BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA CONTENTS

Unit 2 | AC Machines

Asynchronous Machine: Induction motors (3 phase): Concept of rotating magnetic field, working principle, constructional feature, types, torque equation, torque slip characteristics, efficiency, types of starter, conventional method of speed control. Ac position control system. Synchronous Machine.(Alternators) Working principle, construction feature, e.m.f. equation, Synchronous speed of Alternators.

2.1 Three-Phase Induction Motor The three-phase induction motors are the most widely used electric motors in industry. They run at essentially constant speed from no-load to full-load. However, the speed is frequency dependent and consequently these motors are not easily adapted to speed control. Like any electric motor, a 3-phase induction motor has a stator and a rotor. The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while the rotor carries a short-circuited winding (called rotor winding). Only the stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply. The rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the externally energized stator winding through electromagnetic induction and hence the name. Advantages (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) It has simple and rugged construction. It is relatively cheap. It requires little maintenance. It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor. It has self starting torque.

Disadvantages (i) (ii) Applications Three phase induction motors are used to drive centrifugal pumps, subnersible pumps, conveyors, elevators, grinders, electric saws, lathe machine and compressors. It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily. Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt motor.

S.E. Instrumentation and Control | Drives and Control

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA 2.2 Construction

Unit 2 | AC Machines

A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts (i) stator and (ii) rotor. The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap which ranges from 0.4 mm to 4 mm, depending on the power of the motor.

Stator It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses. A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the laminations. The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per requirement of speed. Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the motor and vice-versa. When 3 phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This rotating field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic induction. Rotor The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery. The winding placed in these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of the following two types: (i) Squirrel cage type (ii) Wound Rotor type

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA i)

Unit 2 | AC Machines

Squirrel cage rotor. It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer periphery. One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end rings .This forms a permanently short-circuited winding which is indestructible. The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a squirrel cage and hence the name. The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in it by transformer action from the stator. Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are called squirrel cage induction motors.

ii)

Wound rotor. It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3- phase winding, similar to the one on the stator. The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually star-connected. The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring. The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat as shown in Fig. At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to give a large starting torque.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

These resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to speed. The external resistances are used during starting period only. When the motor attains normal speed, the three brushes are short-circuited so that the wound rotor runs like a squirrel cage rotor. 2.3 Rotating Magnetic Field Due to 3-Phase Currents

When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced. This field is such that its poles do no remain in a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting their positions around the stator. For this reason, it is called a Rotating Field. It can be shown that magnitude of this rotating field is constant and is equal to 1.5 m where fm is the maximum flux due to any phase. To see how rotating field is produced, consider a 2-pole, 3-phase winding as shown in next Fig. (i).The three phases X, Y and Z are energized from a 3-phase source and currents in these phases are indicated as Ix, Iy and Iz. Referring to Fig.(ii), the fluxes produced by these currents are given by: x = m sin t y = m sin(t -120) z = m sin(t -240) Here m is the maximum flux due to any phase. Above Fig. shows the phasor diagram of the three fluxes. We shall now prove that this 3-phase supply produces a rotating field of constant magnitude equal to 1.5 m. At instant 1 [See Fig. (ii) and Fig. (iii) on next page], the current in phase X is zero and currents in phases Y and Z are equal and opposite. The currents are flowing outward in the top conductors and inward in the bottom conductors. This establishes a resultant flux towards right. At instant 2, the current is maximum (negative) in y phase Y and 0.5 maximum (positive) in phases X and Y. At instant 2, t = 30. Note that resultant flux is displaced 30 clockwise from position 1.
S.E. Instrumentation and Control | Drives and Control

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

At instant 3, current in phase Z is zero and the currents in phases X and Y are equal and opposite (currents in phases X and Y arc 0.866 max. value). Note that resultant flux is displaced 60 clockwise from position 1.
S.E. Instrumentation and Control | Drives and Control

