CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Safety is prime concern in day-to-day life. Everyone wants to be as much as safe as to be possible. A GSM natural gas monitoring system is microcontroller based project. This system is used to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen or near the gas heater. This unit detects 300 to 5000ppm of Natural Gas. Ideal to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen. Sensor can be easily configured as an alarm unit. The sensor can also sense LPG and Coal Gas. Ideal sensor use for to detect the presence of a dangerous LPG leak in your car or in a service station, storage tank environment. This unit can be easily incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication of the LPG concentration. The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick response time. Detected is messaged to the authorized person using cellular network called GSM. The system comprises a small electronic unit with a gas sensor, which infixed near gas pipeline or heater. When a gas leakage occur gas sensor detect leaks which sent signal to microcontroller. A microcontroller will sent SMS to authorized person with customer ID through GSM modem. GSM modem use AT command set for sending and receiving SMS and getting modem status. This unit also give visual indication and on alarm to inform nearby people. The main aim of this project is to provide safety at homes, offices etc. The system automatically detect gas leaks sent a predefined message from the customer .This project uses the wireless communication, GSM. To send the messages from the customer premises, we need a GSM modem. This modem will be interfaced to the microcontroller through serial interface. A modem provides the communication interface. It transports device protocols transparently over the network through a serial interface. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

CHAPTER 2
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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The project intends to interface the microcontroller with the GSM modem. And automatically detect gas leaks by gas sensor. The GSM modems send the predefined messages to the customer and emergency helpline. The project uses the GSM technology and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective of this project is to design a system that continuously checks the gas leakages if any, then sent message emergency helpline line numbered with customer address and contact number. This project is a device that collects signal from the sensor circuit, control unit give command to modem to sending message through cellular network. The project is a microcontroller based gas leakages monitoring system. It consists of a GSM modem, microcontroller, the interfacing unit to allow the communication between the microcontroller and mobile and the required circuitry.

2.1. Background of the Project

The software application and the hardware implementation help the microcontroller read the signal from sensor circuit and give command to modem send messages to the customer mobile phone through the cellular network and accordingly change the status of the sensor. The measure of efficiency is based on how fast the microcontroller can detect the gas leakages sent message to emergency helpline with customer address and contact number. The system is totally designed using GSM and embedded systems technology. The Controlling unit has an application program to allow the microcontroller sent the customer information through the modem. The performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.

CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES USED

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3.1. Embedded Systems

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called firm ware. The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below: Embedded systems do a very specific task; they cannot be programmed to do different things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high temperatures and humidity. Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems: 1 1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance must be met. constraints which

2 2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced. 3 3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices which serve a general purpose.

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3.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are located in the United States. The concept of cellular service is the use of low power transmitters where frequencies can be reused within a geographic area. The idea of cell based mobile radio service was formulated in the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by Asia, Latin America and Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in the world for cellular. Ref [3] In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was welcomed. The advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of interference, integration of transmission and switching and increased ability to meet capacity demands. The table below shows the worldwide development of mobile telephone systems.

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CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the project. It discusses the design and working of the design with the help of block diagram and circuit diagram and explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer programming, serial communication, interrupts of P89V51RB2 microcontroller. Ref [4] It also explains the various modules used in this project.

4.1 Project Design

The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts. 1. Hardware implementation Gas sensor Microcontroller LCD display GSM Modem MAX 232 Comparator 2. Software tool Keil software programming using C language Flash magic Eagle software for PCB Design Proteous 7 Software for simulation Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper according to the application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard using the various ICs to find if the design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the schematic tested on breadboard, finally preparing the board and testing the designed hardware.

The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the operation of the ICs used in the implementation. In the present work, we have used the 5 | Page

Eagle design software for PCB circuit design, the Keil v3 software development tool to write and compile the source code, which has been written in the C language. Ref [9] The Flash magic has been used to write this compile code into the microcontroller. Ref [12] the firmware implementation is explained in the next chapter. The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block diagram and circuit diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required components of the design and working condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring diagram.

