EXTRA LAB #2 ACTIVE FILTERS DESIGN ELECTRONIC DESIGN II LECTURER: PABLO ESPINOSA TEAM MEMBERS: CSAR ROBERTO HERNNDEZ

JOSU NGEL ZAMORA EDGAR VENEGAS DIEGO PATRICIO RAMREZ SEPTEMBER 26th, 2011

Extra Lab #2
Csar Tllez, Diego Ramrez, Edgar Venegas, Josu Zamora
ITESM Campus Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, Mxico

According to the instructions of our lecturer, we used in voltage controlled voltage source had to wire up the following active filters: implementations. In figure 1, the configuration of the SallenI. Sallen-Key Topology. key represents a Low pass filter, and its given by This topology is an electronic filter used to the natural frequency f0 and the Q factor. The Q apply second order active filters stages that can be factor determines the height and width of the peak cascaded together to form larger order filters. The of the frequency response of the filter. As this Sallen-key topology uses the voltage-controlled parameter increases, the filter will tend to "ring" at voltage source, from the basic configurations of Op a single resonant frequency near f0. Amps, and it is degenerate from this configuration, This circuit has some advantages as it just also this filter is valued in its simplicity. needs a single Op Amp and four passive components, and it is cheap topology. Besides that, this topology is very easy to tune the frequency.

Figure 1.1.

Basically, the Sallen-Key topology is a variation of the voltage controlled voltage source filter, introduced by the engineers R. Sallen and E. Key of the MIT, at 1995. The Op Amp provides buffering between filter stages, so that each stage can be designed independently of the others. These circuits are suitable for filters, which have complex conjugate poles. In this topology filter, the circuit uses a super unity gain voltage amplifier, with infinite input impedance and zero output impedance. The super unity gain amplifier, without the use of inductors, allows for very high Q factor and passband gain. Implementations of Sallen-Key filters often use an operational amplifier configured as a voltage follower; however, emitter or source followers are other common choices for the buffer amplifier. Because of its high input impedance and easily selectable gain, an operational amplifier in a conventional non-inverting configuration is often

Figure 1.2.

The circuit above is the real implementation of the Sallen Key low pass filter in second order unity gain, but this filter is a first order and its transfer function is the following:

That for our proposes we use the following formula: 1 !! !! !! !! ! ! = 1 1 1 !! + ! ! ! + ! ! + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hands, we substitute:

British engineer, Stephen Butterworth developed a reputation for being able to solve extremely difficult mathematical problems. When Butterworth was conducting his research, and he The cut-off frequency and the Q factor are defined finally developed the Butterworth filter topology, it by the following formulas took around thirty years for it to become useful. 1 1 When Butterworth was conducting his !! = = = 15.9!"# research, most filter designs were a result of trial 2! !! !! !! !! 2! 1!10!!" and error due to the mathematical complexities associated with the field. Once he developed the !! !! !! !! 1!10!!" Butterworth filter design, it took more than 30 years != = = 0.5 !! !! + !! 2!10!! for it to become widely used. His filter design is of audio crossovers in industry today. In the following image, there is a bode plot, The Butterworth low pass filter is build in that shows the slope selected on the cutoff the following way: its frequency response frequency computed for the Sallen-Key topology: approximation function is also often referred to as maximally flat response because the pass band is designed to have a frequency response which is as flat as mathematically possible from 0Hz (DC) until the cut-off frequency at -3dB with no ripples. ! ! =

10000000000 ! ! + 200000! + 10000000000

Figure 1.3.

In figure 4 is shown the schematic and the values used and computed in Multisim.
Figure 2.1.

Higher frequencies beyond the cut-off point, rolls-off down to zero in the stop band at 20dB/decade or 6dB/octave. This is because it has a "quality factor", "Q" of just 0.707. However, one main disadvantage of the Butterworth filter is that it achieves this pass band flatness at the expense of a wide transition Figure 1.4. band as the filter changes from the pass band to the stop band. It also has poor phase characteristics as II. Butterworth Filter. well. The ideal frequency response, referred to as a A Butterworth filter is a signal-processing "brick wall" filter. filter that has an extremely flat frequency response In the following image, a bode plot is in the passband. It is referred to as a maximally flat magnitude filter and is commonly used in analog showed the slope on the computed cutoff and digital audio crossover filters, commercial, etc. frequency.

Firstly, it is necessary to have epsilon (), the maximum pass band gain, Amax=0.5dB which is equal to a gain of 1.0593 (0.5dB=20log A) at a frequency (p) of 200 rads/s, so the value of epsilon is found by: 1.0593 = 1 + ! ! ! = 0.3495 Secondly, the minimum stop band gain Amin=20dB which is equal to a gain of 10 (20dB=20log A) at a stop band frequency (s) of Butterworth is a third order low pass filter 800 rads/s. that is the combination of a second order and a first Substituting the values into the general order. The higher order, the straighter slope. equation for a Butterworth filters frequency response gives us the following: 1 ! !" = ! !! 1 + !! ! !
Figure 2.2.

1 = 10

1 800 1 + 0.1221 200

!!

Figure 2.3

100 = 1 + 0.1221!4!! 100 1 = 4!! 0.1221 4! = 810.810 = 28.474 != log 28.474 = 2.4157 log 4

The calculus of the circuit is below: The order of this active low pass Butterworth filter is 3, and whose specifications are the following: -Amax = 0.5dB -Pass band frequency (p) of 200 rad/s -Amin = 20dB -Band frequency (s) of 800 rad/s And also, there is a transfer function given as: !!"# !" ! !" = !!" !" Hands: 1 ! !" = ! !! 1 + !! ! !

Since n must be an integer (whole number) then the next highest value is n=3 ie, "a thirdorder filter is required". Then to produce a thirdorder filter a second-order stage cascaded with a first-order stage is required.

Figure 2.4

The coefficient for a third-order filter is given as (1+s)(1+s+s2) (From the normalized low pass Butterworth Polynomials table at figure 2.4), and this gives us a gain of 3-A=1, or A=2. As A=1+(Rf/R1), choosing a value for both the feedback resistor Rf and resistor R1 gives us values of 1k and 1k respectively, (1k/1k+1=2). We know that the cut-off corner frequency, the -3dB point (o) can be found using the formula 1/CR, but we need to find o from the pass band frequency p then: !! ! !" = !! ! !! 1+! ! ! 3!" = 1.414 !!" !! = ! 1 = 1.141 1 ! 1 + ! ! !! ! !! !!
!! !!

Lastly, this circuit , the Butterworth filter of third-order low pass, has: A cut-off frequency in Hz of forty five point two. A maximum pass band gain of 0.5dB. A minimum stop band gain of 20dB. References: [1] NASHELSKY, Boylestad, Electronic Design and Circuits theory, 8th edition. [2] Butterworth filter taken from: http://www.electronicstutorials.ws/filter/filter_8.html [3] Sallen-Key topology taken from: http://sim.okawadenshi.jp/en/OPseikiHikeisan.htm

= 0.7072

1+! !!
! !!

1 =2 0.7072!
!! ! !

= 2 1 = 1; !! ! =
!

!!

!! ! 200! = = ! 0.3495

!! = 283.931 !"# ! So, the cut-off corner frequency is given as 284 rads/s or 45.2Hz, (284/2) and using the familiar formula 1/CR we can find the values of the resistors and capacitors for our third-order circuit. !! = 1 !"

1 !"#$% ! = 10!; 283.931 !"# ! = !" 1 = !(10) !" ! = 0.3521!"