Chapter 3 Movement of Substances across the PlasmaMembrane 3.

1 Movement across the Plasma Membrane Substances required by the cell are nutrients (glucose and minerals) andoxygen Substances to be eliminated are metabolic wastes Why is this important? To continue cellular life process, concentration of ions inside the cell must b e different than outside the cell Maintain a constant cellular environment (homeostasis) Structure Composed of phospholipids and proteins Fluid-mosaic model Phospholipid bilayer ? barrier which isolates two sides of membrane Contains cholesterol ? stabilize and strengthen plasma membrane Pore protein ? forms channel/pore Carrier protein ? acts as carrier Glycoprotein ? protein with carbohydrate attached Fluidity of membrane ? cells are more flexible The plasma membrane is semi-permeable/selectively permeable (onlysome substance s can pass through) Factors determining whether molecule can pass through ? size and polarity Molecules that can pass through ? Lipid-soluble molecules (fatty acids and glycerol) ? Non-polar molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) ? Small molecules such as water ( Basically water is a polar molecule. However, it s small size enables it to slide between phospholipid bilayer) Pore proteins allow small water soluble molecules and ions to pass through Carrier proteins have site that can bind to specific molecules (glucosemolecules ) before transporting them to plasma membrane. Passive transport (movement of substances across plasma membrane withoutinput of

energy) Example: gaseous exchange in alveolus and blood capillary Simple diffusion ? Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lowe rconcentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equili brium is reached Osmosis: Diffusion of water ? Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to aconcentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membran e Facilitated diffusion ? Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins a ndpores following the concentration gradient ? Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose ? Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules) ? Pore proteins form pore/channel ? Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lowe rconcentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equili brium isreached Osmosis: Diffusion of water ? Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to aconcentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membran e Facilitated diffusion ? Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins a ndpores following the concentration gradient ? Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose ? Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules) ? Pore proteins form pore/channel Active transport Movement of solute/ion across plasma membrane against concentration gradient Requires energy and carrier protein Energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generated during respiration inmi tochondria Carrier protein has an active site to bind with molecule and another active site tobind with ATP. The carrier protein changes shape when phosphate group from AT Pbinds to it. Then, the solute is moved across the membrane. Ex. Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants