Emona DATEx Vol1 LabManual E2 Student v3

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VoIume 1
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog &
DigituI TeIecommunicutions
For NI" ELVIS II

Barry Duncan

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VoIume 1
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog &
DigituI TeIecommunicutions
For NI" ELVIS II

Barry Duncan

Emonu DATE Lub MunuuI for NI" ELVIS II
VoIume 1 -
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog und DigituI TeIecommunicutions,

Aufhor: 8orry Duncon
TechnicoI edifors: Tim Hooper & CorIo Monfredini

Issue Mumber: 3.0

PubIished by:

Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd,
8o Porromoffo Pood
Comperdown MSW Z0b0
AUSTPALIA.

web: www.fims.com.ou
feIephone: +oI-Z-9bI9-3933
fox: +oI-Z-9bb0-I378

Copyrighf Z007 - Z009 Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd ond ifs reIofed enfifies.
AII righfs reserved. Mo porf of fhis pubIicofion moy be reproduced or
disfribufed in ony form or by ony meons, incIuding ony nefwork or Web
disfribufion or broodcosf for disfonce Ieorning, or sfored in ony dofobose or in
ony nefwork refrievoI sysfem, wifhouf fhe prior wriffen consenf of Emono
Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd.

For Iicensing informofion, pIeose confocf Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd.
DATEx" is o frodemork of Emono TIMS Pfy Lfd.

LobVIEW", MofionoI Insfrumenfs", MI", MI ELVIS", ond MI-DAQ" ore
frodemorks of MofionoI Insfrumenfs Corporofion. Producf ond compony nomes
menfioned herein ore frodemorks or frode nomes of fheir respecfive
componies.

Prinfed in AusfroIio

Contents

Infroducfion ........................................................................................................ i - iv
I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf.............................. Expf I - I
Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe................ Expf Z - I
3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf poneI confroI .............................................. Expf 3 - I
4 - Using fhe Emono DATEx fo modeI equofions............................................. Expf 4 - I
b - AmpIifude moduIofion (AM)............................................................................. Expf b - I
o - DoubIe Sidebond (DS8SC) moduIofion......................................................... Expf o - I
7 - Observofions of AM ond DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin..... Expf 7 - I
8 - AM demoduIofion................................................................................................ Expf 8 - I
9 - DoubIe Sidebond DS8SC demoduIofion....................................................... Expf 9 - I
I0 - SingIe Sidebond (SS8) moduIofion & demoduIofion............................... Expf I0 - I
II - Frequency ModuIofion (FM) ........................................................................... Expf II - I
IZ - FM demoduIofion............................................................................................... Expf IZ - I
I3 - SompIing & reconsfrucfion ............................................................................ Expf I3 - I
I4 - PCM encoding ..................................................................................................... Expf I4 - I
Ib - PCM decoding..................................................................................................... Expf Ib - I
Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs..................................... Expf Io - I
I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying (ASI) ..................................................................... Expf I7 - I
I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying (FSI)...................................................................... Expf I8 - I
I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying (8PSI)............................................................... Expf I9 - I
Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying (QPSI) .................................................. Expf Z0 - I
ZI - Spreod Specfrum - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ........................ Expf ZI - I
ZZ - UndersompIing in Soffwore Defined Podio.............................................. Expf ZZ - I

Infroducfion Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd i
Introduction
The ETT-Z0Z DATE " Lub MunuuI Overview
The ETT-Z0Z Lob MonuoI VoIume One covers o brood ronge of infroducfory digifoI ond onoIog
feIecommunicofions fopics fhrough o series of Z0 corefuIIy poced, honds-on Ioborofory
experimenfs. Eoch experimenf is wriffen fo supporf fhe fheoreficoI concepfs infroduced in fhe
cIoss work of o firsf course in modern feIecommunicofions.

