Engg DRG Prctice Part 1

Engineering DRG practice
- A Refresher Course -
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Introduction: What is Engineering Drawing? DRG is the language of Engineers. It is the principal means of communication in ENGG. It is the method used to impart ideas, convey information, specify shape, configuration and size. It is an international language and is bound, like any other language, by rules and conventions.
Projections DRG standards Sheet sizes Folding Filing
Picture planes :
Projections:
Projection is the representation on a plane surface the image of
an object observed by a viewer. In graphical language shape is described by projections as geometric figures. The image of the object, formed by rays of sight (lines of projection) taken in some particular direction from the object on to a plane form a view in any DRG.
Orthographic projection: It is a particular type of projection in which the objects image is

projected onto three mutually perpendicular planes. If the viewing point (eye) is at an infinite distance from the object such that the projection lines are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the picture plane, the projection obtained is called Orthographic projection. It represents the exact shape of a three dimensional object on a two dimensional sheet in two or more views.
Orthographic projection:
These
contd
views require good imagination to interpret and visualize
the details of objects This method is universally used in ENGG DRG to represent objects. Orthographic views are required for the manufacture of objects and machine parts. Front view, top view and Side view of an object are the principal Orthographic views. Two types of Orthographic projections are used: - First angle projection - Third angle projection
First angle projection :
First angle projection :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Object is kept above the H.P and in front of V.P. (i.e. in the first quadrant). The object is projected on the V.P. and the H.P. The object lies between the observer and the plane of projection. H.P. is then rotated in clockwise direction through 900 such that the V.P. and the H.P. are brought in line with each other. In this projection method, the top view appears below the front view and left side view appears on the right of the front view.
Third angle projection :
Third angle projection :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Object is kept behind the V.P. and below the H.P. (i.e. in the third quadrant). The projection plane lies between the observer and the object. The projection planes are assumed to be transparent. The object is projected on the V.P. and the H.P. H.P. is then rotated in clockwise direction through 900 such that the V.P. and the H.P. are brought in line with each other. In this projection method, the top view appears above the front view and left side view appears on the left of the front view.
Other types of projections:
Oblique Isometric Perspective
Note: 1. Oblique and Isometric views are often used in the preparation of maintenance manuals and parts lists of ENGG equipment / assemblies. 2. Perspective views are mostly used by artists.
Other types of projections: Oblique Projection:

It has two axes at right angles to each other.
contd
The third axis may be at any angle to the horizontal, 300 or 450 are being generally used. The measurement along the third axis are halved.
Other types of projections: contd

Isometric Projection: It is a special type of pictorial projection showing the three DIM of an object in one view. It conveys the real shape of the object. Isometric projection of any object is the single orthographic projection of the object placed so that all its three axes are equally inclined to the plane of projection. In this position, all the three sides of the object are exposed to the viewer. Isometric scale = 0.815 x True length
DRG Standards
Engineering DRG practice The following are some of the BIS standards relevant to Engineering DRG practice :

These standards are reviewed and revised from time to time

IS:10714 - 1983 General principles of presentation on technical drawings IS:9609 (part1)-1983 Lettering on technical drawings (part1 English characters) IS:10718-1983 Method of dimensioning and tolerancing on technical drawings IS:11667 1991 Technical drawings - Linear and angular tolerancing - Indication on drawings IS:11669 -1986 General principle of dimensioning on technical drawings IS:8000(Part1)-1985 - Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings (part 1: Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions)
BIS standards for technical DRG:

contd
IS:8000 (Part2)-1976 - Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings (part 2: Maximum material principles) IS:8000 (Part3)-1985 - Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings (part 3: Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles) IS:10721 1983 - Datum and datum systems for geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings IS:11158-1984 - Proportions and dimensions of symbols for geometrical tolerancing used in technical drawings IS:2709-1964 - Guide for selection of fits IS:919:1963 - Recommendations for Limits and Fits for Engg IS:3073 -1967 - Assessment of surface roughness IS:10719 - Method of indicating surface texture on tech DRG
BIS standards for technical DRG:

