MEIOSIS AND HEREDITY Meiosis Background: G1 Phase = Cell Growth, S Phase = DNA Copies, G2 Phase = Cell Preparation G0 Phase

= Cell Retirement, M Phase = Meiosis, Cytokinesis = Cytoplasm Distribution Diploid = a pair of cells, Haploid = one of a pair of cells, 1 to 4 cells during Meiosis Meiosis I: Prophase I - DNA coils tightly into chromosomes, spindle fibers, homologous pairing (synapsis) Tetrad - During prophase I, homologous chromosomes, align adjacent to corresponding genes Crossing-over - During prophase I, chromatids break off, attach to adjacent chromatids, twist Homologous Chromosomes - Chromosomes with same characteristics, but different alleles (Aa) Sister Chromatids - Joined strands of duplicated material, combined in preparation for meiosis Genetic Recombination - Caused by crossing-over in random fashion, new mixture of genes Metaphase I - Tetrads randomly line up in midline, random respect to each pole for division, spindle fibers determine which way each homologous chromosome goes Anaphase I - Each homologous chromosome moves to opposite poles, ready for division Independent Assortment - Random separation of maternal/paternal chromosomes, gene variation Telophase I - Chromosomes opposite ends, cytokinesis, each new cell has haploid number Cells After Meiosis I - Each contains one chromosome per homologous pair, 1/2 chromosomes, but there are two copies of each chromosome due to DNA replication before Meiosis I Meiosis II: Note: DNA not preceded by copying Prophase II - Spindle fibers begin moving chromosomes to midline Metaphase II - Chromosomes move to midline, face opposite poles Anaphase II - Chromatids seperate, head towards opposite poles Telophase II - Membrane protect chromosomes in all 4 new cells Cytokinesis II - 4 new cells, half the original cell's number of chromosomes

Other: Autosomes - Non-sexual chromosomes (Chromosome 8) Centromeres - Holds all chromatids together before division Mendelian Genetics: Simple Dominance - Dominance resulting in one specific unmixed trait Trait - Visual aspect of a gene Genes - Codes determining one's traits Alleles - Types of on specific trait leading to different visual aspects Dominant - Stronger allele. Recessive - Weaker allele Codominance - Two alleles not dominant over each other, instead share dominance, heterozygote will have different phenotype than either homozygote (blood type) Incomplete Dominance - Dominant allele not strong enough to display its own unique trait, FF does not equal Ff, different phenotypes (snapdragons) Multiple Alleles - 2+ alleles per 1 gene possible, 2+ phenotypes (blood type) Sex-Linked Traits - Alleles mainly on X chromosome (hemophilia, red-green colorblindness) Diagrams: Meiosis I and II Punnett Squares Pedigrees