Eoch DATEx experimenf presenfs on inferesfing, honds-on Ieorning experience for fhe sfudenf. In
eoch experimenf fhe sfudenf is choIIenged fo buiId, meosure ond consider: fhere ore no "insfonf"
or "cookbook-sfyIe" experimenfs. DATEx is ocfuoIIy o frue engineering modeIing sysfem where
sfudenfs see fhof fhe bIock diogroms so common in fheir fexfbooks represenf reoI funcfioning
sysfems.

Equipmenf Pequired
Experimenfs moke use of fhe Emono DATEx feIecommunicofions froiner kif fogefher wifh fhe MI
ELVIS I or II pIofform ond MI LobVIEW running on o PC. The funcfionoIify ond ronge of fhe
virfuoI insfrumenfofion ovoiIobIe depends on fhe MI DAQ fhof is coupIed wifh MI ELVIS I
pIofform. ELVIS II hos oII necessory inferfocing circuifry buiIf info if.

Pefer fo fhe ETT-Z0Z DATEx USEP MAMUAL for furfher defoiIs, os weII os informofion on fhe
insfoIIofion ond use of fhe DATEx/MI ELVIS experimenf sysfem.

Sfudenf Acodemic LeveI
Experimenfs in fhis voIume hove been prepored for sfudenfs wifh onIy o bosic knowIedge of
mofhemofics ond o Iimifed bockground in physics ond eIecfricify.

Sfudenfs wifh o higher IeveI of compefence in mofhemofics wiII oIso goin o deeper undersfonding
of feIecommunicofions fheory by using fhe DATEx sysfem. Due fo fhe engineering "modeIing"
nofure of fhe DATEx sysfem, fhey wiII be obIe fo invesfigofe more compIex issues, corry ouf
oddifionoI meosuremenfs ond fhen confrosf fheir findings fo fheir fheoreficoI undersfonding ond
mofhemoficoI onoIysis.
The Emono DATEx Add-in ModuIe
hos o coIIecfion of bIocks (coIIed
moduIes) fhof ore pofched
fogefher fo impIemenf do;ens of
feIecommunicofions experimenfs.

ii Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd Infroducfion
Diductic phiIosophy behind the ETT-Z0Z DATE" System
- Emonu TIMS" und the "Iock Diugrum" upprouch

The Emono DATEx feIecommunicofions froiner drows on o weII esfobIished experimenfoI
mefhodoIogy fhof brings fo Iife fhe "universoI Ionguoge" of feIecommunicofions, fhe 8LOCI
DIA0PAM. OriginoIIy deveIoped in fhe I970's by Tim Hooper, o senior Iecfurer in
feIecommunicofions of The Universify of Mew Soufh WoIes, AusfroIio, ond furfher deveIoped by
Emono Insfrumenfs, Emono TIMS", or "TeIecommunicofions InsfrucfionoI ModeIing Sysfem", is
used by fhousonds of sfudenfs oround fhe worId, to impIement pructicuIIy uny form of
moduIution or coding.

8Iock Diogroms
8Iock diogroms ore used fo expIoin fhe principIe of
operofion of eIecfronic sysfems (Iike o rodio fronsmiffer
for exompIe) wifhouf worrying obouf how fhe circuif
works. Eoch bIock represenfs o porf of fhe circuif fhof
performs o seporofe fosk ond is nomed occording fo whof
if does. ExompIes of common bIocks in communicofions
equipmenf incIude fhe odder, muIfipIier, osciIIofor, ond so
on.

The TIMS" ond hence DATEx" opprooch fo impIemenfing feIecommunicofions experimenfs
fhrough reoIi;ing 8LOCI DAIA0PAMS hos fhe foIIowing benefifs in fhe educofionoI environmenf:

Sfudenfs goin procficoI experience wifh frue mofhemoficoI modeIing hordwore, designed
specificoIIy for impIemenfing feIecommunicofions fheory.
Sfudenfs ocfuoIIy buiId eoch experimenf sfoge-by-sfoge, in on engineering monner, by
foIIowing fhe 8LOCI DIA0PAM.
Sfudenfs ore free fo fry "whof-if" scenorios fo voIidofe fheir undersfonding of fhe fheory
being invesfigofed, by viewing reoI, reoI-fime eIecfricoI signoIs.
DATEx is designed fo oIIow sfudenfs fo moke misfokes, hence sfudenfs wiII Ieorn from
fheir honds-on experiences os fhey invesfigofe fheir findings.