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

At instant 4, the current in phase X is maximum (positive) and the currents in phases V and Z are equal and negative (currents in phases V and Z are 0.5 max. value). Note that the resultant flux is downward i.e., it is displaced 90 clockwise from position 1. Speed of rotating magnetic field The speed at which the rotating magnetic field revolves is called the synchronous speed (Ns). In general, fur P poles, the rotating field makes one revolution in P/2 cycles of current. Cycles of current = P/2 revolutions of field or Cycles of current per second = P/2 revolutions of field per second

Since revolutions per second is equal to the revolutions per minute (Ns) divided by 60 and the number of cycles per second is the frequency f,

f=
or

Ns

The speed of the rotating magnetic field is the same as the speed of the alternator that is supplying power to the motor if the two have the same number of poles. Hence the magnetic flux is said to rotate at synchronous speed. Direction of rotating magnetic field (How the direction of 3-pahse induction motor can be changed or reversed) The phase sequence of the three-phase voltage applied to the stator winding (in previous Fig. (ii)) is X-Y-Z. If this sequence is changed to X-Z-Y, it is observed that direction of rotation of the field is reversed i.e., the field rotates counterclockwise rather than clockwise. However, the number of poles and the speed at which the magnetic field rotates remain unchanged. Thus it is necessary only to change the phase sequence in order to change the direction of rotation of the magnetic field. For a three-phase supply, this can be done by interchanging any two of the three lines.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

As we shall see, the rotor in a 3-phase induction motor runs in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field. Therefore, the direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor can be reversed by interchanging any two of the three motor supply lines. 2.5 Principle of Operation

Consider a portion of 3-phase induction motor as shown in Fig below. (i) When winding 3-phase is stator

energized

from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is set up which the rotates at

round

stator

synchronous speed Ns (= 120 f/P).

(ii)

The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet are stationary. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor, e.m.f. is induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.

(iii)

The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by the stator. Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors. The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque which tends to move the rotor in the same direction as the rotating field.

(iv)

The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field (i.e., rotor moves in the direction of stator field) can be explained by Lenzs law. According to this law, the direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend to oppose the cause producing them. Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between the rotating field and the stationary rotor conductors. Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA 2.6 Slip

Unit 2 | AC Machines

The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e., % age slip, s (i) (ii) (iii) 100

The quantity Ns N is sometimes called slip speed. When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %. In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3% so that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.

2.7

Rotor Current Frequency

The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative speed between a vending and a magnetic field is given by the general formula; Frequency Where, Ns N Ns

N = Relative speed between magnetic field and the winding P = Number of poles

For a rotor speed N, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor is Ns N. Consequently, the rotor current frequency f ' is given by; f Ns N P 120 s Ns P 120 .As s sf i.e., Rotor current frequency = Fractional slip Supply frequency (i) (ii) When the rotor is at standstill or stationary (i.e., s = 1) As the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor decreases. Consequently, the slip s and hence rotor current frequency decreases.
S.E. Instrumentation and Control | Drives and Control

Ns N Ns

,f

Ns P 120

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA 2.8 Induction Motor Torque 2NT watts 60

Unit 2 | AC Machines

The mechanical power P available from any electric motor can be expressed as: P Where,

N = speed of the motor in r.p.m. T = torque developed in N-m

Therefore T 60 P 2 N 9.55 P NewtonMetere N

If the gross output of the rotor of an induction motor is Pm and its speed is N r.p.m., then gross torque T developed is given by: Tg Similarly Tsh 9.55 Pout NewtonMetere N 9.55 Pm NewtonMetere N

2.9

Induction Motor Torque, Slip characteristics

Fig shows the variation of torque and stator current with slip for a standard squirrel-cage motor. Between zero and full-load, rotor power factor (= cos '2) and rotor impedance (= Z'2) remain practically constant. Therefore, rotor current I'2(E'2/Z'2) and, therefore, torque (Tr) increase directly with the slip. Now stator current I1 increases in proportion to I'2, where Tr and I1 are indicated as straight lines from noload to full-load. As load and slip are increased beyond fullload, the increase in rotor reactance becomes appreciable. The increasing value of rotor impedance not only decreases the rotor power factor cos '2 (= R2/Z'2) but also lowers the rate of

