Chapter 6 II Math Reasoning ENHANCE - Edit

Mathematical Reasoning
56
CHAPTER 4: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

4.1: STATEMENT
- is a sentence which states a definite true or false but not both
- it cannot be a question (?)
- it cannot be an exclaimation (!)
- it cannot be an instruction.

4.1.1: Determine whether each of the following is a statement ( ) or not a statement ( ).
Example Answer Exercise Answer
1 18 is an odd number

2
48 12 4 x x x =

2 X + 4 642000 = 6.42 10
3

3 21 + 4 = 25 (2.56 10
4
)
2

4
23 > 34
I'm good in mathematics
5 43 + 25 68 3.46 is an integer
6 All octagons have 3 edges 7 + 91
7 What is the price of the dictionary? Please try again
8 89 is a perfect square A parallelogram is a circle
9 Some even numbers can be divided by 5
{ } , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 4 , 3 , 1 e

10 Finish your mathematics` exercise
4 3 5
2
+ x x

6.1.2: Determine whether each of the following is true or false.

Example Answer Exercise Answer
1
1 > 3
1

The root of x
2
3
2
is x = 3
2 81 is a perfect square 13 + 6 > 10

3

3 0.0002450 = 2.45 10
3

) ( ) 2 2 ( 2 2
2
x x x x + = +

4
4 3 25 = +
Zero is smaller than 1
5 41 is a prime number
{ } 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 c |

6 All hexagons have 6 sides 1 1 25 50 4 8 + = =
7 13 is a factor of 69 Ice melts at 10
o
C
8 12 is multiple of 4
{ } , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 11 , 10 e

9 All sets have | as its subset (5
3
)
2
= 2
6

10
{ } | = 0
x = 4 is a root of x
2
5x + 4 = 0
11 What is the square root of 9? Draw a graph of y = 3x
3
2.
12 A parallelogram is a quadrilateral. A heptagon has nine sides.
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6.2 QUANTIFIER ALL AND SOME

6.2.1 Based on the information given, construct a true statement using the quantifier
all or some

6.2.1 a) Exercise:
Object and property Answer (true statement)
1 Acute angle ; less than 90
o
All acute angles are less than 90
o

2 Negative number; smaller than zero All negative numbers are smaller than zero
3 Triangle ; right-angled triangles Some triangles are right-angled triangles
4 Sets; | as its subset All sets have | as its subset

6.2.1 b) Exercise:

6.2.2 Based on the information given, construct a false statement using the quantifier
all or some

6.2.2 a) Example:
Object and property Answer (false statement)
1 Null sets ; no elements Some null sets have no elements
2 Parallel line ; the same length All parallel lines have the same length
3 Quadrilaterals ; two parallel sides Some quadrilaterals have two parallel sides
4 Odd number ; perfect square All odd number are perfect squares

6.2.2 b) Exercise:
Object and property Answer (true statement)
1 Rhombuses ; four equal sides

2 Odd number ; prime number

3 Factor of 6 ; factor of 3

4 Isosceles triangle ; two equal sides

5 Even number ; divisible by 10

Object and property Answer (false statement)
1 Multiple of 2 ; multiple of 4

2 Orchid flower ; yellow in colour

3 Animal ; can swim

4 Human being ; heart

5 Multiples of 8 ; can be exactly divided
by 2

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6.3: Operations on statement

6.3.1: Change the truth of each of the following statements by using the word not or no

6.3.1 a) Example:

Statement Truth
1 4 is a factor of 32 True
4 is not a factor of 32 False
2 Human being have legs True
Human being have no legs False
3 All triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180
o
True
Not all triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180
o
False
4 Rambutan have thorns False
Rambutan have no thorns True
5 1
2
+ 3
2
is more than 3
2
True
1
2
+ 3
2
is not more than 3
2
False
6 Fish has fins True
Fish has no fins False
7 Mammal is warm blooded True
Mammal is not warm blooded False
8 All perfect squares are integers True
Not all perfect squares are integers False
9 56 can be exactly divided by 6 False
56 can not be exactly divided by 6 True
10 12
2
is equal to 144 True
12
2
is not equal to 144 False

6.3.1 b) Exercise:
Change the truth of each of the following statements by using the word not or no

Statement Truth
1 Some even numbers are divisible by 10

2 All factors of 7 are factors of 14

3 All trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines

4 44 is a multiple of 11

5
2
3
100 is equal to 10
2

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6 Nucleus is an organelle

7 Plants have hair roots to absorb water and minerals

8 10 and 120 are multiples of 10

9 2
0
is equal to 2

10 All prime numbers are not divisible by 2

6.3.2 : Forming a compound statement by combining two given statements using the word
and or or

Concept: The truth table for p and q

p Q p and q
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false

Concept: The truth table for p or q

6.3.2 a) Example:
Form a true statement for each of the two given statements.
(The first statement is p and the second statement is q)
Statements p q Compound statement (true statement)
1
5 125 ; 5 25
3
= =

5 125 5 25
3
= = and @ 5 125 5 25
3
= = or
2 a a a a = + = 1 ; 1 a a or a a = + = 1 1
3 100 is an even number ;
2 is a prime number
100 is an even number and 2 is a prime number @
100 is an even number or 2 is a prime number
4
{ } { } { } b a a b a a , ; , e e

{ } { } { } b a a or b a a , , e e
p Q p or q
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
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5 6 is a factor of 12 ;
6 is a factor of 18
6 is a factor of 12 and 6 is a factor of 18 @
6 is a factor of 12 or 6 is a factor of 18
6 5 3 > 12 ; 24 2 = 8
5 3 > 12 or 24 2 = 8

7 2 m = 200 cm ; 1 m = 100 cm

2 m = 200 cm and 1 m = 100 cm
8 A triangle has 3 sides
A hexagon has 5 sides
A triangle has 3 sides or a hexagon has 5 sides
9 4 < 2 ; 8
0
= 1 4 < 2 and 8
0
= 1

10 4 + 9 = 5 ; 2 > 32 4 + 9 = 5 or 2 > 32

6.3.2 b) Exercise:
Determine the truth of each of the following compound statement.
Statements p q Compound statement
1 5 5 < 1 8 8 1 15 = and

2 35 or 45 is a multiple of 10

3 4 is a factor of 24 or 30

4 A rectangle has 4 sides and a pentagon has 6 sides

5 7 is a factor of 49 and a prime number

6 1
2
+ 2
2
= 3
2
and 3
2
+ 4
2
= 5
2

7 2 is equal to 2
0
or (2
1
)
1

8 Some even numbers are divisible by 2 or all odd numbers are
divisible by 3

9 36 is a perfect square and a multiple of 4

10 80 is a perfect square or an even number

11 17 is a prime number and a factor of 34

12 1 m
2
= 10 000 cm
2
or 1 cm
3
= 1000 mm
2

13 Ant is an insect and has 4 legs

14
The symbols | and { } denote a null set

15
5 % =
20
1
and
200
1
%
5
1
=

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6.4: Implication

Implication If p, then q where p is the antecedent and q is the consequent.

If a compound statement consisting of if and only if ,
we can write its two implications as If p, then q and If q, then p
(known as converse of an implication)

6.4.a) Example:
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.

6.4. b) Exercise
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.

Compound Statement Implications
a) 5 + x = 5 if and only if x = 0

Implication 1 : If 5 + x = 5, then x = 0
Implication 2 : If x = 0, then 5 + x = 5

b) P Q P = if and only if
P Q c
Implication 1 : If P Q P = , then P Q c
Implication 2 : If P Q c , then P Q P =

c) x is a multiple of 4 if and
only if x is divisible by 4
Implication 1 : If x is a multiple of 4, then x is divisible by 4
Implication 2 : If x is divisible by 4, then x is a multiple of 4

d) 3
3
1
= y if and only if y = 27 Implication 1 : If 3
3
1
= y , then y = 27
Implication 2 :If y = 27, then 3
3
1
= y

e) x
2
= 9 if and only if x = 3 Implication 1 : If x
2
= 9, then x = 3
Implication 2 : If x = 3, then x
2
= 9

Compound Statement Answer
a)

10
a
= 1

if and only if a = 0

Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

b) x
3
= 64 if and only if x = 4 Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

c) Abu will be punished if and
only if he is late to school
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

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d) x + 3 = 7 if and only if
x 8 = 18
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

e) B Ac if and only if
A B A =
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

f) y
2
4y = 4 if and only if
y = 2
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

g) k is a perfect square if and
only if k is an integer
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

h) m is a negative number if and
only if m
3
is a negative number
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

i) 10
1
=
z
1
if and only if z =10 Implication 1 : If 10
1
=
z
1
, then z =10
Implication 2 :

j) 5 = m if and only if 5
2
= m
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

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6.5: Argument

Argument is the process in making a conclusion based on two given premises.
A premise is a given statement.

There are three simple types of arguments which can be used to make a conclusion.

Argument Type I
Premise 1: All A are B
Premise 2: C is A
Conclusion: C is B

Argument Type II
Premise 1: If p then q
Premise 2: p is true
Conclusion: q is true

Argument Type III
Premise 1: If p then q
Premise 2: Not q is true
Conclusion: Not p is true

6.5 a) Complete each of the following arguments.

Example Exercise
1 Premise 1: If m < n, then m n < 0.
Premise 2 : m < n
Conclusion: m n < 0.
Premise 1: If m > n then m n > 0.

Premise 2: m > n

Conclusion: .

2 Premise 1 : All rectangles have four right angles

Premise 2 : ABCD is a rectangle

Conclusion : ABCD has four right angles

i.) Premise 1:..

Premise 2 : 20 is a negative number

Conclusion : 20 is smaller than zero

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ii.) Premise 1: All numbers with a last digit 0 is a
multiple of 10.

Premise 2: 2340 is a number with a last digit 0

Conclusion:

3 Premise 1 : All odd numbers are not divisible by 2

Premise 2 : 23 is an odd number

Conclusion : 23 is not divisible by 2
Premise 1: All pentagons have a sum of their
interior angles equal to 540
o

Premise 2 :..

.

Conclusion: MNOPQ has a sum of the interior
angles equal to 540
o

4 Premise 1 : If set B =| , then n(B) = 0

Premise 2 : n(B) = 0

Conclusion : set B = |
Premise 1 : If x + 7 = 10, then x = 3

Premise 2 : x = 3

Conclusion:.
5 Premise 1 : All factors of 12 are factors of 24

Premise 2 : 4 is a factor of 12

Conclusion : 4 is a factor of 24
Premise 1: If 90
o
< u < 180
o
, then u is an obtuse
angle

Premise 2:

Conclusion : 100
o
is an obtuse angle

6 Premise 1 : If x = - 3, then x
3
= - 27

Premise 2 : x
3
= -27

Conclusion: x = 3
Premise 1 :If { } 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 e x , then x is an even
number

Premise 2:

Conclusion: x is not an even number

7 Premise 1: If x and y are odd numbers,
then the product of x and y is an odd
number
Premise 2 : 3 and 5 are odd numbers
Conclusion : The product of 3 and 5 is an odd
number
Premise 1 : If KLM is an equilateral triangle,
then KL = LM = KM

Premise 2: KLM is an equilateral triangle

Conclusion: ..

8 Premise 1 : If p > 3 , then 6p > 18

Premise 2 : 6p < 18

Conclusion : p < 3
Premise 1 : If C is a subset of D, then n(C) s n(D)

Premise 2 : n(C) > n(D)

Conclusion:

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6.6: Deduction and Induction

6.6.1 Deduction is making a conclusion for a specific case based on given general
statements.

6.6.1 a) Example :
Make a conclusion by deduction for each of the following cases.

1 All perfect squares can be written in the form of x
2
.
36 is a perfect square

Conclusion: 36 = 6
2
.

2 The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n 2) 180
o
.
Hexagon is a polygon

Conclusion : The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon is (6 2) 180
o
= 720
o

3 All sets have an empty set, | as subset
Set N = { } 6 , 5

Conclusion : Set N has an empty set, | as subset

4 The radius of a circle is 3 cm
The circumference of the circle with a radius of r cm is 2 r h

Conclusion : The circumference of the circle with a radius of 3 cm is 2 ) 3 ( h = h 6 cm

5 All parallelograms have two pairs of parallel lines.
ABCD is a parallelogram

Conclusion : ABCD has two pairs of parallel lines

6.6 b) Exercise
Make a conclusion by deduction for each of the following cases.
1 It is compulsory for all form 5 students to sit for the SPM examination.
Ali sat for the SPM examination.

Conclusion: .

2 All herbivores eat grass
Goats are herbivores

Conclusion: .

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3 All cuboids have 12 edges.
Object D is a cuboid

Conclusion: ..

4 All quadratic equations have 2 as the highest power of the unknown.
x
2
+ 2x 14 = 0 is a quadratic equation.

Conclusion:

5 All those who are wearing school uniforms are students.
Abu was not wearing the school uniform.

Conclusion: .

6.6.2 Induction is making generalization based on the pattern of a numerical
sequence, or specific cases.

6.6.2 a) Example:
Make a conclusion by induction for each of the following cases.

1 Given 1, 7, 17, 31

and 1 = 2(1
2
) 1
7 = 2(2
2
) 1
17 = 2(3
2
) 1
31 = 2(4
2
) 1,
...

General conclusion: 2n
2
1 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4

2 Given 5, 11, 17, 23

and 5 = 6(0) + 5
11 = 6(1) + 5
17 = 6(2) + 5
23 = 6(3) + 5
..

General conclusion: 6(n) + 5 , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

67

3 Given 5, 11, 21, 35

and 5 = 2(1)
2
+ 3
11 = 2(2)
2
+ 3
21 = 2(3)
2
+ 3

35 = 2(4)
2
+ 3 , .. make a general conclusion and find the 9
th
number

General conclusion: 2(n)
2
+ 3 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,.
Hence, the 9
th
number is 2(9)
2
+ 3 = 165

6.6.2 b.) Make a conclusion by induction for each of the following cases.
1 Given 5, 14, 29, 50

and 5 = 2 + 3(1)
2

14 = 2 + 3(2)
2

29 = 2 + 3(3)
2
50 = 2 + 3(4)
2

General conclusion

2. The numerical sequence 88, 82, 72, 58, .
can be written as

88 = 90 2 1
82 = 90 2 4
72 = 90 2 9
58 = 90 2 16
..
General conclusion

3 Given 2, 9, 16, 23,

And 2 = 2 + 7(0)
9 = 2 + 7(1)
16 = 2 + 7(2)
23 = 2 + 7(3)
..
General conclusion :..

4. Given 3, 24, 81, 192,

and 3 = 3(1)
3

24 = 3(2)
3

81 = 3(3)
3

192 = 3(4)
3

General conclusion :..

5 Given 1, 4, 7, 10, 13,

and 1 = 3 1 2
4 = 3 2 2
7 = 3 3 2
10 = 3 4 2
13 = 3 5 2

General conclusion :

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1) i: State whether the following statement is true or false.

ii : Complete the premise in the following argument.
Premise 1: If JKL is an equilateral triangle, then the value of its interior angle is 60
o
Premise 2: ______________________________________________________
Conclusion: The value of the interior angle of JKL is 60
o
.

iii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.

Answer:

i. .

ii. Premise 2:
.

iii. Implication 1 : .

Implication II : .

2) i : Is the sentence below a statement or a non-statement ?

ii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.

iii : Based on the information below, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the sum of
the interior angles of a triangle.

Answer:
9 > 6 and 4
2
= 8
x > y if and only if x y > 0

5 is an even number
The sum of the interior angles of triangle ABC = 180
o
The sum of the interior angles of triangle JKL = 180
o
The sum of the interior angles of triangle PQR = 180
o

PQR is a right-angled triangle if and only if PR
2
= PQ
2
+ QR
2

69

i. .

ii. Implication 1 : .

Implication II :

iii. General conclusion :

3. a) Determine whether the following statement is true or false.

b) Write two implications from the statement given below.

c) Complete the premise in the following argument.
Premise 1 : If 2y = 10, then y = 5.
Premise 2 : ..
Conclusion : 2y = 10.

Answer:

a)

b) Implication I:

Implication II:

c) Premise 2: ..

4. a) Complete the conclusion in the following argument.
Premise 1 : All regular hexagons have 6 equal sides.
Premise 2 : ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.
Conclusion : .

b) Make a conclusion by induction for a list of numbers 9,29, 57, 93,that follow the patterns
below :
9 = 4(2)
2
7
29 = 4(3)
2
7
57 = 4(4)
2
7
93 = 4(5)
2
7

c) Combine the two statements given below to form a true statement.
3
4
= 12 or
4
5
= 1.25
x = 4 if and only if x
3
= 64
70
i) 15 ( 5) = 5
ii) 32 is a multiple of 8.

Answer:

a.) Conclusion:

b.) .

c.) ..

5. a) Below are three statements : 4
2
= 8
: 75 . 0
4
3
=
: 5 < 2

b) Complete the following argument.
Premise 1 : If a = 6, then 5a = 30 .
Premise 2 : 5a = 30
Conclusion : .. .

c) Write down two implications based on the following;

Answer:

a.)

b.) Conclusion:

c.). Implication 1 : .

Implication 2 : ....

Combine any of the two statements
to form a false statement.
3r > 6 if and only if r > 2
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SPM PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

Year 2003 (Nov)

a) Is the sentence below a statement or non-statement?
4 is a prime number

b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence;
' ' P R if only and if R P c c

c) Based on the information above, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the number of
subsets in a set with k elements. (5 marks)

Answer : a) Statement

b) Implication 1 : If R P c , then ' ' P R c
Implication 2 : If ' ' P R c , then R P c

c) The number of subsets in a set with k elements is 2
k

Year 2004 (July)

a) State whether the following sentence is a statement or a non-statement.

b.) Write down a true statement using both of the following statements:

Statement 1: 10 5
2
=

Statement 2: 100 10 10 =

c.) Write down two implications based on the following sentence:

(4 marks)

Answer : a) Statement
b) 5
2
= 10 or 10 x 10 = 100
c) Implication 1 : If y < x then -y > -x
Implication 2 : If -y > -x then y < x

The number of subsets in a set with 2 elements is 2
2
.
3
.
4
.
All multiples of 2 are divisible by 4.
y < x if and only if y > -x

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Year 2004 (Nov)

a) State whether the following statement is true or false.

b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence

c) Complete the premise in the following argument :

Premise 1 : All hexagons have six sides.
Premise 2 : .
Conclusion : PQRSTU has six sides. (5 marks)

Answer : a) True
b) Implication 1 : If m
3
= 1000 then m = 10
Implication 2 : If m = 10 then m
3
= 1000
c) PQRSTU is a hexagon

Year 2005 (July)

a) Determine whether the following sentence is a statement or non-statement.

b) Write down the converse of the following implication, hence state whether the converse is true or false.

a) Make a general conclusion by induction for a list of number 3, 17, 55, 129, which follows the following
pattern:

(5 marks)

8 > 7 or 3
2
= 6
m
3
= 1000 if and only if m = 10
0 3 5 2
2
= + m m
If x is an odd number then 2x is an even number.
1 ) 4 ( 2 129
1 ) 3 ( 2 55
1 ) 2 ( 2 17
1 ) 1 ( 2 3
3
3
3
3
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

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Year 2005 (Nov)

a) State whether each of the following statement is true or false.
i) 8 2 = 4 and 8
2
= 16.
ii) The elements of set A = { } 18 , 15 , 12 are divisible by 3 or the elements of set B = { } 8 , 6 , 4
are multiples of 4.

b) Write down premise 2 to complete the following argument .

Premise 1 :If x is greater than zero, then x is a positive number.

Premise 2 : .
Conclusion : 6 is a positive number.

c) Write down 2 implications based on the following sentence.
3m > 15 if and only if m > 5

Implication 1 :

Implication 2 : (5 marks)

Year 2006 (July)

a.) State whether each of the following statements is true or false.

(i) 4 64
3
=

(ii.) -5 > - 8 and 0.03 = 3
1
10

b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence.

ABC is an equilateral triangle if and only if each of the interior angle of ABC is 60
0
.

c.) Complete the premise in the following argument:

Premise 1 : .

Premise 2 : . 180 90
0 0
s s x

Conclusion : sin
0
x is positive. (5 marks)

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Year 2006 (Nov)
(a) Complete each of the following statements with the quantifier all or some so that it will become
a true statement

(i) of the prime numbers are odd numbers.

(ii) ... pentagons have five sides.

(b) State the converse of the following statement and hence determine whether its converse is true or false.

(c) Complete the premise in the following argument:
Premise 1 : If set K is a subset of set L, then L L K =

Premise 2 :

Conclusion: Set K is not a subset of set L

Year 2007 (June)

a) State whether the following statement is true or false.

b) Write down Premise 2 to complete the following argument:

Premise 1 : If a quadrilateral is a trapezium, then it has two parallel sides.

Premise 2 : ..

Conclusion: ABCD is not a trapezium.

c) Based on the information below, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the
sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides.

c) Write down two implications based on the following statement:

Matrix
|
|
.
|
\
|
d c
b a
has an inverse if and only if ad bc 0
[6 marks]

Some even numbers are multiples of 3
Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 3 sides is ( 3 2 ) x 180
0

Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 4 sides is (4 2 ) x 180
0

Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 5 sides is (5 2 ) x 180
0

If x > 9 , then x > 5
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Year 2007 (Nov)

a) Complete the following statement using quantifier all or some, to make it a true statement.

b) Write down Premise 2 to complete the following argument:

Premise 1 : If M is a multiple of 6, then M is a multiple of 3.

Premise 2 : ..

Conclusion : 23 is not a multiple of 6.

c) Make a general conclusion by induction for the sequence of numbers 7, 14, 27,
which follows the following pattern.

7 = 3(2)
1
+ 1

14 = 3(2)
2
+ 2

27 = 3(2)
3
+ 3

=

d) Write down two implications based on the following statement:

p q > 0 if and only if p > q

Implication 1 :

Implication 2 : ...
[6 marks]

Year 2008 (June)

a) State whether the following compound statement is true or false.

7 x 7 = 49 and (-7)
2
= 49

................................quadratic equations have two equal roots.
76

b) Write down two implications based on the following compound statement:

c) Write down Premise 2 to complete the following argument:

Premise 1:
If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, then the sum of the interior opposite angles of PQRS is
180
0
.

Premise 2:

Conclusion:
PQRS is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
[5 marks]

Year 2008 (Nov)

a) State whether the following compound statement is true or false:

b) Write down two implications based on the following compound statement:

c) It is given that the interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is
2
1 180
n
| |

|
\ .

.
Make one conclusion by deduction on the size of the interior angle of a regular hexagon.

KLM is an isosceles triangle if and only if two angles in KLM are equal.

5
3
= 125 and -6 < -7
x
3
= -64 if and only if x = -4.
77
[5 marks]

Answer
Chapter 6: Mathematical Reasoning

6.1.1

6.1.2

6.2. b 1. All rhombuses have four equal sides
2. Some odd numbers are prime number
3. All factors of 6 are factor of 3
4. All isosceles triangles have two equal sides
5. Some even numbers are divisible by 10

6.2.2 b 1. Some multiples of 2 are multiples of 4
2. All orchid flowers are yellow in colour
3. All animals can swim
4. Some human beings have hearts
5. Some multiples of 8 can be exactly divided by 2

6.3.1 b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1.True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. True
Statement Truth
1 Some even numbers are divisible by 10 True
Some even numbers are not divisible by 10 False
2 All factors of 7 are factors of 14 True
Not all factors of 7 are factors of 14 False
3 All trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines True
Not all trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines False
4 44 is a multiple of 11 True
44 is not a multiple of 11 False
5
2
3
100 is equal to 10
2

False
2
3
100 is not equal to 10
2

True
6 Nucleus is an organelle True
Nucleus is not an organelle False
7 Plants have hair roots to absorb water and minerals True
Plants have no hair roots to absorb water and minerals False
8 10 and 120 are multiples of 10 True
10 and 120 are not multiples of 10 False
9 2
0
is equal to 2 False
2
0
is not equal to 2 True
10 All prime numbers are not divisible by 2 False
Not all prime numbers are not divisible by 2 True
78

6.3.2 b
p q True / False
1 False
2 False
3 True
4 False
5 True
6 False
7 True
8 False
9 True
10 True
11 True
12 True
13 False
14 True
15 False

6.4. b

a Implication 1 : If 10
a
= 1, then a = 0
Implication 2 : If a = 0, then 10
a
= 1
b Implication 1 : If x
3
= 64, then x = 4
Implication 2 : If x = 4, then x
3
= 64
c Implication 1 : If Abu is punished, then he was late to school
Implication 2 : If Abu is late to school, then he will be punished
d Implication 1 : If x + 3 = 7, then x 8 = 18
Implication 2 : If x 8 = 18, then x + 3 = 7
e Implication 1 : If B Ac , then A B A =
Implication 2 : If A B A = , then B Ac
f Implication 1 : If y
2
4y = 4 then y = 2
Implication 2 : If y = 2, then y
2
4y = 4
g
Implication 1 : If k is a perfect square, then k is an integer
Implication 2 : If k is an integer, then k is a perfect square
h Implication 1 : If m is a negative number, then m
3
is a negative number
Implication 2 : If m
3
is a negative number, then m is a negative number
i
Implication 1 : If 10
1
=
z
1
, then z =10
Implication 2 : If z =10, then 10
1
=
z
1

j
Implication 1 : If 5 = m , then 5
2
= m
Implication 2 : If 5
2
= m, then 5 = m
79

6.5 b

6.6.1 b

6.6.2 b

Questions According to Examination Format

1. i: False
ii : JKL is an equilateral triangle.
iii : If x > y, then x y > 0 .
If x y > 0, then x > y.

2. i : Statement
ii : 1 : If PQR is a right-angled triangle, then PR
2
= PQ
2
+ QR
2

2: If PR
2
= PQ
2
+ QR
2
, then PQR is a right-angled triangle
iii : The sum of the interior angles of all triangles = 180
o

3. a) True
b) If x = 4, then x
3
= 64
If x
3
= 64, then x = 4
c) y = 5

4. a) ABCDEF has 6 equal sides.
1 Premise 2 : 5 < 12
2 i.)Premise 1 : All negative numbers are smaller than zero
ii.)Premise 2 : 2340 is a multiple of 10
3 Premise 2 : MNOPQ is a pentagon
4 Conclusion : x + 5 = 10
5
Premise 2 : 90
o
<
0
100 < 180
o

6
Conclusion : { } 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 e x
7 Premise 2 : KL = LM = KM
8 Conclusion : C is not a subset of D
1 Conclusion : Ali is a form 5 student.
2 Conclusion : Goats eat grass
3 Conclusion : Object D has 12 edges
4 Conclusion : x
2
+ 2x 14 = 0 has 2 as the highest power of its unknown
5 Conclusion : Abu is not a student.
1 General conclusion : 2 + 3(n)
2
where n = 1,2,3,4,..
2 General conclusion : 90 2(n)
2
where n = 1,2,3,4,..
3 General conclusion : 2 + 7(n), where n = 0,1,2,3,..
4 General conclusion : 3(n)
3
where n = 1,2,3,4,..
5 General conclusion : 3n 2, or 3(n) 2 , where n = 1,2,3,4,5,..
80
b) 4(n)
2
7 where n = 2, 3, 4, 5,
c) 15 ( 5) = 5 or 32 is a multiple of 8.
5. a) 75 . 0
4
3
= and 5 < 2 @ 4
2
= 8 or 5 < 2 @ 4
2
= 8 or 75 . 0
4
3
=
b) a = 6
c) If 3r > 6, then r > 2.
If r > 2 , then 3r > 6.

PAST YEARS SPM QUESTIONS

June 2004

1. a) Statement
b) 10 5
2
= or 100 10 10 =
c ) If y < x , then x y >
If x y > , then x y <

Nov 2004

2. a) True
b) If m
3
= 1000 , then m = 10
If m = 10, then m
3
= 1000
c) PQRSTU is a hexagon.

June 2005

3. a) Statement
b) If 2x is an even number, the x is an odd number. (True)
c) , 1 2
3
+ n where n = 1, 2, 3

Nov 2005

4. a) i: False
ii: True
b) 6 is greater than zero.
c) If 3m > 15, then m > 5.
If m > 5, then m > 5.

June 2006

5. a) (i) True
(ii) False

b) If ABC is an equilateral triangle, then each of the interior angle of ABC is 60
0
.

If each of the interior angle of ABC is 60
0
, then ABC is an equilateral triangle.
81

c) If
0 0
180 90 s s x , then
0
sin x is positive.
7. Nov 2006
a) (i) Some
(ii) All

b) If x > 5 , then x > 9 , False

c) L L K =

8. June 2007
a) True
b) ABCD has no two parallel sides
c) (n 2 ) x 180
0
d) Implication 1 : If matrix
|
|
.
|
\
|
d c
b a
has an inverse then ad bc 0

Implication 2 : If ad bc 0 then
|
|
.
|
\
|
d c
b a
has an inverse

9. Nov 2007
a) Some
b) 23 is not a multiple of 3
c) 3(2)
n
+ n , n = 1, 2, 3,
d) Implication 1 : If p q > 0 then p > q
Implication 2 : If p > q then p q > 0

10. June 2008
a) True
b) Implication 1 : If KLM is an isosceles triangle, then two angles in
KLM are equals.
Implication 2 : If two angles in KLM are equals, then KLM is an
isosceles triangle.
c) The sum of the interior opposite angles of PQRS is not equal to 180
0
.

11. Nov 2008
a) False
b) Implication 1 : If x
3
= -64 then x = -4
Implication 2 : If x = -4 then x
3
= -64

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