One-fo-One PeIofionship
The figure on fhe righf iIIusfrofes fhe one-
fo-one reIofionship befween eoch bIock of
fhe 8LOCI DIA0PAM ond fhe independenf
funcfionoI circuif bIocks of fhe DATEx
froiner boord.

The funcfionoI bIocks of fhe DATEx boord
ore used ond re-used in experimenfs, jusf
os bIocks of fhe bIock diogrom reoppeor in
mony differenf impIemenfofions.

A typicuI teIecom's LOCk DIASPAM

EumpIes of DATE " functionuI bIocks

Infroducfion Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd iii
MI LobVIEW" ond DATEx"
The Emono DATEx odd-in moduIe is fuIIy infegrofed wifh fhe MI ELVIS pIofform ond MI LobVIEW
environmenf. AII DATEx" knobs ond swifches con be voried eifher monuoIIy or under fhe confroI
MI LobVIEW VIs.

DATEx" VIs ore provided in fhe DATEx kif so fhof fhe sfudenf hos fhe obiIify furfher enhonce
fhe experimenf copobiIifies of fhe DATEx hordwore, by ufiIi;ing fhe resources of MI LobVIEW
ond even infegrofion wifh MI's wide ronge of PF producfs.

SuideIines for Using the Lub MunuuI

The experimenfs in fhis voIume hove been prepored for sfudenfs wifh onIy o bosic knowIedge of
mofhemofics. However, due fo fhe engineering "modeIing" nofure of fhe DATEx odd-in moduIe,
sfudenfs wifh o higher IeveI of compefence in mofhemofics wiII equoIIy goin o deeper
undersfonding of feIecommunicofions fheory by corrying ouf fhese experimenfs.

The Z0 chopfers cover o brood ronge of feIecommunicofions concepfs, from fundomenfoI fopics
fomiIior fo oII sfudenfs, such os AM ond FM broodcosfing, fhrough fo fhe underIying fechnoIogies
used in fhe Iofesf mobiIe feIephones ond wireIess sysfems. In eoch experimenf, fhe core
fechnoIogy is reveoIed fo fhe sfudenf, of ifs mosf fundomenfoI IeveI. The firsf chopfers oIso
provide o soIid infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS pIofform ond fhe use of MI LobVIEW virfuoI
insfrumenfofion.

Chopfers con be covered in ony order, however, if is imperofive fhof oII sfudenfs compIefe fhe
firsf four chopfers before proceeding fo fhe subsequenf chopfers.

Chopfer I infroduces fhe MI ELVIS fesf equipmenf.
Chopfer Z infroduces fhe Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe.
Chopfer 3 infroduces fhe DATEx Soff Fronf PoneI confroI, ond
Chopfer 4 infroduces fhe concepf of mofhemoficoI modeIing using eIecfronic funcfionoI bIocks.

In order fo moke fhe sfudenfs Ieorning experience more memorobIe, fhe sfudenf is usuoIIy obIe fo
bofh view signoIs on fhe MI ELVIS osciIIoscope ond fhen Iisfen fo fheir own voice undergoing fhe
moduIofion or coding being invesfigofed.