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

increase of rotor current. As a result, the torque Tr and stator current I1 do not increase directly with slip. Finally, torque Tr reaches the maximum value at about 25% slip in the standard squirrel cage motor. This maximum value of torque is called the pullout torque or breakdown torque. If the load is increased beyond the breakdown point, the decrease in rotor power factor is greater than the increase in rotor current, resulting in a decreasing torque. The result is that motor slows down quickly and comes to a stop.

2.9

Induction Motor Efficiency

The losses occurring in a 3-phase induction motor are Cu losses in stator and rotor windings, iron losses in stator and rotor core and friction and windage losses. The iron losses and friction and windage losses are almost independent of load. Had I2R been constant, the efficiency of the motor would have increased with load. But I2R loss depends upon load. Output Output Losses

Ef iciency

Therefore, the efficiency of the motor increases with load but the curve is dropping at high loads. 2.10 Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors

The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor depends upon the size of the motor and the type of the motor. The common methods used to start induction motors are: (i) Direct-on-line starting (iii) Autotransformer starting (v) Rotor resistance starting In practice, any one of the first four methods is used for starting squirrel cage motors, depending upon the size of the motor. But slip ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting (i) Direct-on-line starting This method of starting in just what the name implies the motor is started by connecting it directly to 3-phase supply. The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and
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(ii) Stator resistance starting (iv) Star-delta starting

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

when it is directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high (4 to 10 times the full-load current) and at a low power factor. Consequently, this method of starting is suitable for relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.

(ii)

Stator resistance starting In this method, external resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding during starting. This causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage available across motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting current. The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit as the motor picks up speed. When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to the rotor.

This method suffers from two drawbacks. First, the reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period lowers the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time. Secondly, a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances. (iii) Autotransformer starting This method also aims at connecting the induction motor to a reduced supply at starting and then connecting it to the full voltage as the motor picks up sufficient speed. At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to start position. This puts the autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit.
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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

Consequently, starting current is limited to safe value. When the motor attains about 80% of normal speed, the changeover switch is thrown to run position. This takes out the autotransformer from the circuit and puts the motor to full line voltage. Autotransformer starting has several advantages viz low power loss, low starting current and less radiated heat. For large machines (over 25 H.P.), this method of starting is often used. This method can be used for both star and delta connected motors. (iv) Star-delta starting The stator winding of the motor is designed for delta operation and is connected in star during the starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta. The six leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover switch as shown.

At the instant of starting, the changeover switch is thrown to Start position which connects the stator windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase gets V 3 volts where V is the line voltage. This reduces the starting current. When the motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to Run position which connects the stator windings in delta. Now each stator phase gets full line voltage V. (iv) Rotor resistance starting Slip-ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. In this method, a variable star-connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied to the stator winding.
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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so that maximum resistance is placed in each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and at the same time starting torque is increased. As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise direction and cuts out the external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit. When the motor attains normal speed, the change-over switch is in the ON position and the whole external resistance is cut out from the rotor circuit.

2.11

Alternators

The machine which produces 3-phase power from mechanical power is called an alternator or synchronous generator. Alternators are the primary source of all the electrical energy we consume. They convert mechanical energy into a.c. energy

An alternator operates on the same fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction as a d.c. generator i.e., when the flux linking a conductor changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the conductor. Like a d.c. generator, an alternator also has an armature winding and a field winding. But there is one important difference between the two.
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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

