I.

II.

General Considerations A. Sources of Evidence Law 1. There are 3 sources: 1)common law/state statutes, 2)state evidence codes, and 3) the Federal Rules of Evidence B. Threshold Admissibility Issues: 1. Generally, relevant evidence is admissible if it is competent a. Under the Fed. Rules, relevant evidence tend to prove (probativeness) any fact of consequence to the action (materially). b. Evidence is competent if it does not violate any exclusionary rule. C. Direct and Circumstantial Evidence 1. Direct evidence involves no interference 2. Circumstantial evidence is indirect and relies on inference. D. Limited Admissibility 1. Evidence may be admissible for one purpose but not another, or admissible against one party but not another. 2. The Court may exclude evidence entirely if it determines that, even with limiting instruction, the probative value of the evidence with respect to its legitimate purpose would be substantially outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice with respect to its incompetent purpose. Relevance A. Is the evidence relevant? Relevant evidence is any evidence that tends to prove or disprove a material fact 1. General rule: evidence must relate to time, event, or person in controversy 2. Exceptions: Similar Occurrences not relating to time, event, or person in controversy can be relevant a. Complicated issues of Causation ( shows that 6 non-parties got sick at the same time, place, as ) b. Prior Accidents or Claims of the Plaintiff i. Relevant to show a common plan or scheme of fraud ii. Relevant to show damages to the plaintiff caused by something other than the current damage c. Prior Accidents or Claims Involving the Same Instrumentality i. Relevant if occurred under the same or similar circumstances ii. Relevant to show notice or knowledge of the that the instrumentality is dangerous iii. Relevant to show that instrumentality is dangerous d. State of Mind or Intent i. Previous similar acts of relevant to show s intent or motive ii. E.g., history of sex discrimination to show that did not hire because of her sex e. Comparable Sales to Establish Value i. Sale price of other chattels or parcels of real property ii. Must be same kind, place, and time

f. Habit of Individual i. Relevant to show that individual acted the same way on the occasion in question ii. Specific, detailed conduct iii. Recurrence of detailed conduct iv. At least three (3) or more times = habit v. Look for instinctively and automatically and invariably and always for habit g. Business Routine i. Habit of the corporation relevant to show that an event occurred ii. Same as habit evidence for individual h. Industry Custom (This evidence is non-conclusive) i. Relevant to show adherence to or deviation from industry standard of care B. If relevant, should it be excluded? 1. Judicial Discretion to Exclude Relevant Evidence a. Probative value of the evidence must be substantially outweighed by the danger of i. Unfair prejudice ii. Confusion of issues iii. Misleading the jury iv. Undue delay v. Waste of time vi. Cumulative evidence b. Unfair surprise is not a choice. If the answer says this, it is wrong. If the question is Which is the least likely to be grounds for excluding the evidence the answer is unfair surprise because it is not a ground for excluding evidence. c. If the answer does not have substantially then it is not a correct statement of the law 2. Public Policy Reasons to Exclude Relevant Evidence a. Withdrawn guilty pleas and offers to plead guilty are almost always inadmissible b. Liability Insurance i. Generally inadmissible to prove negligence or ability to pay ii. Exception: Admissible to prove ownership or control or impeach credibility of witness (i.e., arent you the claims adjuster for the s insurance company that will pay this claim?) c. Subsequent Remedial Measures i. Generally inadmissible to prove negligence, culpable conduct, or strict liability ii. Exception: Admissible to show ownership or control if in dispute or to rebut a claim that precautions were impossible d. Settlements i. Generally inadmissible to prove negligence, culpable conduct, or amount of damages ii. Limitation: Will not apply unless

III.

(i) There is an actual claim (ii) The claim is disputed as to liability or amount e. Offers to Pay Medical Expenses i. Generally inadmissible to prove culpable conduct ii. Exception: Admissions of fact during the offer to pay are admissible Character Evidence A. Civil Cases 1. Inadmissible by either party to prove conduct 2. Admissible if character is directly at issue a. Defamation b. Negligent hiring c. Negligent entrustment 3. If character directly at issue, party can prove character by a. Specific acts b. Opinion testimony of witnesses c. Reputation in the community B. Criminal Cases 1. Inadmissible if initially offered by the prosecution to show that has propensity to commit crimes 2. Admissible if offered by the to show that his character does not adhere to the crime charged a. calls a witness to testify b. Limited to opinion or reputation testimony (NOT specific acts) 3. Prosecution can rebut by cross examining the s witness or introducing its own character witness a. Cross examination of the witness i. No extrinsic evidence allowed ii. Limited to whether witness heard of specific instances of misconduct b. Rebuttal witnesslimited to opinion or reputation of the 4. Admissible if puts victims character at issue a. Homicide or assault case b. Plea of self defense c. Offered to show that victim was the aggressor d. Limited to reputation or opinion e. Prosecution can rebut by showing i. good character of the victim or ii. bad character of regarding the same trait as victim f. Does not apply in rape cases C. Civil and Criminal Cases 1. Character evidence admissible under the MIMIC Rule: specific acts of misconduct 2. Relevant to some issue other than character a. Motive b. Intent

