Send Mail - Introduction and Configuration

sendmail: Introduction and Configuration
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November 29th, 2001 by Eric Jorn Seneca in HOWTOs
A guide for those of you configuring your first e-mail server.
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With the growth of the Internet, e-mail has quickly become the main vehicle to spread information through the public at large. As the demand for fast, cheap and reliable e-mail grows, more individuals are turning to Linux to provide a fast, cheap and reliable solution. sendmail was originally developed by Eric Allman, in 1979, as "delevermail", which first shipped with BSD 4.0. This program was not very flexible and required configuration at compile time. With the growth of TCP protocol and other factors, it became obvious that delevermail was not flexible enough to handle these new demands. Eric Allman had to recreate sendmail from scratch, and what he produced has become the standard for MTAs. Rather than reject messages that were did not conform to protocols, sendmail is designed to be tolerant of these messages. For those individuals who have never configured an e-mail server, this article will demonstrate how to configure sendmail 8.11.2 after a fresh install of Red Hat Linux 7.1. By default, sendmail 8.11 is installed during the Red Hat Linux 7.1 installation. As Red Hat has progressed over the years, the installation process has become very easy. Though this article will not go into installation details, further documentation is provided on the Red Hat CD set. For your new e-mail server to work, you must first get all the DNS issues straight. First, add the hostname and IP address for the new e-mail server to your DNS server and confirm the address with nslookup: [root@testmail /root]# nslookup -sil testmail.blank.com Server: 192.168.100.1 Address: 192.168.100.1#53 Name: testmail.blank.com Address: 192.168.100.134 It is also important that your administrator put a reverse DNS entry to prevent delays in mail delivery. Most modern e-mail servers use reverse lookup as a means of authentication for mail transfer. Again, confirm this setting is correct using the nslookup command on your IP address. [root@testmail /root]# nslookup -sil 192.168.100.134 Server: 192.168.100.1 Address: 192.168.100.1#53 134.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa name = TESTMAIL.blank.com. As you can see, the DNS entries are setup and working correctly, so let's move on to actually configuring sendmail. By default, sendmail installations on Red Hat will only allow SMTP traffic on the localhost. The output of netstat -nl will show you all ports that have a dmon listening; note the line that says 127.0.0.1:25. This means the server is only listening on the loop back interface for connections on port 25 (SMTP).
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[root@testmail /root]# netstat -nl Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address State tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN udp udp udp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0.0.0:32768 0 0.0.0.0:111 0 0.0.0.0:22 0 127.0.0.1:25 0 0.0.0.0:32768 0 0.0.0.0:667 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* I-Node Path 1119 1172 /dev/gpmctl Foreign Address
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State unix unix 2 2 [ ACC ] [ ACC ] STREAM STREAM LISTENING LISTENING
/tmp/.font-unix/fs7100 This will keep your mail dmon from accepting e-mail from any computer except the localhost. To fix this issue, we must tell sendmail to listen for connections on the external interface. In the case of our new server, there is only one Ethernet card, with eth0 being the external interface. To confirm the IP on eth0, simply perform an ifconfig. Depending on your configuration, this IP can be different than the address defined by your DNS server, but in our example the addresses are the same.
[root@testmail /root]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:97:DE:E9:99 inet addr:192.168.100.134 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:12421 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 Interrupt:10 Base address:0xe000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
This machine has an address of 192.168.100.134 on the eth0 interface. Once you have that address, edit the /etc/sendmail.cf file and configure the sendmail dmon to listen on the address. # SMTP daemon options O DaemonPortOptions=Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1, Name=MTA change to O DaemonPortOptions=Port=smtp,Addr=192.168.100.134, Name=MTA Once you have completed this task, save this file and restart the sendmail dmon using the rc script /etc/init.d/sendmail. [root@testmail /root]# /etc/init.d/sendmail restart Shutting down sendmail: Starting sendmail: [root@testmail /root]#
[ [
OK OK
] ]
Now check to see if there has been a change with the netstat -nl command. As you can see the output clearly shows that a dmon (sendmail) is listening on port 25 of the IP address 192.168.100.134 that is assigned to our interface eth0.
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[root@testmail /root]# netstat -nl Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q send-Q Local Address State tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN tcp LISTEN udp udp udp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0.0.0:32768 0 0.0.0.0:111 0 0.0.0.0:22 0 192.168.100.134:25 0 0.0.0.0:32768 0 0.0.0.0:667 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* 0.0.0.0:* I-Node Path 1119 1172 /dev/gpmctl Foreign Address
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State unix unix 2 2 [ ACC ] [ ACC ] STREAM STREAM LISTENING LISTENING
