaves of plants, wetlands, and termites Found in soil and rocks EFFECTS Reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen to body cells and tissues Irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; aggravate asthma and bronchitis Damage crops, trees, soils, and aquatic life in lakes Death and aggravation of the nose and throat, lungs, asthma, bronchitis, and shorten life, reproductive problems, cancer Coughing or breathing problems, reduce resistance to colds and pneumonia, irritate the eyes, nose, and throat High levels cause dizziness, unconsciousness, and death Lung cancer

Carbon Oxides Nitrogen Oxides and nitric acid Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid Particulates

Ozone

Volatile organic compounds Radon

4.

Define acid deposition. Identify the level of risk that acid deposition creates for ecological systems and for human health. .List six strategies to prevent acid deposition.

Acid deposition or acid rain has a pH below 5.6 and is a regional, not local air pollution problem. It is made up of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates that can react in the atmosphere to produce acidic chemicals that descend onto the earth's surface in the form or either dry or wet deposition. The level of risk that acid deposition creates for ecological systems and for human health are that it can exacerbate respiratory disease, kill fish, deplete plant nutrients in soils, harm plants and crops, lower atmospheric visibility, and attack metallic and stone objects. An example of the complexities of interactions which can be set in motion by acid deposition is when sulfur compounds react with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide and this can be converted to droplets of sulfuric acid. Six strategies to prevent acid deposition are to reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency burn low- sulfur coal, increase our use of natural gas, reduce our use of coal, and add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes. 5. List the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants, the potential health effects of each, and strategies for dealing with each. According to the EPA and public health officials, the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants in developed countries are tobacco smoke (threat: lung cancer, respiratory ailments, heart disease); formaldehyde found in a variety of building materials and household products (threat: irritation of eyes, throat, skin, and lungs; nausea; dizziness); radioactive radon-222 gas (threat: lung cancer) that can seep into houses from underground rock deposits; and very small fine and ultrafine particles (threat: irritated lungs, asthma attacks, itchy eyes, runny nose, lung disease). 6. Briefly describe how air pollution affects human health, plants, aquatic life, and materials. Indoor air pollution is a much greater threat to human health than outdoor pollution. The EPA placed indoor pollution at the top of the list of 18 sources of cancer risk- causing 6000 premature cancer deaths a year. Danish and EPA studies have linked various air pollutants found in buildings to health effects, known as the sick-building syndrome (SBS).

7.

Summarize the Clean Air Act. List six criticisms that environmentalists make about the Clean Air Act.

Clean Air Act is one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution. -Rely on cleanup rather than prevention -Congress has failed to increase fuel efficiency standards -Regulation of emissions from two cycle gasoline engines remain inadequate -There is little or no regulation of air pollution from the oceangoing ships in American ports -Airports are exempt from air pollution regulations -There is a need for better enforcement 8. List four prevention strategies and three cleanup strategies to reduce emissions from stationary sources of air pollution. Prevention strategies:

-burn low-sulfur coal -Remove sulfur from coal -convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel -Shift to less polluting fuels Clean up: -disperse emissions above thermal inversion layer with tall smokestacks. -Remove pollutants after combustion -tax each unit of pollution produced. 9. List eight prevention strategies and three cleanup strategies to reduce emission from motor vehicles. Prevention: -Mass transit -Bicycles and walking -Less polluting engines -Less polluting fuels -Improve fuel efficiency -Get older, polluting cars off the road. -Give buyers large tax write offs for buying low polluting, energy efficient cars. Clean up: -Emission control devices -Car exhaust inspections twice a year. -Stricter emission standards

List six prevention strategies and six cleanup strategies to reduce indoor air pollution. Prevention: -Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers. -Ban smoking or limit it to well ventilated areas. -Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for the carpet, furniture, and building materials -Prevent radon infiltration -Use office machines in well ventilated areas -Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products. Clean up: -Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces -Increase intake of outside air -Change air more frequently -Circulate a building's air through rooftop greenhouses. -Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas. -install efficient chimneys for wood burning stoves