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V.

c. Mistake, absence of d. Identity e. Common plan or scheme 3. Probative value must not be substantially outweighed by danger of prejudice etc. 4. s prior bad acts of sexual assault or child molestation admissible in such cases (civil or criminal) Judicial Noticerecognition of a fact as true without formal presentation of evidence A. Indisputable facts of common knowledge in the community (notorious facts) B. Capable of verification by resort to easily accessible sources of accuracy (manifest facts) C. Limited to adjudicative facts, not legislative facts (purpose of laws, etc.) D. MUST take judicial notice of federal and state statutes and regs E. MAY take notice of municipal ordinances and private acts or resolutions of Congress/local state legislature F. MAY take notice of laws of foreign countries Writings A. Authentication 1. Writing not admissible until authenticated 2. Need testimonial foundation that the writing is genuine 3. Authentication of Document a. Admission b. Eyewitness testimony c. Hand Writing proof i. Lay witness that is familiar with the signature ii. Expert witness comparison iii. Jury comparison 4. Ancient Documents are authentic if a. 20+ Years b. Regular on its face c. Found in place of natural custody 5. Proof that disputed document came in response to a prior communication (solicited reply doctrine) 6. Self-authenticating Documents a. Certified copies of business or public records b. Official publications c. Newspapers and periodicals d. Trade inscriptions or labels e. Acknowledged documents (affidavits) f. UCC signatures on commercial documents 7. Photographs a. Any familiar witness b. Testifies that photo is fair and accurate representation c. Automated Cameras: If no witness, testimony that the camera was operating properly at time picture was taken and processed correctly B. Best Evidence (Original Document Rule)

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1. Arises when the content of a document is in dispute 2. Must produce the original or a reasonable explanation why original cannot be produced 3. If there is a reasonable explanation for originals absence, then foundation needed for the secondary evidence (copy or oral testimony) 4. Writings Include films, photos, x-rays, recordings 5. Original needed if legally operative document (Contract; Deed; Will; Trust) 6. Original needed when witnesses sole knowledge comes from a writing 7. Original not needed if witness has personal knowledge of facts which happened to be contained in the writing 8. Original not needed for collateral documents (documents of minor importance) 9. Public records can take the place of originals 10. No need for original of voluminous documents that cannot conveniently be examined in court if (a) originals would be admissible and (b) opposing party has access to originals 11. Duplicates are admissible to the same extent as originals unless a. Genuine question of originals authenticity or Circumstances indicate unfairness to admit duplicate Testimonial Evidence A. Competency of Witness 1. Personal Knowledge and Oath or affirmation 2. Dead Man Statute a. Interested witness b. Testified for their interest c. Against decedent or his representative d. About transactions/communications with decedent e. Civil case f. No waiver B. Form of Examinations 1. No narrative questions 2. Leading questions only permitted if a. Cross examination b. Preliminary matters on direct c. Difficult to elicit testimony because of handicaps on direct d. While examining an adverse party or hostile witness 3. No misleading or compound/argumentative questions C. Cross Examination 1. Party has absolute right to cross-examine a witness who testifies live 2. Cannot exceed the scope of direct. 3. Scope is any issues raised expressly or impliedly on direct. D. Lay Witnesses 1. Admissible if based on the perception of the witness and 2. Helpful to the trier of fact 3. Cannot be legal conclusions (He was negligent)