In a d.c. generator, the armature winding is placed on the rotor in order to provide a way of converting alternating voltage generated in the winding to a direct voltage at the terminals through the use of a rotating commutator. The field poles are placed on the stationary part of the machine. Since no commutator is required in an alternator, it is usually more convenient and advantageous to place the field winding on the rotating part (i.e., rotor) and armature winding on the stationary part (i.e., stator) as shown in Fig. 2.12 Construction of Alternator

An alternator has 3,-phase winding on the stator and a d.c. field winding on the rotor. 1. Stator It is the stationary part of the machine and is built up of sheet-steel laminations having slots on its inner periphery. A 3-phase winding is placed in these slots and serves as the armature winding of the alternator. The armature winding is always connected in star and the neutral is connected to ground. 2. Rotor The rotor carries a field winding which is supplied with direct current through two slip rings by a separate d.c. source. This d.c. source (called exciter) is generally a small d.c. shunt or compound generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator. Rotor construction is of two types, namely; (i) (ii) Salient (or projecting) pole type Non-salient (or cylindrical) pole type

i)

Salient pole type In this type, salient or projecting poles are mounted on a large circular steel frame which is fixed to the shaft of the alternator as shown in Fig. The individual field pole windings are connected in series in such a way that when the field winding is energized by the d.c. exciter, adjacent poles have opposite polarities.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

Since a frequency of 50 Hz is required, we must use a large number of poles on the rotor of slow-speed alternators. Low-speed rotors always possess a large diameter to provide the necessary spate for the poles. Consequently, salient-pole type rotors have large diameters and short axial lengths. (ii) Non-salient pole type In this type, the rotor is made of smooth solid forged-steel radial cylinder having a number of slots along the outer periphery. The field windings are embedded in these slots and are connected in series to the slip rings through which they are energized by the d.c. exciter. The regions forming the poles are usually left un-slotted as shown in Fig. It is clear that the poles formed are non-salient i.e., they do not project out from the rotor surface. This type of construction has mechanical robustness and gives noiseless operation at high speeds. The flux distribution around the periphery is nearly a sine wave and hence a better e.m.f. waveform is obtained than in the case of salient-pole type. 2.13 Alternator operation

The rotor winding is energized from the d.c. exciter and alternate N and S poles are developed on the rotor. When the rotor is rotated in anti-clockwise direction by a prime mover, the stator or armature conductors are cut by the magnetic flux of rotor poles. Consequently, e.m.f. is induced in the armature conductors due to electromagnetic induction. The induced e.m.f. is alternating since N and S poles of rotor alternately pass the armature conductors. The direction of induced e.m.f. can be found by Flemings right hand rule and frequency is given by; f where N = speed of rotor in r.p.m. P = number of rotor poles
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NP 120

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

The magnitude of the voltage induced in each phase depends upon the rotor flux, the number and position of the conductors in the phase and the speed of the rotor.

Fig.(i) shows star-connected armature winding and d.c. field winding. When the rotor is rotated, a 3-phase voltage is induced in the armature winding. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. depends upon the speed of rotation and the d.c. exciting current. The magnitude of e.m.f. in each phase of the armature winding is the same. However, they differ in phase by 120 electrical as shown in the phasor diagram in Fig. (ii). 2.14 Frequency of generated e.m.f. in alternator

The frequency of induced e.m.f. in the armature conductors depends upon speed and the number of poles. Let N = rotor speed in r.p.m. P = number of rotor poles f = frequency of e.m.f. in Hz Consider a stator conductor that is successively swept by the N and S poles of the rotor. If a positive voltage is induced when a N-pole sweeps across the conductor, a similar negative voltage is induced when a S-pole sweeps by. This means that one complete cycle of e.m.f. is generated in the conductor as a pair of poles passes it i.e., one N-pole and the adjacent following S-pole. The same is true for every other armature conductor. No. of cycles/revolution = No. of pairs of poles = P/2
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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA No. of revolutions/second = N/60 No. of cycles/second = (P/2)(N/60) = N P/120

Unit 2 | AC Machines

But number of cycles of e.m.f. per second is its frequency.