IS: 813- 1986 - Scheme of symbols for welding IS: 10711-1983 - Sizes of DRG sheets IS: 1064 - 1961 - Specification for paper sizes.
contd
Sheet sizes
DRG sheet size

Preferred DRG sheet sizes are as follows: Sheet size A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 Trimmed size in mm 841 X 1189 594 X 841 420 X 594 297 X 420 210 X 297
The surface area of two successive preferred sizes are in the ratio of 1:2. DRG sheet sides of each size are in the ratio of 1:2 The surface area of the basic size A0 is 1 sq. m
Engineering DRG practice Preferred DRG sheet sizes
Similarity of formats
Relationship between two sides
Successive format sizes

Title Block
Title block should contain the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Title of the DRG DRG No. & sheet No. Scale Projection symbol Name of the organisation Dated initials of the personnel designing, checking, standard and approved The size of the title block is uniform for all sizes.
Note:
Recommended scales for Engineering DRG:

Full size 1:1 Reduced scale 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50 1:100 1:200 1:500 1:1000 1:2000 1:5000 1:10000 Enlarged scale 50:1 20:1 10:1 5:1 2:1
Grid reference on DRG sheet: It permits easy location on the DRG of details, additions, modifications etc. How & when to use Grid reference ? eg: C7 E5
1.
Conventional lines and applications

Description Continuous - thick Continuous - thin ( Straight and curved) A B Line Applications A1 Visible outline A2 Visible edges B1 Imaginary lines of intersection B2 DIM lines B3 Projection lines B4 Leader lines B5 Hatching B6 Out lines of revolved section in place B7 Short centre line C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views and sections, if the limit is not a chain thin line D1
Continuous thin free hand. Continuous thin (Straight) with zig zags.
C D

Description Dashed thick Dashed thin Chain thin E F G Line E1 E2 F1 F2 Applications Hidden outlines Hidden edges Hidden outlines Hidden edges
G1 Centre lines G2 Lines of symmetry G3 Trajectories H1 Cutting planes
Chain thin, thick at ends H and changes of direction Chain thick J
J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which a special requirement applies

Type of line
Chain thin double dashed K
Illustration
Application
K1 Outlines of adjacent parts K2 Alternative and extreme positions of movable parts K3 Centroidal lines K4 Initial outlines prior to forming K5 Parts situated in front of the cutting plane
Line thicknesses recommended: 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4 and 2.0 Note: Due to reproduction problems 0.18 is normally avoided
Lettering
Lettering proportions
Engineering DRG practice Different characteristics of lettering type A
Engineering DRG practice Different characteristics of lettering type B
DRG sheet Folding and Filing:

There are two methods of folding of DRG prints. 1. 2. The first method is for DRG prints to be filed or bound. The second method is intended for prints to be kept individually in filing cabinet. All large prints of sizes higher than A4 are folded to A4 sizes. The title block of a folded print as it appears in the bottom right corner shall be visible outer most after folding. Suitable folding marks are to be introduced in the DRG sheets as guide for folding purpose.
Basic principles:
Folding of prints for filing or binding
Folding of prints for storing in filing cabinet
Types of drawings Contents of a drawing
Engineering DRG practice Types of drawings 1. Design layout:

Shows the arrangement of various assemblies and parts in their correct orientation and location as envisaged by the designer and drawn to scale. 2. Assembly drawing: Contains all the components and sub-assemblies which are shown in the correctly fitted condition and demanded item wise and number wise. The specifications for standard parts and proprietary items are also given in the assembly drawing. 3. Item List: Accompanies the assembly drawings as a separate sheet/sheets. Some times this is incorporated in the assembly drawing itself.
Types of drawings 4. Part drawing:

Contains enough technical data to fully define the individual component and facilitate its manufacture. 5. Manufacturing drawing: Contains process information for the manufacture of an assembly or individual component. It is often made as a separate drawing. In some cases process information is carried in the product drawing itself whether assembly or component.
Engineering DRG practice Types of drawings

6. Technical Documents: These are strictly speaking not drawings but they come within the purview of a product design office. Some of them contain drawings /sketches in 2D or 3D form to facilitate easy understanding by the user. These include: Product specifications Consolidated Complete Equipment Schedule (CCES) Operators/users manual Maintenance/repair manuals Illustrated Spare Parts List (ISPL) Manufacturers Recommended List of Spares (MRLS) Maintenance Scales (MS) Training Charts
Contents of a drawing
A DRG contains technical information in the form of Orthographic views, text and symbols. It gives detailed data with regard to dimensions, permissible deviations, material, surface finish, protective coatings, assembly procedures, part details, specifications, process information, etc depending upon the type of drawing. Drawings are made in standard sheet sizes from A4 to A0 with the title block of the organisation and numbered according to a specific system followed. The title block also contains information in type of projection method used, scale and standard notes.
Dimensions and Tolerances
Definition of Dimension :
It is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically on technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes.
Dimension Classifications:
Functional dimensions: Any DIM that is essential for the functioning of the component or the equipment. Non Functional dimensions: Auxiliary dimensions: It does not govern production or Inspection and is derived from other values shown on drgs.
Functional, non-functional and auxiliary DIM
System of dimensioning:
1. 2. 1. 2. Method 1 Method 2 Method 1 : - Aligned system DIM values are so placed that they may be read from the bottom or right hand edge of the DRG Method 2 : - Unidirectional system DIM values are so placed that they may be read from the bottom edge DRG sheet It is more convenient in large size DRG
Engineering DRG practice Method 1 : - Aligned system
Engineering DRG practice Method 2 : - Unidirectional system
Angular dimensions
Elements of dimensioning:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Projection line or Extension line Dimensional line Leader line Dimension line termination The origin indication Dimension itself
Elements of dimensioning:
Arrangement and indication of dimensions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chain dimensioning Parallel dimensioning Super imposed running dimensioning Equidistant features Dimensioning by coordinates
Chain dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning
Super imposed running dimensioning
Equidistance feature
Dimensioning by coordinates
Addition of letters and symbols to Dimensions:

R SR - Diameter - Radius - Square - Spherical radius S - Spherical diameter Note: The symbol should be written before the dimension
Limits, Fits and Tolerances Limits:

Limits are the two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained. eg:300.02
Fit:
The relation between two parts where one is inserted into the other with a certain degree of tightness or looseness is known as fit.
Types of fit:
Clearance fit Interference fit Transition fit
Clearance fit:
A positive allowance between the largest possible shaft and the smallest possible hole.
Clearance fit- sub classifications:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide fit Easy slide fit Running fit Slack running fit Loose running fit
Engineering DRG practice Interference fit: A negative allowance or interference between the largest possible hole and the smallest possible shaft.
Interference fit-sub classifications: 1. Shrink or force fit 2. Heavy drive fit 3. Light drive fit Transition fit They cover cases between the first two classes Condition: LL on shaft < LL on hole HL on shaft > LL on hole
Basic size, deviations and tolerances
Engineering DRG practice Transition fit sub-classification: 1. 2. 3. Force fit Tight fit Wringing fit Tolerance is the difference between high limit and low limit of size. Bilateral tolerance: If tolerance is applied on both sides of the basic size, then it is called bilateral tolerance. eg:300.02 Tolerance = High limit - Low limit = 30.02 29.98 = 0.04
Tolerances:
Types of tolerances: 1.
Engineering DRG practice 2. Unilateral tolerance: If tolerance is applied on one side of the basic size, then it is called Unilateral tolerance. eg:30- 0.02 Tolerance = High limit - Low limit = 30.0 29.98 = 0.02 Allowances: An intentional difference between the hole DIM and shaft DIM for any type of fit is called the allowance. The algebraic difference between actual size and the basic size of a component.
Deviation:
Disposition of tolerance zones for the three class of fit
Engineering DRG practice Different methods of specifying tolerances
Engineering DRG practice Different methods of specifying Fits on assembled parts
-0.020 -0.041
Engineering DRG practice Different methods of specifying tolerances for angular DIM
Types of deviation: 2. Upper deviation: The algebraic difference between max. limit and the basic size Lower deviation: The algebraic difference between min. limit and the basic size It is one of the two deviations which is conveniently chosen to define the position of the tolerance zone in relation to zero line
Fundamental deviation:
Engineering DRG practice Hole basis system: In this system, the hole DIM (whose lower deviation is zero & Symbol H) is kept constant and different types of fit are obtained by varying the size of the shaft. Most widely used
Shaft basis system: In this system the shaft DIM (whose upper deviation is zero & Symbol h) is kept constant and different types of fit are obtained by varying the size of the hole.
Engineering DRG practice The Shaft basis and the Hole basis system
Engineering DRG practice Tolerance bands for different shafts & holes
Selection of tolerance zones
Some of the select ISO fits- Hole basis: Clearance fit:

H6g5 H7g6 H8g7 H6f6 H7f7 H8f8 H8e7 H8e8 H9e9 normal running close running precision running
Some of the select ISO fits- Hole basis: Clearance fit:

H8d8 H8d9 H9d9 H8c8 H8b8 H9c9 H11c11 H11c9 H11b9 slack running or positional fit loose running
Some of the select ISO fits- Hole basis: Location and assembly fit:
H6h5 H6h6 H7h6 H7h7 H8h7 H8h8 Normal location Close location Precision location
contd
Some of the select ISO fits- Hole basis: Location and assembly fit:
H9h8 H9h9 H11h9 H11h11 H8h9 Positional fit Slack Assy Loose location
contd
Some of the selected ISO fits- Hole basis: Transition and Interference fit:
H6j5 H7j6 H8j7 H6k5 H7k6 H8k7 H6m5 H7m6 H8m7 H6p5 H7p6
Clearance transition
True transition
Interference transition Press fit
Standard features and components
Welding Symbols
Welding Symbols
Welding Symbols
Welding Symbols
Standard Abbreviations
Term
Across corners Across flats Alternating current Alteration Ampere Ampere-hour Approved Approximate Arrangement Assembly Auxiliary
Abbreviation
A/C A/F ac ALT A Ah APPD APPROX ARRGT ASSY AUX
Bearing Brake horse power Brinell hardness

BRG bhp HB
Term
Cast iron Centres Centre line Centre of gravity Centre to centre Chamfered Checked Cheese head Circular Pitch Circumference Connected Continued
Abbreviation
CI CRS CL CG C/C CHMED CHKD CH HD CP Oce CONN CONTD
Term
Constant Counter bore Countersunk Countersunk head Cubic centimeter Cubic Metre Cubic millimetre Cylinder / Cylindrical Degree Celsius Degree Kelvin Diameter (in a note) Diametral Pitch Dimension Direct current Drawing
Abbreviation
CONST CBORE CSK CSK HD cm3 m3 mm3 CYL
0C
K DIA DP DIM dc DRG
Term
East External et cetera
Abbreviation
E EXT etc
Figure
FIG.
General Gram Ground level
GEN g GL
Head Hexagon / Hexagonal Horizontal Horse Power Hour Hydraulic