E. Expert Witnesses 1. Admissible if assists the trier of fact a. Methodology is reliable b. Opinion is relevant 2. Witness is qualified (can be a skilled witness not necessarily formal or academic) 3. Expert must possess reasonable certainty or probability regarding the opinion (NOT speculation) 4. Opinion must be supported by proper factual basis a. Personal knowledge of the expert b. Hypothetical question based on the facts of the case posed to the expert by the attorney or c. Facts used are of a type that experts in the field use for out of court determinations (e.g., examining report of x-rays) 5. Learned Treatises a. Authoritative if i. Actually relied on by expert (rare) ii. Attorney elicits admission by expert that treatise is authoritative and reliable iii. Bring in your own expert to say it is reliable and authoritative iv. Judicial notice of treatise b. Used to impeach expert c. Used to support your own expert d. Hearsay, but admissible under learned treatise exception if established as reliable (as above) e. Treatise is read to the jury not received as evidence f. Expert must testify unless judge takes judicial notice F. Refreshing Recollection 1. Generally, witness cant read from a writing in aid of oral testimony 2. When memory of witness fails you can refresh recollection 3. Anything can be used to jog the memory of witness 4. Not received into evidence 5. Not read to the jury 6. Opposing counsel has right to see it, us it on cross, and introduce into evidence G. Recollection Recorded 1. Generally, witness cant read from a writing in aid of oral testimony 2. When witness cant remember something which she previously had knowledge and wrote down 3. Requirements a. Witness had personal knowledge b. Statement is made by witness, under his supervision, or adopted by him c. Timely made by the witness (at time of event) d. Accurate e. Necessary to recall the information (I cant remember) 4. Writing does not go to the jury 5. Writing can be read to the jury

VII.

6. Hearsay, but exception under the recorded recollection exception Impeachment A. General Rules 1. Any party can impeach a witness, even if its your own witness 2. No bolstering credibility until witness has been impeached (limited to rehabilitation) 3. Party has absolute right to cross-examine a witness who testifies live 4. Must be within the scope of direct 5. Collateral matters: cross-examiner is bound by the answers given by the witness on collateral matters and cannot use extrinsic evidence to contradict the witness on collateral matters a. Extrinsic evidence is anything other than cross-examination b. Collateral matters are matters relevant only to contradict the witness B. Ways to Impeach 1. Prior Inconsistent Statements a. Cross examination b. Extrinsic evidence permitted if statement is relevant to an issue in the case c. Foundation: Witness must be given opportunity to explain or deny the prior inconsistent statement at some point (not necessarily before using extrinsic evidence) 2. Bias or Interest in Outcome of Suit a. Cross examination b. Extrinsic evidence permitted if first asked about the facts of bias or interest 3. Prior Convictions (Conviction must not be 10+ years old) a. Cross examination b. Any crime involving dishonesty c. Any felony d. No foundation required 4. Specific Acts of Deceit or Lying (No Conviction) a. Good faith on cross-examination (reasonable basis for believing that witness did the deceitful act) b. Acts are probative of truthfulness c. NO extrinsic evidence permitted d. No foundation required 5. Sensory Deficiencies a. Cross examination b. Extrinsic evidence permitted c. No foundation required 6. Bad Reputation for Truth and Veracity a. Call another witness to testify b. No foundation required C. Rehabilitation 1. Good reputation for truth after a character attach (prior conviction; deceitful act; reputation evidence)

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2. Prior consistent statement a. Generally not admissible to rehabilitate b. Admissible to rebut an express or implied charge that the witness has a motive to lie or exaggerate c. Must be a pre-motive statement (made before the alleged motive arose) d. Previous statement is substantive evidence of its truth Privileges A. Attorney-Client Privilege 1. Between attorney and client or their respective representatives 2. Confidential communication (not physical evidence or pre-existing documents) 3. During a professional legal relationship a. Intent by client to establish relationship (e.g., negotiations) b. Predominately legal advice sought 4. Exceptions a. Future crime or fraud b. Client puts communication at issue (I followed my attorneys advice) c. Disputes between client and attorney d. Joint clients have no privilege between them if communicating the same thing to attorney B. Physician-Patient Privilege 1. Patient seeking treatment (not attorney or court-ordered) 2. Necessary for treatment 3. Waiver of Privilege a. Ends when patient puts physical condition at issue (personal injury case) b. Ends when patient and physician have dispute (patient sues doctor for med mal) C. Spousal Immunity Privilege 1. One spouse cant be forced to give adverse testimony against the other in a criminal case 2. Must be a valid marriage at the time of trial (e.g., no privilege if no longer married at time of trial) 3. Holder of privilege is witness spouse 4. Covers all testimony including pre-marriage events D. Confidential Marital Communications Privilege 1. Applies to confidential communications during marriage 2. Must be a valid marriage at the time of the communication (e.g., doesnt end if no longer married at time of trial) 3. Protects only confidences, not all testimony 4. Holder of privilege is both spouses 5. Applies in all cases (not just criminal) E. State Privileges in Federal Court 1. Where state substantive law applies in federal court (diversity) the following state rules apply a. Presumptions and burdens of proof b. Competency of witnesses