Moking Misfokes ond Mis-wiring
An imporfonf focfor which mokes fhe Ieorning experience more voIuobIe for fhe sfudenf is fhof
fhe sfudenf is oIIowed fo moke wiring misfokes. DATEx inpufs ond oufpufs con be connecfed in ony
combinofion, wifhouf cousing domoge. As fhe sfudenf buiIds fhe experimenf, fhey need fo moke
consfonf observofions, odjusfmenfs ond correcfions. If signoIs ore nof os expecfed fhen fhe
sfudenf needs fo moke o decision os fo whefher fhe correcfion required is on odjusfmenf or on
incorrecfIy pIoced pofching wire.

Sfrucfure of fhe Experimenfs ond Topics
Eoch experimenf in fhe DATEx Lob MonuoI provides o bosic infroducfion fo fhe fopic under
invesfigofion, foIIowed by o series of corefuIIy groded honds-on ocfivifies. Af fhe concIusion of
eoch sub secfion fhe sfudenf is osked fo onswer quesfions fo confirm fheir undersfonding of fhe
work before proceeding.

iv Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd Infroducfion
If shouId be nofed fhof fhe DATEx odd-in moduIe con impIemenf mony more experimenfs fhon ore
documenfed in fhis VoIume One Lob MonuoI ond furfher experimenfs wiII be reIeosed in Iofer
monuoIs.

FinoIIy, since fhe ETT-Z0Z Troiner is o frue modeIing sysfem, fhe insfrucfor hos fhe freedom fo
modify exisfing experimenfs or even creofe compIefeIy new experimenfs fo convey new ond course
specific concepfs fo sfudenfs.

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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-Z

Eperiment 1 - An introduction to the NI ELVIS II test equipment
PreIiminury discussion
The digifoI muIfimefer ond osciIIoscope ore probobIy fhe
fwo mosf used pieces of fesf equipmenf in fhe
eIecfronics indusfry. The buIk of meosuremenfs needed
fo fesf ond/or repoir eIecfronics sysfems con be
performed wifh jusf fhese fwo devices.

Af fhe some fime, fhere wouId be very few eIecfronics
Ioborofories or workshops fhof don'f oIso hove o DC
Power SuppIy ond Funcfion 0enerofor. As weII os
generofing DC fesf voIfoges, fhe power suppIy con be
used fo power fhe equipmenf under fesf. The funcfion
generofor is used fo provide o voriefy of AC fesf signoIs.

ImporfonfIy, MI ELVIS II hos fhese four essenfioI pieces of Ioborofory equipmenf in one unif
(ond ofhers). However, insfeod of eoch hoving ifs own digifoI reodouf or dispIoy (Iike fhe
equipmenf picfured), MI ELVIS II sends fhe informofion vio US8 fo o personoI compufer where
fhe meosuremenfs ore dispIoyed on one screen.

On fhe compufer, fhe MI ELVIS II devices ore coIIed "virfuoI insfrumenfs". However, don'f Ief
fhe ferm misIeod you. The digifoI muIfimefer ond scope ore reoI meosuring devices, nof
soffwore simuIofions. SimiIorIy, fhe DC power suppIy ond funcfion generofor oufpuf reoI
voIfoges.

The experimenfs in fhis monuoI moke use of oII four MI ELVIS II devices ond ofhers so if's
imporfonf fhof you're fomiIior wifh fheir operofion.

The eperiment
This experimenf infroduces you fo fhe MI ELVIS II digifoI muIfimefer, voriobIe DC power
suppIies (fhere ore fwo of fhem), osciIIoscope ond funcfion generofor. ImporfonfIy, fhe
osciIIoscope con be o fricky device fo use if you don'f do so offen. So, fhis experimenf oIso
gives you o procedure fhof'II sef if up reody fo dispIoy o sfobIe ZkH; 4Vp-p signoI every fime.
ImporfonfIy, if's recommended fhof you use fhis procedure os o sforfing poinf for fhe ofher
experimenfs in fhis monuoI.