It may be noted that N is the synchronous speed and is generally represented by Ns. For a given alternator, the number of rotor poles is fixed and, therefore, the alternator must be run at synchronous speed to give an output of desired frequency. For this reason, an alternator is sometimes called synchronous generator. 2.15 Let E.M.F. Equation of an Alternator Z = No. of conductors or coil sides in series per phase = Flux per pole in webers P = Number of rotor poles N = Rotor speed in r.p.m. In one revolution (i.e., 60/N second), each stator conductor is cut by P webers i.e., d = P; dt = 60/N Average e.m.f. induced in one stator conductor d dt P 60/N PN Volts 60

Since there are Z conductors in series per phase, Average e.m.f./phase PN 60 PZ 60 Z 120f P As N= OR Er.m.s. / phase = 2fZ Volts 2f Z 1.11 = 2.22 f Z
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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA SHAILESH Synchronous speed of Alternator

Unit 2 | AC Machines

The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called the synchronous speed for that frequency. More generally, one cycle of alternating current is produced each time a pair of field poles passes over a point on the stationary winding. The relation between speed and frequency is,

where

N = rotor speed in r.p.m. P = number of rotor poles ber f = frequency of e.m.f. in Hz

2.15

AC Position Control System

M1 Motor 1(TX) M2 Motor 2(CT) M3 Motor 3(AC Servo Motor) R1, R2 Rotor coil 1, 2 resp.

TX- Synchronous-Transmitter/Motor Transmitter/Motor CT Control Transformer or Alternator S1, S2, S3 Stator coil 1, 2, 3 resp.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

A variation of the synchro-transmitter is the control transformer. It has three equally spaced stator windings like a TX. Its rotor is wound with more turns than a transmitter or receiver to make it more sensitive at detecting a null as it is rotated, typically, by a servo system. The CT (Control Transformer) rotor output is zero when it is oriented at a angle right angle to the stator magnetic field vector. Unlike a TX or RX, the CT neither transmits nor receives torque. It is simply a sensitive angular position detector. In Figure, the shaft of the TX is set to the desired position of (suppose connected to any external positioning mechanism). The servo system will cause the servo motor to drive the external mechanism to the commanded position. The CT compares the commanded to actual position and signals the servo amplifier to drive the motor until that commanded angle is achieved. When the control transformer rotor detects a null at 90o to the axis of the stator field, there is no rotor output. Any rotor displacement produces an AC error voltage proportional to displacement. A servo seeks to minimize the error between a commanded and measured variable due to negative feedback. The control transformer compares the shaft angle to the stator magnetic field angle, sent by the TX stator. When it measures a minimum, or null, the servo has driven the external mechanism and control transformer rotor to the commanded position. There is no error between measured and commanded position, no CT, control transformer, output to be amplified. The servo motor, a 2-phase motor, stops rotating. However, any CT detected error drives the amplifier which drives the motor until the error is minimized. This corresponds to the servo system having driven the antenna coupled CT to match the angle commanded by the TX. Thus the AC position control can be achieved by this method. This method can be applicable for the position controls of control-valve actuators, drive positioners, and where the angular position control system is required.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA Questions from question papers 1) Derive the EMF equation of the alternator. [8Marks] Ans: Please see page 17 topic 2.17

Unit 2 | AC Machines

2) A 3-phase four-pole alternator has a stator winding with 9 conductors per slot. The armature has total 36 slots. What will be the value of induced EMF when alternator is driven at 1800 rpm with 0.04 Wb/pole flux. Assume full pitch coil. [8Marks] Ans: Given- 1) No. of Pole (P) = 4 2) No. of conductors = 9 3) No. of slots = 36 4) Speed of rotation (N) = 1800 r.p.m. 5) Flux per Pole () = 0.04 Wb / pole 6) Kc = Full pinched = 1