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c. Privileges 2. Where federal substantive and procedural law applies in federal court (federal question jurisdiction) federal common law applies. Hearsay A. Definition 1. Out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement 2. Rationale: Denies the opponent the opportunity to cross-examine the person whose perception, memory, and sincerity are in issue B. Approach 1. Is it an out of court statement? 2. What is the statement? 3. Is it being offered for the purpose of establishing its truth? C. NOT HEARSAY: Offered for some other purpose other than truth 1. Verbal actslegally operative facts: importance is that the statement was made a. Offers b. Acceptances c. Defamation d. Conspiracy e. Bribery f. Cancellation g. Misrepresentation h. Waiver i. Permission 2. Effect on Listener to show a. Notice b. Good faith c. Reason of action/inaction d. BY THE PERSON WHO HEARD OR READ THE STATEMENT 3. Statement to show circumstantial evidence of declarants relevant state of mind (I am the Pope) D. Federal Rules Non-hearsay 1. NOTE: If the answer says one of these is an exception, the answer is not correct because they are not exceptions to the rule against hearsay 2. Prior Inconsistent Statements a. Under oath b. At a trial, hearing, other proceeding or deposition c. Includes grand juries 3. Prior Consistent Statements a. used to rebut charge of i. recent fabrication ii. improper influence iii. motive 4. Prior Statements of Identification Made by the Witness

5. Admissions made by a party and offered against that party a. Need not be based on personal knowledge b. Can be a legal conclusion (I was negligent) 6. Vicarious AdmissionsPOST ACCIDENT ADMISSIONS OF EMPLOYEES a. Statement made by a partys agent b. Concerning a matter within the scope of employment c. Made during the existence of the relationship E. Former Testimony Exception 1. Always two (2) proceedings 2. Declarant unavailable 3. Party against whom the statement is offered had the opportunity to examine the witness in the prior proceeding 4. Prior proceeding involved the same issues 5. Party against whom offered had the same motive to examine the witness in the prior proceeding 6. Party against whom offered must have been a party in the first proceeding (if civil case, privity with the party in the first is enough) 7. NOTE: NOT applicable to grand juries because no opportunity to cross examine F. Statement Against Interest 1. Unavailable 2. Statement is against declarants pecuniary, proprietary, or penal interest 3. At the time the statement was made 4. Declarant must have personal knowledge 5. Can be anyone, not just a party 6. Third party confessions to benefit the in a criminal case must be corroborated by circumstances indicating that the statement is trustworthy G. Dying Declaration 1. Unavailable, not necessarily dead 2. Homicide case or civil action 3. Declarant believes death is imminent at time statement was made 4. Statement is about the cause or circumstances of impending death H. State of Mind Exceptions (Res Gestae) 1. Then-existing state of mind a. State of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition b. Existing at the time the statement was made c. Used to establish intent or circumstantial evidence that intent was carried out d. Statements of memory or belief not admissible to prove the fact remembered or believed 2. Then-existing intent to prove intended act a. Statement of existing intent b. To do something in the future c. Offered to infer that the intended future act was carried out

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d. E.g., Declarant stated, On Monday, I am going to meet George offered to prove that declarant was with George on Monday Excited Utterance a. Statement relating to startling event b. Made while under the stress of excitement c. Concerns the facts of the startling event d. Look for i. Type of event ii. Time lapse iii. Words of excitement Present Sense Impression a. Statement describing or explaining an event or condition b. Made while declarant is perceiving the event or immediately thereafter c. Need not be a startling event d. Statement must be contemporaneous with the eventno time lapse Declaration of Then-existing Physical Condition a. Declaration of physical or mental condition b. Existing at time the statement was made c. Admissible to show the condition d. E.g., It hurts! Declaration of Past Physical Condition a. Statement made to medical personnel b. For diagnosis or treatment

I. Business Records 1. Rationale and Function a. Employees are under a business duty to be accurate in observing and reporting facts b. Record can substitute for the testimony of the reporting party (employee) c. Exception applies if the entry is germane to the business 2. Requirements a. Business b. Entry made in regular course of business c. Reporting party had personal knowledge of the entry d. Entry made at or near time of the event e. Record must be authentic: custodian testifies or record is certified 3. Watch out for multiple hearsay, i.e., statement to a reporting employee (hearsay) reporting employee reports in the business record (hearsay, but excepted under this rule)