If shouId foke you obouf b0 minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-3

Equipment

PersonoI compufer wifh oppropriofe soffwore insfoIIed
MI ELVIS II pIus US8 cobIe ond power pock
Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe
Two 8MC fo Zmm bonono-pIug Ieods
Assorfed Zmm bonono-pIug pofch Ieods

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-4

Some things you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins definifions for some eIecfricoI ferms used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen fhem before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod fhem fo
check your undersfonding.

The umpIitude of o signoI is ifs physicoI si;e ond is meosured in voIfs (V). If is usuoIIy
meosured eifher from fhe middIe of fhe woveform fo fhe fop (coIIed fhe peok voIfoge)
or from fhe boffom fo fhe fop (coIIed fhe peok-fo-peok voIfoge).

The period of o signoI is fhe fime foken fo compIefe one cycIe ond is meosured in
seconds (s). When fhe period is smoII, if is expressed in miIIi seconds (ms) ond even
micro seconds (ps).

The frequency of o signoI is fhe number of cycIes every second ond is meosured in
herf; (H;). When fhere ore mony cycIes per second, fhe frequency is expressed in kiIo
herf; (kH;) ond even mego herf; (MH;).

A sinewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope
shown in Figure I.

Figure 1

A squurewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope
shown in Figure Z.

Figure Z

Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-b
Procedure

Purt A - Setting sturted

I. Ensure fhof fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe bock of fhe unif is off.

Z. CorefuIIy pIug fhe Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe info fhe MI ELVIS II.

3. Sef fhe ConfroI Mode swifch on fhe DATEx moduIe (fop righf corner) fo MonuoI.

4. Connecf fhe MI ELVIS II fo fhe PC using fhe US8 cobIe.

Note: This moy oIreody hove been done for you.

b. Turn on fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe reor of fhe unif fhen furn on ifs
Profofyping 8oord Power swifch of fhe fop righf corner neor fhe power indicofor.

o. Turn on fhe PC ond Ief if boof-up.

7. Lounch fhe MI ELVISmx soffwore per fhe insfrucfor's direcfions.

Note: If fhe MI ELVISmx soffwore hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe window coIIed
"ELVIS - Insfrumenf Louncher" wiII be visibIe (see Figure 3).

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-o

Purt - The NI ELVIS II DigituI MuItimeter
The MI ELVIS II DigifoI MuIfimefer (DMM) is on insfrumenf fhof con meosure fhe foIIowing
eIecfricoI properfies: DC & AC voIfoges, DC & AC currenfs, resisfonce, copocifonce ond
inducfonce. Ifs operofion is briefIy infroduced nexf.

8. Use fhe mouse fo cIick on fhe "DMM" buffon on fhe MI ELVISmx Insfrumenf Louncher.

Note: If fhe digifoI muIfimefer virfuoI insfrumenf hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe
insfrumenf's window wiII be visibIe (see Figure 4).

Figure 4

The digifoI muIfimefer's meosuremenf opfions ore seIecfed using fhe Meosuremenf ond
Seffings confroIs on fhe virfuoI insfrumenf (neor fhe mouse-poinfer in Figure 4).

9. Move fhe mouse-poinfer over fhese confroIs buf don'f cIick on ony of fhem yef.

Note: As you do fhis, you'II nofice fhof o pop-up oppeors fo feII you by nome whof
meosuremenf mode fhe confroIs ocfivofe.


I0. CIick bock ond forfh befween one of fhe VoIfoge confroIs (morked V) ond one of fhe
Currenf confroIs (morked A).

Note 1: As you do, nofice fhof fhe buffons on fhe virfuoI insfrumenf ore onimofed. The
seIecfed confroI fodes os fhough if hos been physicoIIy pressed in.

Note Z: Mofice oIso fhof fhe 8onono Jock Connecfions window updofes fo feII you which
of fhe DMM's bonono jocks fo use on fhe Ieff side of fhe MI ELIVS II for fhof
porficuIor meosuremenf.

