W E I G H T FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS D . Mangeron (1), A. M. Krall (2) and D . L.

Fernndez (3)
^Recibido: 13 enero 1982 This paper is dedicated to the founders of Special and subsequently Generalized Functions, their Theory and Applications.

PRESENTADO

POR EL ACADMICO NUMERARIO D . CASESNOVES

DARO

MARAVALL

This article continue the discussion of finding weight functions for orthogonal polynomials in three situations. The Gegenbauer polynomials are shown to have a distributional Weight function. The polynomials of Geronimus [6] which are 'Orthogonal on [ 1,1] are explicitely calculated. An application to Fade approximations is made. Two negative situations are mentioned. Esta memoria se refiere a la discusin e investigacin de funciones de peso de polinomios ortogonales, se apHcan las aproximaciones de Pad a los polinomios de Geronimus, que son explcitamente calculados, y se demuestra que los polinomios de Gegenbauer tienen una funcin de peso distribucional.

(1) Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, lai, Romania. At present : Instituto de Matemtica, Estatstica e Ciencia da Compuo IMECC. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil. The author wishes to express his warmest thanks to the Fundao de Amparo pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo F A P E S P {Brasil) for its Grant n.o 80/1757-2, as well as to the IMECC of U N I C A M P for the invaluable conditions offered to him to develop his work in collaboration within this Institute. (2) The Pennsylvania State University. College of Science. Department of Mathematics. University Park, Pennsylvania, USA (8) IMECC, U N I C A M P , Campinas, SP, Brasil.

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D. MANGERON, A. M. KRALL AND D. L. FERNNDEZ

Introduction In the framework of nowadays researches referred to orthogonal polynomials one finds among others a rather systematic study of an interesting generalization of Gegenbauer, Humbert, and several other polynomial systems, defined by
00

where m is a positive integer and other parameters are unrestricted in general [14,] ; a unified representation of classical polynomials [15], and generation of orthogonal polynomials with respect to somepositive measure Jia [16;], while generalizations to several variables of classical special functions (particularly polynomials) starts as a novelty with nonclassical boundary value problems for polywave or polyvibrating systems of the type
M^(l) [A {x)Mnt(i)u{x) -{-p[B{x)M^(l) u{x) + J>B(x)u{x)] + C{x)u(x)] + = 0,

where s = (x^, x^, ..., ^m) and the operator

M,() = d*^**Id** x^ d** x^ . . . ^ Xfft

is the ^-th order total derivative, u (x) = 0 on the boundary or R {i < Xi\^ bi, 1= 1, 2, ..., m} [17i], [18], subsequently extended to the non elliptical problems into adequate functional spaces [19], i[20], with an extension to polyvibrating special functions of C. Truesdell's F-Functions method [21], or with a method of construction of orthonormal system of polynomials in a domain O c R" with a positive weight function {22]. In the authors' previous article [10] a new look at some classic problems in orthogonal polynomials was reached thanks to the introduction of the concept of a distributional weight function for orthogonal polynomials, with the classical orthogonal polynomials used as examples. The Jacobi polynomials were shown to be distributionally orthogonal even when the classical parameters A and B (associated with the weight (1 x)^ (1 + jr)) were less

WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

b9P'

than 1. When A, B > 1, the connection to (1 x)^ (1 + x)^^ was established. Likewise for the Laguerre polynomials, classically orthogonal with respect to x^ e~^, a distributional weight function i was exhibited even when a <C 1. Similar results 'were found concerning Hermite polynomials ([9] also exhibits extensions tothe generalized Hermite polynomials), and, finally, a weight function i for the Bessel polynomials was exhibited for the first time. This paper continues the discussion of the use of distributions to three interesting new cases. First the Gegenbauer polynomials [12] are shown to be distributionally orthogonal. Second a connection is made between some polynomials of Geronimus [6i] and distributional weight functions. Finally the appHcation of distributional orthogonality to Fade approximations [3] is examined. Two negative results are also mentioned. The Brafman polynomials are shown not to be orthogonal. Engels' implicitly defined: polynomials do not seem to be appropriate for distributional orthogonality.