4.2 Block Diagram of the Project and its Description

Fig.1 block diagram of GSM based natural Gas monitoring system

4.2.1 Power Supply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The AC input i.e. 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a 6 | Page

rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage. So in order to get a pure DC voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any AC components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant DC voltage.

Fig-2 Power supply

Transformer
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the AC input available at the mains supply i.e. 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts AC. into pulsating DC. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. 7 | Page

Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smooths the DC. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, DC voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.

4.2.2 Microcontroller
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The

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fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. Ref [1] The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8051-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products. 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8051 is available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM.

Fig.3 pin diagram of the Microcontroller

Pin description Vcc Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V. GND Pin 20 is the ground.
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Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during Program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Table 4.1 Port 1 various special features

Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and 10 | P a g e

during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. The port also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the P89V51, as shown in the following table. Table 4.2 Port 3 various special features

RST
Reset input high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the

default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG
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Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2
XTAL pin is Output from amplifier. Oscillator Connections 12 | P a g e the inverting oscillator

External Clock Drive Configuration

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low times specifications must be observed.

4.2.3 LCD Display

Most alphanumeric LCD displays have HD44780 compatible driver chipsets that follow the original Hitachi commands to control the LCD. The most common connectors for alphanumeric LCDs are either 14-pin single row or 2X7 pins dual row connectors. Ref [1]

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Fig.4 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION: 1. GND (Ground) 2. Vcc (Supply Voltage) 3. Vee (Contrast Voltage) 4. R/S (Instruction/Register Select) 5. R/W (Read/Write) 6. E (Clock) 7. D0 (Data0) 8. D1 (Data1) 9. D2 (Data2) 10. D3 (Data3) 11. D4 (Data4) 12. D5 (Data5) 13. D6 (Data6) 14. D7 (Data7)

display

A typical LCD write operation takes place as shown in the following timing waveform

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Fig.5 LCD data Table 4.3 Various with different

write waveform LCD functions mode

4.2.4 MAX232

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Fig.6 Pin diagram of MAX232 The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. A max232 chip is used to do the level shifting and this chip is required to send data serially to a PC which requires voltage levels as per RS232 standard. Ref [2] RS232 Standard

Fig.7 Configuration of DB9 connector for microcontroller RS232 is an electrical signaling specification published by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). Although not identified in the specification, the 9-pin (DB9) connector, with specific pin assignments, is commonly accepted as "the RS232 connector or the serial connector." This standard interface provides connection for only modest transmission rates & is often used with modems.

4.2.5 Comparator
A comparator receives one input signal and compares that signal to a reference voltage applied to another input and according to condition of input signal it gives output. LM358 is high gain op-amp. The LM358 has unique Features are as follow. Ref [14] FEATURES -Short Circuit Protected Outputs -True Differential Input Stage -Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V 16 | P a g e

-Low Input Bias Currents -Internally Compensated -Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply -Single and Split Supply Operation -ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness of the Device

Fig.8 Pin diagram of LM358

4.2.6 Gas Sensor

Gas sensor has recently attracted much attention due to increasing demand of environmental monitoring and other gas detecting applications. Among different types of gas sensor, thin film gas sensor has been much of interest because of microelectronic batch-fabricated compatibility, reproducibility, and ability to form multilayer device structures. In this work, thin film based gas sensing circuit is designed for immediate applications of CO detection for environmental monitoring. Ion assisted deposition (IAD) process offers several advantages for gas sensor fabrication, including reactive deposition for gas-sensitive metal-oxide material optimization and improved thin film adhesion for 17 | P a g e