/tmp/.font-unix/fs7100 [root@testmail /root]# Now that we have sendmail accepting external connections, we need to assign the domains that can be accepted. This can be accomplished with the /etc/mail/localhost-names file. Simply put the domain name, blank.com, in the file. # local-host-names - include all aliases for your machine here. blank.com Once this information is saved in this file, restart the sendmail dmon with the rc script sendmail found in /etc/init.d/sendmail restart. sendmail can accept e-mail for multiple domains on the same server. Insert the domain name into this file each time you want to add a new domain. You now have a fully working e-mail server from the localhost. It can accept e-mail from anywhere in the world, but can only send e-mail or relay e-mail from the localhost. Another default security feature is that sendmail will not allow the relay of any mail to prevent spam originating from your server. If your users log directly into the server, this configuration does not need modification. But if your organization is like most, clients are using e-mail from remote sites. If your users use clients like KMail or Outlook Express, you will need to allow those machines to relay e-mail using your new server, but you do not want to open your site up to complete relay. This can be done by adding the following line to the /etc/mail/access file and running the command make access.db after saving that file. blank.com RELAY # Check the /usr/share/doc/sendmail-8.11.2/README.cf file for a description # of the format of this file. (search for access_db in that file) # The /usr/share/doc/sendmail-8.11.2/README.cf is part of the sendmail-doc # package. # # by default we allow relaying from localhost... localhost.localdomain RELAY localhost RELAY 127.0.0.1 RELAY blank.com RELAY [root@testmail mail]# make access.db [root@testmail mail]# The make access.db command will include your new setting in the hash database used by sendmail to determine who can relay e-mail off your server. This will allow connections from inside the blank.com domain to relay e-mail from your new mail server, and prevent use of the service to nonmembers. One can also put a subnet of IPs, such as 192.168, to limit inside a domain. Keep in mind that if this setting is to open, spammers can bounce huge amounts of e-mail off your system. Now that you can accept e-mail from anywhere in the world, have configured your domain, and allowed relay e-mail for approved clients, you may want to allow remote access to that mail. This can be accomplished with IMAP or POP. With a default server install, not all required packages are installed to make POP/IMAP mail work. These services can be obtained by the installation of the imap-2000-9 rpm package. To check the install status of this package use the following command: rpm -aq | grep -i imap. If no package is found, insert Disk 2 of the Red Hat 7.1 installation disk set into your cd-rom and mount that media. To accomplish this use the mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom command.
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[root@testmail mail]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only (Successful Mount of Read-Only Media) Once mounted you can install the package with rpm -Uvh /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS/imap-2000-9.i386.rpm. [root@testmail mail]# rpm -Uvh /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS/imap-2000-9.i386.rpm Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:imap [100%] ###########################################
As you can see, when I run the rpm search, rpm -aq | grep -i imap the IMAP package is displayed with output. [root@testmail mail]# rpm -aq | grep -i imap imap-2000-9 [root@testmail mail]# With the correct package install, you now need to enable POP3 connections to your new e-mail server. This can be accomplished in the /etc/xinetd.d directory by modifying the ipop3 file. Set the value for disable to no, and save the file. Remember to maintain the case as it appears in the file. # default: off # description: The POP3 service allows remote users to access their mail \ # \ # using an POP3 client such as Netscape Communicator, mutt, or fetchmail.
service pop3 { socket_type wait user server log_on_success log_on_failure disable }
= stream = no = root = /usr/sbin/ipop3d += USERID += USERID = no
Now you need to restart the xinetd dmon to make the new setting work. This is possible by using the rc script /etc/init.d/xinetd. Simply issue the restart command as seen below. [root@testmail xinetd.d]# /etc/init.d/xinetd restart Stopping xinetd: Starting xinetd: [root@testmail xinetd.d]#
[ [
OK OK
] ]
Now send a test e-mail to your new server and connect to the server via your favorite pop client. You should now be able to access your e-mail via POP protocol. One final consideration about your new server is performance. You may receive complaints about slow connection to your POP server if the client traffic is being initiated from behind a firewall. The reason for this delay is that your e-mail server initiates a IDENT session with the client to confirm the identity of the client. If there is no response to that query, the server will invoke a timeout value set by default to 5 seconds. This value can be reduced to 1 second to remove most of the delay caused by IDENT. To change this value edit the /etc/sendmail.cf file, and reduce the timeout value to the desired value. # timeouts (many of these) #O Timeout.ident=5s change to O Timeout.ident=1s Your e-mail server is now working and providing service to your users. There are many more configurations for sendmail that are beyond the scope of this article. Linux will provide a very stable, robust platform for your e-mail needs. To find more information about sendmail visit www.sendmail.org. Eric Jorn Seneca is a UNIX system engineer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. email: eseneca@cs.selu.edu __________________________
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dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent
On October 29th, 2009 Anonymous (not verified) says:

dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (n9T5vBsn013704 Message accepted for delivery reply
Thanks a lot Eric. This
On October 11th, 2009 Hoan (not verified) says:

Thanks a lot Eric. This article is great. Your explanation is very easy to follow. reply
Need Help- How to Configure Send mail in Linux Enterprise Editio
On April 15th, 2009 Dibakar Sahoo (not verified) says:

Hi need help how to configure send mail in linux enterprise edition 4.0. this server is loaded with Linux ENterprise edition 4.0 IBM Websphere and Oracale can i configure send mail in this environment. please help reply
fantastic, just fantastic
On December 5th, 2008 Linn (not verified) says:

this is fantastic post.. thanks very much..for sharing reply
Thanks Eric
On April 11th, 2007 echikoz (not verified) says:

Hi Eric, It is good to know that someone who shares my name can be this helpful.Am now able to telnet on 110 of my server. Cheers, Erick. reply
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adding comments
On February 24th, 2007 venkat raman (not verified) says:

i think this is very very useful for me in clarifying various doubts. but i wants deep in case of sendmail problenm regarding defered DNS I.E. dsn=4.0.0 , state=defered, connection refused by xxx.xxx.com etc but very useful hint from /etc/mail/local-host-names reply
I am not really like to
On September 24th, 2006 Alex2 (not verified) says:

I am not really like to leave comments. But this is really a very handy paper. I set up sendmail very quickly after reading it. reply
Thanks So Much
On August 30th, 2006 Adam Doupe (not verified) says:

Hey, I really appreciate this article, it helped me set up sendmail quickly. Thanks for the good article. reply
Problem with spams
On August 18th, 2006 parikshit (not verified) says:

Hi, I am developing an application in jsp. we are using java mail api to send email through our application. The problem with us is that our mais are landing in spam folders in a few public domain email providers. One of the spam lists says that our mail server is not correctly configured and thats why our mails are landing in spam folder. here is the link: http://cbl.abuseat.org/remove.cgi?ip=66.232.112.182 thanks in advance. reply
creating user accounts after configuring sendmail
On May 23rd, 2006 Den (not verified) says:

Hi, I do appreciate for your nice material on configuring sendmail.I have successfully managed to follow it the end but question is how do i create email accounts for users in my email server reply
Excellent job
On April 20th, 2006 Anonymous (not verified) says:

Excellent job ...............Thanks a lot reply
thanks Eric!
On January 5th, 2006 Vitu (not verified) says:

Thanks Eric, this article is great. reply
Please explain some more
On March 19th, 2006 Sreedhar.T.P (not verified) says:

I saw ur article and found it intersting. Iam new to Linux and i have a handful of doubts. Will u please explain me... By configuring sendmail can i add unlimited users Where will be the email data stored Will this configuration work in Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS4
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Can i configure it it GUI mode. Is it easy to administer Expecting a detailed reply Thanking you Sreedhar reply
hello
On November 8th, 2007 Larry (not verified) says:

I found it very useful. reply
sendmail config
On September 6th, 2005 JaR (not verified) says:

need some help i have a smtp working with pop3 runing my problem is some ips use my server for spam how i can stop that? tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.234.210:2865 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.234.227:2658 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.255.137:bmap ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.255.94:2725 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.255.94:4754 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.232.215:2402 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 nicolaescumalex.pi:smtp 221.221.255.137:4755 ESTABLISHED this are the conection to my smtp they are using big list of email address and have wrong addres in the list i receive mails like this From: Mail Delivery Subsystem Subject: Postmaster notify: see transcript for details This is a MIME-encapsulated message --j867TerR011920.1125991785/nicolaescumalex.piatraneamt.rdsnet.ro The original message was received at Tue, 6 Sep 2005 07:29:40 GMT my question is how they can access my smtp and how i can blok it?? thx reply
prevent spammers from using my sendmail
On February 16th, 2006 Anonymous (not verified) says:

Has anyone responded to this posting? reply
Hi, Is it possible to read m
On September 2nd, 2005 jibu (not verified) says:

Hi, Is it possible to read messages directly from sendmail using java without using pop3? Thanks Jibu reply
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Re: Sendmail Configuration.
On August 12th, 2005 Abbass (not verified) says:

This article is really great. reply
Can't recieve mail externaly or localy
On November 6th, 2005 CharlesB (not verified) says:

I am relitivly new to linux "mandrake 10.0" I have read your step by step on setting up sendmail..... "Perfect simple absolutly the best I have read". I can send emails externaly and localy but for the life of me I can not recieve mails sent to the mail server here. I have tryed everything I could think of and have read "including your step by step". Nothing seems to be working at all for me :( reply
Relaying help needed
On November 26th, 2004 Andre (not verified) says:

I have a fully working sendmail set up going, I can send mail using a web client (Squirrelmail) and receive mail fine using a POP3 server and IMAP. I cannot send mail from home using a client like Outlook, I get "RELAY DENIED" error, but I can download my mail from the server. I've tried auth settings on the client side, but nothing seems to work when I send mail to a domain not listed in my relay-domains list. Obviously I can't add all domains or *.com etc, as that will open the relay. Any ideas/comments/suggestions?! I need to get this working, without using the ISP's SMTP server for sending, I've got a client that wants to use this server in house... reply
Re: Relaying Help needed
On March 24th, 2006 Rohit (not verified) says:

Hi, I am also facing the same problem as you, If you have found some solutions for the same, then pls share with me.. Thanks reply
It feels good to see smtp working....
On November 24th, 2004 Chris Jackson (not verified) says:

I have tried and tried to get sendmail working - awesome article. Thanks... reply
problem in accessinig access file
On November 15th, 2004 mks (not verified) says:

Hi, I have read the following line in ur article for configuring sendmail. This can be done by adding the following line to the /etc/mail/access file and running the command make access.db after saving that file. blank.com RELAY But when i tried to access /etc/mail/access file, it is asking for encryption key. What should i do now? reply
Re: sendmail: Introduction and Configuration
On June 20th, 2004 Anonymous says:

Erick, YOU ARE THE CHAMPION MY FRIEND. Miguel Miami, FL mfvh@yahoo.com
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reply
On April 20th, 2004 Anonymous says:

Very good article because it's simple and complete. It worked fine. The only thing would be to explain thant this pop3 works on port 995 reply
On November 17th, 2003 Anonymous says:

Good Job Eric. Good combination of stuff put together. Good for new linux net admins. Thanks on every ones behalf reply
Re: sendmail: Anonymous Email Configuration
On August 26th, 2003 Anonymous says:

Hi , I have configured a email mail server , it is working fine . Now the problem is , I want my email server to accept anonymous emails i.e , if some one responds with anon123@xyz.com (ex my domain is xyz.com) and i don't have such user still i want his mail to land in my email server how do i do it ........... What configuration should i set in my sendmail.cf file Sendmail gurus pls help me reply

hi dear, You don't have to do anything. Just creat a catchall account in your mail server. Thanks reply
On September 8th, 2003 Anonymous says:

How do I create a catch all in the mail server reply
please tell me how to create
On October 4th, 2005 Anonymous (not verified) says:

please tell me how to create a catch all account in mail server using sendmail.How to create auto responders vacations mail too reply
On April 25th, 2003 Anonymous says:

hai i used ur instructions to configure sendmail it worked very fine . the problem is in virtual domains when i send mail to the user@virtdomain.com
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it gets aliased to user@mydomain.com but the reply address for that user will come as user@mydomain.com plz help me out. my mail id is shivakumarnm@yahoo.com reply
On May 15th, 2003 Anonymous says:

My Name Is Zafrulla Khan I dont Know ...sendmail Conf i was struggling for a long time to configure the sendmail ......Luckly by the god Grace i found your link for the Google Search Engine ..... I can not say in words how i was benifited from this conf I will be always thank full to you in my life Any futher conf about this plz put on the web .....plz zafaronline@rediffmail.com reply
On December 6th, 2002 Anonymous says:

Thanks for the help here. I was confused , how come pop3 is not workyby default in linux8.0, once i gone thru the help and set disabled=no in /etc/xinetd , starts working fine. THanks alot. By the way, i have enabled imapd also in the same fashion, that means my mechine will work as an IMAP server too, is't it?? reply
On March 10th, 2003 Anonymous says:

Thanks for a great help on sendmail only listen on port 25 on loopback. Keep it up. reply
Re: sendmail: Introduction and Configuration - BRILL!
On October 25th, 2002 Anonymous says:

Absolutely BRILLIANT!!!!! At last sendmail works, no other tutorial managed that for me! THANK YOU! reply
Relay denied
On September 3rd, 2002 Anonymous says:

Incredible article! Thanks Eric..... I reply
Re: Relay denied
On January 23rd, 2003 Anonymous says:

hi i have the same problem... and i'dont know haw to resolve this, can you help me too... thanks please send me an e-mail to
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vasile_turcu@yahoo.com reply
Re: Relay denied
On January 24th, 2003 Anonymous says:

Same problem here :( Altough i can send email inside my network without problems, if i try to send an email i.e. hotmail i get an relay denied error help please! reply

Incredible article! Thanks Eric, this piece of text just broke the ice for me regarding linux. reply

Glad to help reply
On July 31st, 2002 Anonymous says:

Thank you so very much. I have been without email services on my server for a week because my new host doesn't "manage the servers". I actually did all the steps in reverse because I couldn't find a good (and short) guide, until I found this page using google. reply
On July 30th, 2002 Anonymous says:

Thank you so much... This is the best article on how to configure sendmail, I tried for 3 days to get this thing work and thanks to this article is working!! reply

use the chkconfig command for xinetd specific services. After you install the imap package, run chkconfig --list. This will list all rc startup services. Under xinetd you will see the xinetd specific services. ipop2, ipop3, imap, imaps, etc should all say 'no' under startup. Do a 'chkconfig ipop3 on' will turn on ipop3 for all runlevels. Using chkconfig accomplishes the same thing as editing the /etc/xinetd.d/ipop3 but is a cleaner way, and works for all startup rc scripts. reply
On July 21st, 2002 Anonymous says:

Excellent, I have been having problems with this for a week now, the article is direct strait forward and most of all correct. A big thank you. Mike reply

I'm senior Computer engineer from KMITL ( THAILAND ) My project is webmail opensource. I develop twig and must to config sendmail . I try for a week about sendmail. This article is greate,awful,Even i use mandrake but it work. Thank a lot. thank opensource. My email address is maydream@hotmail.com reply
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It Really Works Thanx a lot for such an article. reply

I'm senior Computer engineer from KMITL ( THAILAND ) My project is webmail opensource. I develop twig and must to config sendmail . I try for a week about sendmail. This article is greate,awful,Even i use mandrake but it work. Thank a lot. thank opensource. My email address is maydream@hotmail.com reply

Eric, Many thanks. I was fumbling around trying to install Sendmail and had almost given up. I was contemplating giving Qmail a try. Your article had me up and running in an hour. Thanks again for a short, easy to follow article. reply
POP3 DOESN'T WORK: BEST CONFIGURATION ARTICLE YET: IMPORTANT QUE
On June 3rd, 2002 Anonymous says:

I am new to linux, and the whole open source thing. I found your article really easy to understand and followed the steps and it worked great except for the pop3 account. I seem to not be able to connect from any client to get mail off the server remotely. Please help. I can send mail out fine, send mail to the addresses, no problem. The xinetd.d/ipop3 says that disabled = no tahnks reply
Re: POP3 DOESN'T WORK: BEST CONFIGURATION ARTICLE YET: IMPORTANT

make sure you restart the daemon once that setting has been changed. reply 1 2 next last
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