ImporfonfIy, simpIy Iounching fhe DMM virfuoI insfrumenf doesn'f ocfivofe fhe insfrumenf's
hordwore. This musf be done every fime fhe DMM virfuoI insfrumenf is Iounched using ifs Pun
confroI (fhe buffon wifh fhe green orrow).

II. CIick on fhe DMM's Pun confroI.

IZ. CIick on eoch of fhe Meosuremenf ond Seffings confroIs in furn whiIe wofching fhe
DMM's reodouf.

Note: As you do, nofice fhof fhe reodouf updofes fo feII you fhe unif of meosuremenf
(eg V for voIfs, A for omps, efc). The reodouf oIso indicofes fhe reIofive si;e of fhe
meosuremenf (for exompIe, m for miIIi, M for mego, efc). See fhe insfrucfor for more
informofion if you're nof fomiIior wifh fhe mefric sysfem of muIfipIes ond sub-muIfipIes.

Question 1
0iven you've nof been osked fo connecf fhe digifoI muIfimefer's inpufs fo onyfhing yef,
why does fhe DMM reod very smoII voIues of voIfoge ond currenf insfeod of ;ero7

If you exomine fhe DMM virfuoI insfrumenf cIoseIy you'II nofice fhof fhere ore ofher seffings
on fhe DMM virfuoI insfrumenf fhof con be odjusfed incIuding fhe Mode, MuII Offsef ond
Acquisifion Mode. These confroIs defouIf fo oppropriofe seffings for reguIor use so we'II nof
discuss fhem furfher here. Where odjusfmenf of fhese confroIs is necessory, fhey'II be
expIoined of fhe oppropriofe pIoce in fhe experimenfs.

Ask fhe insfrucfor fo check
your work before confinuing.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-8
Purt C - The NI ELVIS II VuriubIe Power SuppIies
The MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies (VPS) is on insfrumenf fhof con simuIfoneousIy
oufpuf fwo DC voIfoges (one posifive ond one negofive) fo ferminoIs on fhe Emono DATEx. Ifs
operofion is briefIy discussed nexf.

I3. Use fhe mouse fo cIick on fhe "VPS" buffon on fhe MI ELVISmx Insfrumenf Louncher.

Note 1: Don'f cIose fhe MI ELVISmx DMM virfuoI insfrumenf becouse you'II be using if
fo verify fhe operofion of fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies.

Note Z: If fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies virfuoI insfrumenf hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe
insfrumenf's window wiII be visibIe (see Figure b).

Figure

I4. Puf fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies info MonuoI mode by checking fhe boxes
nexf fo fhe word MonuoI on bofh fhe posifive ond negofive sides of fhe virfuoI
insfrumenf.

Tip: One of fhe boxes is neor fhe mouse-poinfer in Figure b.

Note: Once you've performed fhis sfep, you'II nofice fhof fhe virfuoI confroIs fode.
This feIIs you fhof fhe virfuoI power suppIies' oufpufs ore confroIIed monuoIIy using fhe
confroIs on fhe fop righf of fhe MI ELVIS II (direcfIy beIow fhe US8 Peody & Acfive
indicofors).


Ib. CIick on fhe DMM's confroI fo puf fhe unif info DC voIfoge meosuring
mode.

Io. Sef fhe fwo VoriobIe Power SuppIies VoIfoge confroIs fo obouf hoIf of fheir froveI.

I7. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure o beIow.

Tip: Use fhe 4mm bonono pIug fo Zmm bonono pIug pofch Ieod.

Note: As you perform fhis sfep, you shouId see some ocfivify on fhe DMM virfuoI
insfrumenf ond fhe meosuremenf on ifs reodouf chonge fo obouf oV.

Figure

I8. Use fhe VoIfoge confroI fo defermine fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' minimum ond
moximum posifive oufpuf voIfoges. Pecord fhese in TobIe I beIow.

I9. Connecf fhe DMM fo fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' negofive oufpuf ond repeof Sfep I8.