SolutionAs, Now i) ii) iii) iv) v) freq f 40 Hz

= 180 (3/No. of slots) = 180(3/36) = 15 n = order of the harmonic = 36/9 = 4 = 180/ n = 180/4 = 45 m = No. of slots/(P3) = 36/ (43) = 3
/ / .

vi)

Distribution factor (Kd) =

So And vii) viii)

Kd

0.8047

Z= (No. of slots No.of conductors / m) = 369/3 = 108 T=Z/2 = 108/2 = 54

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA Now, Actual available voltage/phase = 4.44 Kc Kd f = 4.55 1 0.8047 40 0.04 54 = 316.34 Volts Induced EMF = 316.34 Volts

Unit 2 | AC Machines (Where T= Z/2)

3) Explain the principle of working and production of rotating magnetic field in case of induction motor. [8Marks] Ans: Please see page 4, topic 2.3

4) Explain in detail with neat diagram the necessity of a starter for induction motors. [8Marks] Ans: Please see page 10, topic 2.10

5) What is Rotating magnetic field, how the direction of rotation of 3 phase induction motor can be reversed? [8Marks] Ans: see page 4, topic 2.3 and page 6

6) A 4 pole 3-phase Induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating, speed of the rotor when slip is 0.04 and the 'P' of rotor frequency when the slip is 0.03. Also find the frequency of rotor current at standstill. [8Marks] Ans: Given- 1) No. of Pole (P) = 4 2) Supply Frequency (f) = 50 Hz 3) Slip1 (S) = 0.04 4) Slip2 (S) = 0.03 Solution i) Synchronous speed Ns = 1500 r.p.m

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA ii) Rotor magnetic field speed of rotation = 1500 r.p.m. Speed of rotor rotation (N) N= Ns (1 S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 r.p.m iii) iv)

Unit 2 | AC Machines

Frequency of rotor current (f ') = Sf =0.0350 = 1.5 r.p.s. (90 r.p.m.) Since at standstill S = 1, (f ') = Sf =150 = 50 r.p.s. (or 50 Hz)

7) Draw and explain star-delta starter. [8Marks] Ans: See page 10, topic 2.10- (iv)

8) Derive the torque equation of a three phase induction[6Marks] Ans: See page 9, topic 2.8

9) Derive the condition for the maximum torque in three phase induction motor. Ans: It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor reactance/phase. As, Ts = (K1 R2)/(R22 + X22) -------- (i)

Differentiating above equation w.r.t. R2

Or Or R2 = X2

X2 = rotor reactance per phase at standstill R2 = rotor resistance per phase K1 = Constant can be shown that K = 3/2 Ns. (Ns is in r.p.s i.e. rotation per sec) Hence starting torque will be maximum when; Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase.

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA

Unit 2 | AC Machines

10) Explain the reason why does the rotor rotate in induction motor. [8Marks] Ans: See page 4, topic 2.3 i.e. you have to explain about rotating magnetic field in 3-phase induction motor.

11) A 3 phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50-Hz system. Calculate : i) The synchronous speed ii) The rotor speed when slip is 4% iii) Rotor frequency when rotor runs at 600 rpm. [8Marks] Ans: Given- 1) No. of Pole (P) = 4 2) Supply Frequency (f) = 50 Hz 3) Slip (S) = 4 % = 0.04 Solution i) ii) iii) Synchronous speed (Ns) =

1500 r.p.m.

Rotor speed (N) = Ns (1 S) = 1500(1 0.04) = 15000.96 = 1440 r.p.m. Rotor frequency (f ') at N = 600 r.p.m. As N = Ns (1 S) S=1 =1
N Ns

600 1500

= 0.6

Now, f ' = Sf = 0.650 = 30 Hz (or 30 r.p.s)

12) Explain the relation between torque and slip with their characteristics. [8Marks] Ans: See page 9, topic 2.9

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA ~ NOTES ~

Unit 2 | AC Machines

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BY-SHAILESH KSHATRIYA ~ NOTES ~

Unit 2 | AC Machines

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