better device reliability. The metal oxide layer was deposited on alumina or glass substrates. The sensors were tested with reducing gases, in the temperature range between 200C and 350 C and the electrical change in gas sensor is detected. Gas sensors interact with a gas to initiate the measurement of its concentration. The gas sensor then provides output to a gas instrument to display the measurements. Common gases measured by gas sensors include ammonia, aerosols, arsine, bromine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, Diborane, dust, fluorine, germane, halocarbons or refrigerants, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulphide, mercury vapour, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide, organic solvents, oxygen, ozone, phosphine, silane, sulphur dioxide, and water vapour. Important measurement specifications to consider when looking for gas sensors include the response time, the distance, and the flow rate. The response time is the amount of time required from the initial contact with the gas to the sensors processing of the signal. Distance is the maximum distance from the leak or gas source that the sensor can detect gases. The flow rate is the necessary flow rate of air or gas across the gas sensor to produce signal. Gas sensors can output a measurement of the gases detected in a number of ways. These include percent LEL, percent volume, trace, leakage, consumption, density, and signature or spectra. The lower explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL) of a combustible gas is defined as the smallest amount of the gas that will support a self-propagating flame when mixed with air (or oxygen) and ignited. In gas-detection systems, the amount of gas present is specified in terms of % LEL: 0% LEL Being a combustible gas-free atmosphere and 100% LEL being an atmosphere in which the gas is at its lower flammable limit. The relationship between % LEL and % by volume differs from gas to gas. Also called volume percent or percent by volume, percent volume is typically only used for mixtures of liquids. Percent by volume is simply the volume of the solute divided by the sum of the volumes of the other components multiplied by 100%. Trace gas sensors given in units of concentration: ppm. Leakage is given as a flow rate like ml/min. Consumption may also be called respiration given in units of ml/L/hr. Density measurements are given in units of density: mg/m^3. A signature or spectra measurement is a spectral signature of the gases present; the output is often a chromatogram. Common outputs from gas sensors include analog voltage, pulse 18 | P a g e

signals, analog currents and switch or relays. Operating parameters to consider for gas sensors include operating temperature and operating humidity.

APPLICATIONS OF GAS SENSORS (i) Gas Leak Protection These are areas of industry where the possibility of flammable gas build-up is small, but the consequences of a gas escape could be catastrophic. These tend to be industries which by their nature have large volumes of gases piped around the works: 1 -Engineering companies 2 -Metal working plants 3 -Research laboratories (ii) Confined Space Entry

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The instrument is used to check the atmosphere of sewers, tanks and other vessels prior to entry for maintenance purposes. These instruments invariably are 'multi-gas'. They have 3 or even 4 sensors included in the package. Large volumes of these instruments are purchased by: 1 -Public utilities - especially water and telecoms 2 -Chemical and petrochemical - for entry into vessels 3 -Cabling contractors 4 -Piling contractors 1 -Tunnelling contractors 2 -Civil engineers 3 -Landfill operators (iii) Hazardous Area Working areas of industry where the build-up of flammable gas or vapour is an ever present danger. These instruments are very often the same multi-gas instruments used for confined space entry, but there are areas where single gas monitors ('explosimeters') are used. Typical industrial sectors here are: 1 -Chemical and petrochemical industries 2 -Oil/gas exploration 3 -Mining

MQ-6 SENSOR A NATURAL GAS SENSOR is an electronic device which Detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen or near the gas heater. This unit detects 300 to 5000ppm of Natural Gas. Ideal to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen. Sensor can be easily configured as an alarm unit. The sensor can also sense LPG and Coal Gas. Ref [13] FEATURES -High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane -Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke. -Fast response. -Stable and long life 20 | P a g e

-Simple drive circuit STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION Sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive Layer , measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-6 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

Fig. 9 MQ6 sensor structure

Fig.10 Basic MQ-6 sensor circuit 21 | P a g e

SENSITVITY ADJUSTMENT Resistance value of MQ-6 is difference to various kinds and various concentration gases. So, when using this component, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. We recommend that calibrate the detector for 1000ppm of LPG concentration in air and use value of Load resistance (RL) about 20K (10K to 47K). When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector should be determined after considering the temperature and humidity influence.

4.2.7 GSM Technology

A GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It supports voice calls and 22 | P a g e

data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 Kbit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service). Ref [3] Introduction to the GSM Standard The GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network is at the start of the 21st century, the most commonly used mobile telephony standard in Europe. It is called as Second Generation (2G) standard because communications occur in an entirely digital mode, unlike the first generation of portable telephones. When it was first standardized in 1982, it was called as Group Special Mobile and later, it became an international standard called "Global System for Mobile communications" in 1991. In Europe, the GSM standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. In the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. For this reason, portable telephones that are able to operate in both Europe and the United States are called tri-band while those that operate only in Europe are called bi-band. The GSM standard allows a maximum throughput of 9.6 kbps which allows transmission of voice and low-volume digital data like text messages (SMS, for Short Message Service) or multimedia messages (MMS, for Multimedia Message Service).

Introduction of AT Commands AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. Ref [8] AT is the abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's the reason; modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online data state) are also supported by GSM modems and mobile phones. Besides this common AT command set [APPENDIX-1], GSM modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which 23 | P a g e

includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages). It should be noted that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS. Some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM modem or mobile phone are listed below. 1. Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM modem. For example, name of manufacturer (AT+CGMR). 2. Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI). 3. Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC). 4. Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc). 5. Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*). 6. Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI). 7. Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries. 8. Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks (AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing passwords (AT+CPWD). (Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every time the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain 24 | P a g e (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number (International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version

SIM card is associated with the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a password must be entered. 9. Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For example, the user can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and whether error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2). 10. Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For

example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST).

4.2.8 GSM MODEM

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Fig.-11 GSM MODULE Power Supply Use AC DC Power Adaptor with following ratings DC Voltage: 5V DC Current: 1500mA Polarity: Centre +ve & Outside ve Current Consumption in normal operation 250mA, can rise up to 1Amp while transmission. Interfaces RS-232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector, Serial port baud rate adjustable 1200 to115200 bps (9600 default) Stereo connector for MIC & SPK Power supply through DC socket SMA antenna connector Push switch type SIM holder LED status of GSM module Getting Started GSM modem Insert SIM card: Press the yellow pin to remove the tray from the SIM cardholder. After properly fixing the SIM card in the tray, insert the tray in the slot provided. Ref [5] Connect Antenna: Screw the RF antenna on the RF cable output provided. If voice call is needed, connect the mic and speaker to stereo sockets. Connect RS232 Cable: Cable provided for RS232 communication Default baud rate is 9600 with 8-N-1, no hardware handshaking. Cable provided has pins 7 and 8 shorted that will set to no hardware handshaking. In you need hardware handshaking the pins 7-8 can be taken for signaling. Pin connection of RS232 as follow. -Pin 2 is RS232 level TX out -Pin 3 is RS232 level RX in -Pin 5 is Ground 26 | P a g e

-Pin 7 RTS in (shorted to pin 8 in cable for no hardware handshaking) -Pin 8 CTS out (shorted to pin 7 in cable for no hardware handshaking) Power Supply Connect 9-12VDC adaptor to the power jack of GSM modem. Status indicator Network Led indicating various status of GSM module e.g. Power on, network registration & GPRS connectivity. After the Modem registers the network, led will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage you can start using Modem for your application. For sending SMS in text mode step are as follow -AT+CMGF=1 press enter -AT+CMGS=mobile number press enter -Once The AT commands is given > prompt will be displayed on the screen. -Type the message to send via SMS. After this, press ctrl+Z to sent the SMS. -If the SMS sending is successful, ok will be displayed along with the message number.

For reading SMS in the text mode step are as follow -AT+CMGF=1 Press enter -AT+CMGR= No -Number (no.) is the message index number stored in the sim card. For new SMS, URC will be received on the screen as +CMTI: SM no. Use this number in the AT+CMGR number to read the message.

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CHAPTER 5 PROJECT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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5.1 Schematic diagram of control unit

Fig 12 Circuit diagram of control unit

5.2 Schematic diagram of Gas sensor

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Fig 13 Circuit diagram of gas sensor

5.3 Working Procedure

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This project is microcontroller + GSM based project. A Gas sensor is used to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen or near the gas heater. This unit detects 300 to 5000ppm of Natural Gas. Ideal to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen and sent signal to microcontroller P89VS51. In this project there are mainly two units, GSM modem and microcontroller unit.GSM modem can be configured by standard GSM AT command set for sending and receiving SMS and getting modem status. Depending upon the Gas sensor output microcontroller can send message to the authorized person and also depending upon the message received the microcontroller unit will control the devices and acknowledges the device status to the user as SMS. If leakage is detected, a message is sent to the authorized person using cellular network called GSM. GSM based Control System implements the emerging applications of the GSM technology. The gas sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a Crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-6 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current. The fetched signal from pin 4 is given in input of non inverting terminal of LM 358.The LM 358 work as comparator at inverting terminal given reference voltage. When reference voltage higher then signal voltage applied at non inverting terminal output goes from high to low .this output signal given to the BC547 transistor. The collector of transistor connected to microcontroller external interrupt 0 pin. When this pin goes from high to low signal then interrupt detected by controller which give command to modem sent message to emergency helpline number with predefined message store in memory. Microcontroller switched on alarm to inform nearest people.

CHAPTER 6 FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION

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This chapter briefly explains about the firmware implementation of the project. The required software tools are discussed in section 4.2. Section 4.3 shows the flow diagram of the project design. Section 4.4 presents the firmware implementation of the project design.

6.1 Flowchart

Fig.-14 flow diagram

Operation

6.2 Software Tools Required

-Keil software programming using C language 32 | P a g e

-Flash magic -Proteous 7 Software for simulation 6.2.1 Keil software Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications. Ref [9] C51 COMPILER & A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER Source files are created by the Vision IDE and are passed to the C51 Compiler or A51 Macro Assembler. The compiler and assembler process source files and create replaceable object files. The Keil C51 Compiler is a full ANSI implementation of the C programming language that supports all standard features of the C language. In addition, numerous features for direct support of the 8051 architecture have been added. Vision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. Vision3 is fully compatible to Vision2 and can be used in parallel with Vision2. Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: -A project manager. -A make facility. -Tool configuration. -Editor. -A powerful debugger.

CREATING APPLICATION IN VISION3 To create a new project in Vision3, you must Ref [9]

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1. Select Project - New Project.

2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.

3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, P89V51RB2 device from the Device Database.

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4. Create source files to add to the project.

5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. 6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target

device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. 35 | P a g e

7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.

6.2.2 Flash Magic Flash Magic is a PC tool for programming flash based microcontrollers from NXP using a serial or Ethernet protocol while in the target hardware. Ref [12]

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FEATURES -Straightforward and intuitive user interface -Five simple steps to erasing and programming a device and setting any options desired -Programs Intel Hex Files -Automatic verifying after programming -Fills unused flash to increase firmware security -Program security bits -Check which Flash blocks are blank or in use with the ability to easily erase all blocks in use -Read the device signature -Read any section of Flash and save as an Intel Hex File 6.2.3 Proteus Proteus Virtual System Modelling (VSM) combines mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-simulation of complete microcontroller based designs. For the first time ever, it is possible to develop and test such designs before a physical prototype is constructed. Ref [10, 11]

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Fig. 14 Project simulation snapshot

CHAPTER 7 RESULT ANALYSIS

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7.1 Expected result

If gas leakage is detected by device in range of concentration 300-1000ppm, a SMS is sent to the designated phone numbers. If LPG leakage occurs, a message will be sent to the nearest emergency help line as WARNING: LPG gas leakage at .. Customer ID location and also give visual indication or alarm to inform nearly people. If LPG leakage occurs, a message will be sent to the owner of house/car/Industry as WARNING: LPG gas leakage detected at your location, please take emergency steps If PNG/CNG leakage occurs, a message will be sent to the owner of house/car/Industry as WARNING: PNG/CNG gas leakage detected at your location, please take emergency steps

7.2 Standard work condition

Symbol VC VH RL RH PH Parameter name Technical condition Circuit voltage 5V0.1 Heating voltage 5V0.1 Load resistance 20K Heater resistance 335% Heating consumption less than 750mw Remarks AC OR DC AC OR DC Room Temperature