The Gegenbauer polynomials The Gegenbauer polynomials Cn satisfy the ordinary differential' equation

where, here, X i= v 1/2, v being the usual parameter [12]. result [11], the moments used to define Cn satisfy tJt(2X+l + ) = { - l ) j x _ j , with [JL_i = 0, [XQ = 1.
H-lw + l =
0^

As ai

Thus

|i.2=l . 3 . . . ( 2 - l ) / ( 2 X + 3 ) . . . ( 2 X + 2 + l ) , n = 0, 1, ...

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D . MANGERON, A. M. KRALL AND D. L.

FERNNDEZ

When V > 1 / 2 or X > 1, these can be generated by using "xthe standard weight function (1 s^y through the formula
1 Ar2)X ix

:as we :. When X < 1, however, the integral makes no sense. I t is this situation we wish to explore further, since the distribution we shall generate not only generates the moments {iin}n = Oi but also makes the Gegenbauer polynomials orthogonal. With A < 1, the weight function w = (1 x^y is nonintegrably singular at both + 1. This means [11] that a Cauchy regularization is required at both + 1 . We assume a 1 < - < A < a. If t^ is thought of as a distribution acting on a test function /, -defined on [0, 1], then when X <^ 1, its Cauchy regularization [5] is given by

+,z0-i ' ( ^ + > + l =

^By splitting up the interval [ 1, 1] into two halves and suitably changing variables, we find that
1

/(/)(0)

</,^>= =

/\0

{\-x)-^\f{x)(\-\-x)-^^

"^'
j = 0

[ / ( ^ ) ( l + * ) M ( / ) ( l ) ( l - x)J ,
J

_, = 0

W E I G H T FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

601

This can be considerably simplified if we let (j) (i) = [/ (1 t) + -+ f(t 1)] (2 t)\ Then
1

(-1)- I p^^_^^^^^
0

0W(O< +
1

y,

(~1)/ + 10(/-1)(1)

.after integration by parts has been performed a times. It is tedious to show directly that
THEOREM.When
<tr2+i , = > = 0

a 1<X<

a,

<x^,w>

= l . 3 . . . (2-l)/{2X4-3) . . . ( 2 / L + 2 + 1) ;? = 0, 1, . . .

Consequently it follows [ H ] .
THEOREM.When a 1 < X < loc,

(2X + 1 ) . r ( - I r (x + i ) (X + l / 2 + )r(X + l / 2 ) where the symbol (a)n = a (a + 1) ... (a + n 1). In a manner similar to the Laguerre polynomials [8], when X < ^ 1 the functional <-,ize/) generates an indefinite inner product :and ultimately a Krein or Pontrjagin space [1].
m = n^

602

D.

MANGERON, A. M. KRALL AND D. L. FERNANDEZ

The Geronimus polynomials In [6] Geronimus defines a set of polynomial {(j)}*=o through^ a rather elaborate procedure. By using distributions, when the independent variable is real, the calculation of these polynomials can be considerably simplified. Let ^ (x) be a distributional weight function on [ 1, 1] and let {pn (x)}^==Q be the monic polynomials which are orthogonal with respect to '^. Then the collection {pn}^=o satisfies a threeterm recurrence relation [T]
pH (X) = {X a.n)pn^x ^OC) \ n p n - t { x ) ,

If ^n = (^""j 4^), then

^0 ^n

"
lin . . .

,
V-2'

=1=0,

n
1
Pn (X)=

...

ii

ii-i ... iij-

A-i

1
= X'* Sn X-'^ +

.,, x^
, . , ,

and

an =

Sn

Sn-3J

^n

' ^ n - i ^n-s

^^n-,2'

Via continued fractions define

^4-1

U = 1 a+i

X,

V = 1 + +1

I 1 + a

j 1 + o 4.1

and

a j , = (v-u)/(vH-u).

WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

603

Geronimus' polynomials {^n}n^o

^^^ then given by the formulas

01(X)

= X 0n | I

ft 0 , 1 , . . . .

Various growth estimates then follo'w [6] if 4 is a nondecreasing ^ function of bounded variation with infinitely many points of increase.

F a d e approximations The problem of function finding Pade approximations to an analytic

1 = 0

is to find a rational function p (t)/q (), where the degree of p is k ' 1, the degree of q is k, for which the error involved is 0 (t^) ^ 1 \

If

(See [3].) If we denote by w the weight function generated by the moments {{Li}r=o , so
00

^ = ^
y= o

( - 1 ) ^ ' t^/^^>> (^)IJ'-.

where 5 ^ is the /-th distributional derivative of the Dirac delta func^> tion, then
< r , ; > == ^ , = 0 , . .. ,

and

when expanded.

604

D. MANGERON, A. M. KRALL AND D. L. FERNANDEZ

We assume that iA is never zero (see the previous section), a n let {Pn (ii^)}*-o b^ the normalized polynomials, orthogonal witb respect to w,

n = m.

Then {Pn(.^)}*=o satisfies a three term recurrence relation [T;] P*+i = (A.i+i^ + B ^ + i ) P ^ - C ^ P ^ ^ , , P_i = 0, Po = Po. Associated with {PJ,{X)]'^:^Q {QfcW}?-0 3 defined by is an associated set of polynomials

Qk(^) = <

.^>.

which satisfy the same 3 term recurrence relation

but

We then let

Then

(^1=
f

k \

That is

\Qk(m^k ( / ) ] - / ( o = o ( / n
as t > 0. W e refer to [3] for details.

WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

605-

Some negative results The question of whether the Brafman polynomials [2], [13] arecrthogonal has been asked. Denoted by {gn}n = o > they are given by
r

[7-] gn {X)= 2,

(-~1)M1)^ ({n^J>k)\)^ U

'\\_(ai)j,xn-pk {bi)kk\

The answer is no. We show this only in the simpler case p = q =~ = r =. s = 1. Then
^0 = 1
^ , = = jT ~ a / ^ ,

^2 = A:2-2(a/);^ + ( a ( ^ + l ) / ( ^ ( ^ + l ) ) ,

etc. Assuming there is a weight function w which generates moments* {l^n}n^o> then since g^, g^, g^ are orthogonal to ^0 we find

)i^ = a Id

Since g^ is likewise orthogonal to ^, we find

( iS 3 _ 3 ^2 2 ^ 6 ^3 ^ _{_ 12fl3_ 12 ^2 ^ 4- 2 a 2

^'

H + l){ + 2)

The expressions for [ g are clearly not the same, and so no (distribuX tional) weight function exists. Finally we comment that H . Engels' implicitly defined orthogonal polynomials, and so our results do not seem to be applicable.

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D . MANGERON, A, M. KRALL AND D . L. FERNNDEZ

^References |[1] [2] 3] [4] ;[5;] [6] J. (1974). Indefinite inner product spaces. SpringerVerlag, New York. BRAFMAN, F . (1957). Some generating functions for Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. Canadian J. Math,, 9, 180-187. BREZINSKI, C . (1980). Pad'-Type approximation and general orthogonal polynomials. Birkh user-Verlag, Basel. ENGELS, H . (1979). Implicit definierte orthogonale Polynme. Z. A. M. M., 59, 461-467. GELFAND, I. M. and SHILOV, G . E . (1964). Generalized functions. Vol. I. Academic Press, New York. GERONIMUS, JA. L . On some estimates of orthogonal polynomials and on Steklov's problem. Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 236 (1977); Soviet Math, Dokl,, 16 (1977), 11761179. KRALL, A. M. (1978). Orthogonal polynomials through moment generating functional. SI AM J, Math, Anal., 9 , 600-603. KRALL, A. M. (1979). Laguerre polynomial expansions in indefinite inner product spaces. / . Math. Anal. AppL, 7 0 , 267-279. KRALL, A. M. (1981). On the generalized Hermite polynomials (H<*^>);=o, [ x > 1 / 2 . Indiana I. Math., 30, 73-78.
BOGNAR, MARAVALL CASESNOVES, D . , MANGERON, D . , KRALL, A. M. and FERNNDEZ, D . L . A new look at some classic problems