HD HEX HORZ hp h HYD
Term
Indian Standard Inspection / Inspected Inside Diameter Internal Indicated Horse Power Insulation Joule Kilogram Kilolitre Kliometre Kilometre per hour Kilovolt Kilowatt Kilowatt hour Kilovolt-ampere Kilogram force
Abbreviation
IS INSP ID INT ihp INSUL J kg kl km km/h kV kW kWh kVA kgf
Term
Left Hand Litre Litres per minute
Abbreviation
LH l l/min
Material Machine / Machinery Manufacture / Manufacturing Maximum Mega Newton Mega Pascal Megawatt Metre Metre per second Mechanical Micrometre Millimetre
MATL M/C MFG max. MN MPa MW m m/s MECH m mm
Term
Milliwatt Millivolt Milliampere Minimum Minute (time) Miscellaneous Module
Abbreviation
mW mV mA min. min MISC m
Newton Nominal North Not to scale Number Opposite Outside diameter Pascal
N NOM N NTS No. OPP OD Pa
Term
Pitch Circle Diameter Pitch Circle Pressure Quantity Radian Radius Reference Required Revolution per minute Right Hand Rockwell hardnessA scale Rockwell hardnessB scale Rockwell hardnessC scale Second (time)
Abbreviation
PCD PC P QTY rad R REF REQD rpm RH HRA HRB HRC s
Term
Serial number South Specification Spherical Standard Spot face Stokes Square Square centimetre Square millimetre Square metre Symmetrical
Abbreviation
Sl No. S SPEC SPHERE STD SF St SQ cm2 mm2 m2 SYM
Term
Thread (in a note) Through (in a note) Temperature Thick Time Tonne Trapezoidal Tolerance Volt Volume Velocity Vickers hardness Watt
Abbreviation
THD THRU TEMP THK t t Tr TOL V vol v HV W
Term
Watt hour Weight Weight per metre West With respect to
Abbreviation
Wh WT WT/m W WRT
Materials, Heat treatment & Protective coatings
Materials
Some typical materials: 1. Wrought steels: IS:5517, IS: 2062, IS:4454
Rolled homogeneous Armour plates
2. 3.
Cast steels: IS:1030, IS:3444, IS:2856, IS:3038 Cast light alloy: IS:617
Heat treatment
Typical notes: Harden and temper to 32-35 HRC Case carburise and harden gear teeth / surfaces marked thus # to 60 - 65 HRC Stress relieve after welding prior to machining
Protective Coatings
IS:3618: 1966 Phosphate treatment of iron and steel for protection against corrosion. Typical note: To be phosphate treated to IS:3618, Class B Note : Class B indicates Medium weight 4.3 g/m2 IS:1573:1970 - Electroplated coating on Zinc and on iron and steel
Typical note: To be Zinc plated to IS:1573, Fe Zn 40 Note : Meaning of Fe Zn 40
40 min. local thickness in microns Zn - Zinc coating Fe Basic metal (iron or steel) IS: 1572-1968 Cadmium coating on iron and steel
Typical note: To be Cadmium coated to IS:1572:1970, Cd8 Note : Meaning of Cd8 min. local thick 8 microns and Average thick 12microns
Design office management

1.Purpose of design office: The creation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of engineering information, usually pertaining to specific products/ processes. 2. Relationship between Design and Drawing: Design is the initial creative process whereby the product as envisaged is given shape, size and properties / performance on paper before physical realisation of the end product. 3. Engineering DRG: The document resulting from the design process which gives all relevant information for the manufacture / procurement of the product.

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS APPROACH
Physical Science ENGG Technology Other
Measurement Graphical expression Simulation Experimentation
Mathematics Management Interactive ability Communication Decision making
Interest Objectivity Open mindedness
Creative Imagination Product design

Engineering DRG practice Design office management
DRG Creation:
1. Conventional drafting. Low capital outlay Quality and accuracy of the drawings depend upon the individual skill and care of the human element It is easier for the designers to visualise the product size and configurational aspects The DIM are not inherently related to what is drawn; hence the probability of errors is more Redrawing and corrections are tedious Physical handling is more involved More storage space is required
DRG Creation:
2. Computer Aided drafting. High capital outlay High Quality and accuracy It is difficult for the designers to visualise the product size in 2D mode The DIM are inherently related to what is drawn; hence the probability of errors is less Redrawing, scaling and alterations are easier Digital storage and handling are easier and more acceptable
Other aspects:
1. DRG storage and retrieval 2. DRG reproduction 3. DRG numbering system 4. DRG Amendments
Exercises
DRG sheet print folding and filing Missing views in Orthographic DRG Dimensioning Dimensional tolerancing for specific fits Geometric tolerancing Specifying surface finish, heat treatment, protective coating, hardness, welding, symbolic representation, materials etc. DRG Numbering, item No., Qty, parts list DRG Amendments, revision etc.
Engineering DRG practice Exercise
Engineering DRG practice Engineering Drawing Practice Exercise

A view from a DRG is given. 1. 2. 3. 4. Is it an ASSY DRG, a Part DRG or some other type of DRG? Does this view give complete information of the product or not? Identify what it is and give a suitable nomenclature to it. Identify the parts in the DRG, list them out and give suitable nomenclature to these parts. 5. Sketch out one major component and identify the features on it which require geometric tolerancing; mark the geometric tolerancing method. 6. Mark all dimensions essential for the manufacture of the component. 7. Identify and mark the dimensions which would require specific tolerancing. 8. Give suitable material specification with hardness/heat treatment as applicable 9. Give surface finish recommendation where applicable for the component 10. Give a step by step manufacturing process for the component
Engineering DRG practice Engineering Drawing Practice Exercise
Engineering Drawing Practice Exercise

A shaft and a hole are shown in the DRG. CASE I: Dimension a = 30 mm; both materials are steel. 1. Give tolerances to obtain a precision sliding fit with interchangeability. 2. What is the maximum clearance in the above fit? 3. What is the minimum clearance in the above fit? 4. Give tolerances for a precision location fit with interchangeability. 5. What is the maximum clearance in the fit mentioned in sl.No.4? 6. What is the minimum clearance in the fit mentioned in sl.No.4? 7. What is the maximum interference in the fit mentioned in sl.No.4? 8. What is the minimum interference in the fit mentioned in sl.No.4?

A shaft and a hole are shown in the DRG. CASE II: Dimension a = 70 mm; both materials are steel. 1. Give tolerances to obtain a precision sliding fit with interchangeability. 2. What is the maximum clearance in the above fit? 3. What is the minimum clearance in the above fit?

A shaft and a hole are shown in the DRG. CASE III: Dimension a = 30 mm; Bore material Al. alloy and shaft steel. 1. Give tolerances to obtain a precision location fit with interchangeability. 2. What is the maximum clearance in the above fit? 3. What is the minimum clearance in the above fit? 4. What is the maximum interference in the above fit? 5. What is the minimum interference in the above fit?

Engg DRG Prctice Part 1

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Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

Projections DRG standards Sheet sizes Folding Filing

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Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

Orthographic projection: It is a particular type of projection in which the objects image is

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Engineering DRG practice

views require good imagination to interpret and visualize

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Engineering DRG practice

First angle projection :

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Engineering DRG practice

First angle projection :

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Engineering DRG practice

Third angle projection :

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Engineering DRG practice

Third angle projection :

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Engineering DRG practice

Other types of projections:

Oblique Isometric Perspective

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Engineering DRG practice

Other types of projections: Oblique Projection:

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Engineering DRG practice

Other types of projections: contd

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Engineering DRG practice

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These standards are reviewed and revised from time to time

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Engineering DRG practice

BIS standards for technical DRG:

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Engineering DRG practice

BIS standards for technical DRG:

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Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

DRG sheet size

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Engineering DRG practice Preferred DRG sheet sizes

Relationship between two sides

Successive format sizes

Engineering DRG practice

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Engineering DRG practice

Recommended scales for Engineering DRG:

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