Table 7.1 Standard electric parameter for gas sensor Symbol Tao Tas RH O2 Parameter name Using Temp. Storage Temp. Related humidity Oxygen concentration Technical condition -10-50 -20-70 less than 95%Rh 21%(standard condition) Remarks

minimum value is over 2%

Table 7.2 Standard environment conditions for gas sensor

Symbol Rs (1000ppm/4000ppm

Parameter name Sensing Resistance Concentration slope rate

Technical Parameter 10K- 60K (1000ppm LPG ) 0.6

Remarks Detecting concentration scope20010000ppm 39 | P a g e

LPG) Standard detecting condition Preheat time

Temp: 202 Vc:5V0.1 Humidity: 65%5% Vh: 5V0.1 Over 24 hour Table 7.3 Sensitivity characteristic of gas sensor

LPG , iso-butane, propane, LNG

Fig.16 Sensitivity characteristics curve for several gases

7.3 Limitation
This project is dependent on GSM network so in case of network problem or customer premises are far from the network services provider this system is not able to sent

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message to emergency helpline or customer. In this case system only sounds alarm to inform nearby people.

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION

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Aim of this project to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen or near the gas heater. Ideal to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen. Sensor can be easily configured as an alarm unit. The sensor can also sense LPG and Coal Gas as well as Ideal sensor for use to detect the presence of a dangerous LPG leak in your car or in a service station, storage tank environment. This unit can be easily incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication of the LPG concentration. The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick response time. When GAS leakage is detected and is messaged to the authorized person using cellular network called GSM.

APPENDIX-1
Overview of AT Commands
Command A/ ATA ATD ATD><MEM><N> Description RE-ISSUES LAST AT COMMAND GIVEN ANSWER AN INCOMING CALL MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL TO DIAL A NUMBER ORIGINATE CALL TO PHONE NUMBER IN MEMORY <MEM> 42 | P a g e

ATD><N> ATD><STR> ATDL ATE ATH AT+CGMI AT+CGMM AT+CMGD AT+CMGF AT+CMGL AT+CMGR AT+CMGS AT+CMGW AT+CMSS AT+CMGC AT+CNMI AT+CPMS AT+CRES AT+CSAS AT+CSCA AT+CSCB AT+CSDH AT+CSMP AT+CSMS

ORIGINATE CALL TO PHONE NUMBER IN CURRENT MEMORY ORIGINATE CALL TO PHONE NUMBER IN MEMORY WHICH CORRESPONDS TO FIELD <STR> REDIAL LAST TELEPHONE NUMBER USED SET COMMAND ECHO MODE DISCONNECT EXISTING CONNECTION REQUEST MANUFACTURER IDENTIFICATION REQUEST MODEL IDENTIFICATION DELETE SMS MESSAGE SELECT SMS MESSAGE FORMAT LIST SMS MESSAGES FROM PREFERRED STORE READ SMS MESSAGE SEND SMS MESSAGE WRITE SMS MESSAGE TO MEMORY SEND SMS MESSAGE FROM STORAGE SEND SMS COMMAND NEW SMS MESSAGE INDICATIONS PREFERRED SMS MESSAGE STORAGE RESTORE SMS SETTINGS SAVE SMS SETTINGS SMS SERVICE CENTER ADDRESS SELECT CELL BROADCAST SMS MESSAGES SHOW SMS TEXT MODE PARAMETERS SET SMS TEXT MODE PARAMETERS SELECT MESSAGE SERVICE

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REFERENCES
[1] Mazidi and Mazidi Pearson Education The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System -LCD interfacing, Page-351-352, interrupts programming page 326-333. [2] Michael J. Pont Embedded C- Pearson Education, Using the serial interface, page 217-222 [3]Theodore s. Rappaport Wireless communication principle & practices modern wireless communication system page 25-39 [4] http://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/philips/p89v51rd2.pdf [5] http://www.sunroms.com/gsm_module.docx [6] http:// www.enginnersgarage.com/max220-232/datasheets.pdf [7] http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/gsm-interface-8051 [8] http://www.owen.ru/uploads/re_pm01_list_command.pdf [9] http://www.keil.com/uvision/ide_ov_starting.asp [10] http://allaboutlearningandearning.blogspot.in/2011/07/proteus-tutorial.html 44 | P a g e

[11] http://www.labcenter.com/download/prodemo_download.cfm [12] http://www.flashmagictool.com/ [13] http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Biometric/MQ-6.pdf [14] http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/LM/LM358.pdf

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