[7] [8] i[9]

|[10]

in orthogonal polynomials. Revista Real Acad. Ciencias E^xactas, Fsicas y Naturales, de Madrid, to appear.
[11,] MORTON, R . D . and KRALL, A. M. (1978). Distributional

weight functions for orthogonal polynomials. SIAM I, Math. Anal, 9, 604-626. [12] RAINVILLE, E . D . (1963). Special functions. MacMillan, New York. ;[13] SHRESHTA, R . M . (1979). On generalized Brafman polynomials. Comptes r, Bulg, Acad. S ci., 32, 1183-1185. f[14j] GOULD, H . W . (1965). Inverse series relations and other expansions involving Plumbert polynomials. Duke Math. I., 32, 697-711. 15] SHRIVSTAVA, P . N. (1978). Classical Polynomials- a unified representation. Publ. Inst. Math., Nouv. Ser., 2 3 ( 3 7 ) , 169-177. ^16] NERAI, P . G . (1979). On orthogonal polynomials. / . Approximation Theory, 25, 34-37. |17i] MANGERON, D . a) Sopra un nuovo problema al contorno. Talk given on Nov. 15, 1930 within Mauro Picone's High Analysis Seminar. Math. Inst. Univ. Naples ; b) Sopra un problema al contorno non lineare per le equazioni a derivate

W E I G H T FUNCTIONS FOR SOME NEW CLASSES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

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parziale con caratteristiche reali multiple. Rend. Accad. Nas. Lincei. CI. sci. fis., mat., naturali, (6) X V I , fsc. 7-8 (1932), 305-310 ; c) Problemi al contorno per le equazioni alie derivate parziali con caratteristiche reali doppie. Rend. Accad. Sci fis., mat., Napoli, (4)11 (1932), 29-40; d) Nuovi problemi al contorno per le equazioni alie derivate parziali con caratteristiche reali multiple. Giorn. Mat. di Battaglini, (3) 71, 51 p . ; Problmes la frontire concernant les quations polyvibrantes d'ordre suprieur. C. r. Acad. Sa., Paris, 201 (1937), 94-96, 544-546, 1022-1024; 266 A (1968), 870-873, 976-979, 1050-1052, 1103-1106, 11211124, a. o. [18] MANGERON, D . and OGUZTORELI, M. N. Polynmes orthogonaux polyvibrants et quelques thormes qui s'y rattachent. Acad. Roy. Belg., Bull. Cl. Sci. (5) 56 (1970), 258-266; b) Fonctions de Bessel et polynmes de Legendre relatifs aux quations polyvibrantes gnralises. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, A-B 27 (1970), A37-A40. [19] FERNNDEZ, D. L. (1980). Interpolation of 2"" Banach spaces. Bull. Polytechn. Inst. Jassy, N. S., 30, Sect. 1. 20] FERNNDEZ, D. L. The duality of Sobolev and Nikol'skii spaces and applications to polywave equations (submitted). [2\ MANGERON, D. and OGUZTORELI, M. N. a) Solutions de certains systmes poly vibrants exprimes par les fonctions F de Truesdell. Acad. Roy. Belg. Bull. Cl. Sci., (5) 56 (1970), 267-274 ; b) Quelques thormes dans le cadre d'une thorie unitaire des fonctions spciales. I. Bull. Polytechn. Inst. Jassy, N. S., 20 (1970), 1-2, Sect. I, 5-8. ;[22|] MYSOVSKIKH, S. P. (1976). Ortogonal'nye polinomy mnogikh peremennykh. Metody Vychislenij, 10, 26-35. [231} MARAVALL CASESNOVES, D. (1964). A new formulation for singular functions or distributions of physics and the transformations of Laplace and Fourier in n variables (Spanish). Rev. Mat. Hisp.-Amer., 4 ( 2 4 ) , 223-249. [24] MARAVALL CASESNOVES, D . (1964). Essay on the axioms of the Calculus of probabilities and the theory of distributions. Trabajos Estadist. (Spanish), 15, cuad. 2-3, 73-91.