The unification of Germany

Germany 1815-48 1813: Battle of Leipzig 1814-15: The Vienna Peace Settlement 1815: German Confederation established 1817: Wartburg festival 1818: Constitutions granted in Baden and Bavaria 1819: Carlsbad Decrees 1932: Nationalist festival at Hambach; The Six Articles 1834: Zollverein came into operation 1840: Frederick William IV became King of Prussia 1847: Meeting of the Prussian United Diet in Berlin Germany in Revolution 1848-9 1848 - March 5: Declaration of Heidelberg March 13: Metternich fell from power Mid-March: King Frederick William made concessions to liberals March 31: Meeting of the Vorparliament May: Meeting of Frankfurt Parliament November: Frederick William re-established control in Berlin December: New Prussian constitution 1849 - March: Frankfurt Parliament agreed on a constitution April: Frederick William rejected the offer of the German crown June: Frankfurt Parliament dispersed Prussia and Austria 1849-66 1849: The Erfurt Plan 1850: The Capitulation of Olmutz

1851: German Confederation restored 1861: William I became King of Prussia 1862: Bismarck became Prussias Chief Minister 1864: Austria and Prussia fought Denmark 1866: June start of Seven Weeks War
July Battle of Sadowa August Treaty of Prague

1867: North German Confederation created Prussia and France 1862-71 1867: The Luxemburg Crisis 1868-70: The Hohenzollern candidature crisis 1870: July The Ems telegram; Start of Franco-Prussian War
September Napoleon III surrendered at Sedan October Surrender of the French army at Metz

1871: January German Second Empire proclaimed at Versailles

May Treaty of Frankfurt

Bismarcks Germany 1871 1890 1871: German Empire proclaimed 1872 -3: May Laws 1873: Three Emperors League 1875: Start of Balkan crisis 1878: June-July Congress of Berlin
October Anti-Socialist law passed

1879: July German Tariff Act

October Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary

1881: Three Emperors Alliance 1882: Triple Alliance 1883: Sickness Insurance Act

1884: Accident Insurance Act 1885-6: Bulgarian crisis 1887: Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia 1888: Death of William I 1888: William II became Kaiser 1889: Old age pensions introduced 1890: Kaiser Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck

The Unification of Italy

The Unification of Italy 1796: Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy 1815: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo;
The Congress of Vienna: Austria to be dominant in Italy; The Restored Monarchs began to return to their Italian states

Risorgimento and Revolution 1815-49 1820-1: Revolutions 1830: June Fighting in the street of Paris led Charles X to abdicate 1831: Mazzini founded Young Italy 1846: Pius IX elected as Pope 1848-9: Revolutions 1848: March 13 The fall of Metternich

July 24 Charles Albert defeated by Austria at the battle of Custoza

1849: February Founding the Roman Republic

June Ending of the Roman Republic

1849: March 23 Charles Albert defeated at the battle of Novara Piedmont, Cavour and Italy 1815: Victor Emmanuel I returned to Piedmont as one of the Restored Monarchs 1821: Victor Emmanuel I abdicated 1831: Charles Albert became King of Piedmont 1848: February Charles Albert issued Statuto
March 23 - Charles Albert declared war on Austria July - Charles Albert defeated at Custoza

1849: March - Charles Albert defeated at Novara

Charles Albert abdicated; succeeded by Victor Emmanuel II

1852: Cavour became prime minister 1854-6: The Crimean War 1858: April 29 France and Piedmont went to war with Austria
June 4 Battle of Magenta June 24 The Battle of Solferino July 11 Truce at Villafranca July Cavour resigned

1860: January - Cavour resumed the premiership of Piedmont;

Garibaldis conquest of southern Italy

1861: March - Victor Emmanuel proclaimed King of Italy;

Death of Cavour

Garibaldi and Italy 1807: Garibaldi was born in Nice 1815: Nice became part of Piedmont 1831: Garibaldi met Mazzini and became a nationalist

1833: Garibaldi was sentenced to death for his part in an unsuccessful revolutionary plot in
Piedmont

1848: Garibaldi returned to Italy from South America and became a royalist 1849 July 3 The Roman Republic fell 1859: Garibaldi returned to Piedmont and became a whole-hearted supporter of Victor Emmanuel
II

1860: May 11 Garibaldi landed in Sicily

May Garibaldi took control of Sicily October 26 Garibaldi agreed that Victor Emmanuel should control Naples and Sicily

1862: August Garibaldi was defeated at Aspromonte 1867: November 3 Garibaldi was defeated at Mentana 1882: Death of Garibaldi, aged 75 Napoleon III and Italy 1849: July - Rome fell to French forces 1852: December Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III 1858: January 14 Orsini tried but failed to assassinate Napoleon III 1858: July 21 Meeting at Plombieres between Napoleon III and Cavour 1859: France and Piedmont went to war with Austria, winning the battles of Magenta and Solderino 1866: July 3 Battle of Koniggratz
August Peace of Prague

1870: July Start of the FrancoPrussian War

September 20 Italian troops entered Rome

The Kingdom of Italy 1861-70 1861: March The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed 1861 -5: Civil war in southern Italy 1864: The Syllabus of Errors published 1866: Venetia was added to Kingdom of Italy 1870: July The Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
October Rome was added to Italy and became its capital