TubIe 1
Minimum output
voItuge
Minimum output
voItuge
Positive {+} output

Negutive {-} output

VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
GND
V
COM
DMM

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-I0

WhiIe fhe DMM con be used for meosuring fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' oufpufs, fhe
insfrumenf con monifor ifs own oufpufs freeing fhe digifoI muIfimefer for ofher uses. The nexf
sfeps demonsfrofe fhis.

Z0. Check fhe box of fhe fop of fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies' virfuoI insfrumenf
shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

ZI. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' negofive VoIfoge confroI ond compore fhe voIues on
fhe dispIoys of fhe fwo virfuoI insfrumenfs - fhey shouId be fhe some.


Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-II

Purt D - The NI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope
The MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope (or jusf "scope") is o fuIIy funcfionoI duoI chonneI osciIIoscope
fhof oIIows engineers ond fechnicions fo meosure AC woveforms ond view fheir shope. Ifs
operofion is briefIy discussed nexf.

ZZ. CIose fhe virfuoI insfrumenfs for fhe digifoI muIfimefer ond VoriobIe Power SuppIies.

Z3. Use fhe mouse fo cIick on fhe "Scope" buffon on fhe MI ELVISmx Insfrumenf Louncher.

Note: If fhe scope virfuoI insfrumenf hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe insfrumenf's
window wiII be visibIe (see Figure 8).

Figure

The MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope is operofed using fhe confroIs on ifs virfuoI insfrumenf.
AIfhough operofing fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope is much eosier fhon operofing ofher fypes of
scopes, if con sfiII be o IiffIe fricky fo use when you're new fo fhis piece of fesf equipmenf. The
procedure on fhe nexf poge is one fhof you con use fo sef if up reody fo reIiobIy view
woveforms ond foke meosuremenfs when underfoking DATEx experimenfs.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-IZ

Procedure for setting up the NI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope

Z4. FoIIow fhe procedure beIow. CoII fhe insfrucfor for ossisfonce if you con'f find o
porficuIor confroI.

Note: Much of fhis procedure simpIy invoIves checking fhof confroI seffings ore in fhe
defouIf posifions used by fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope of fhe fime of wrifing fhis
monuoI.

SeneruI

i) Check fhof fhe Cursors On box is doesn'f hove o fick in if.

VerticuI

i) Check fhof fhe ChonneI 0 Source confroI is sef fo SCOPE CH 0 ond fhe ChonneI I
Source confroI is sef fo SCOPE CH I.

ii) Check fhof fhe Probe confroI for bofh chonneIs is sef fo I.

iii
)
Sef fhe CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo AC.

iv) Check fhof fhe ScoIe VoIfs/Div confroI for bofh chonneIs is sef fo IV/div.

v) Check fhof fhe VerficoI Posifion confroI for bofh chonneIs is in fhe middIe of fheir
froveI.

Timebuse

i) Sef fhe Time/Div confroI fo fhe b00ps/div posifion.

Trigger

i) Sef fhe Type confroI fo Edge.

ii) Sef fhe Source confroI fo CH 0 Source.

iii) Check fhof fhe LeveI confroI is sef fo 0.

iii) Check fhof fhe SIope confroI is sef fo fhe posifion.

Zb. Acfivofe fhe scope's hordwore by cIicking on ifs Pun confroI.

Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-I3

The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you fomiIiorise yourseIf wifh MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope
by observing ond meosuring o DATEx signoI.

Zo. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Note: Mofice fhof fhe connecfion fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs' ZkH; SIME oufpuf musf be
mode wifh fhe red bonono pIug. The bIock bonono pIug shouId be connecfed fo ony one of
fhe ground (0MD) sockefs on fhe Emono DATEx.

Figure 9

GND
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
BLK
RED
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


Peak-
to-peak
The period of one cycle

When meosuring fhe ompIifude of on AC
woveform using o scope, if's common fo
meosure ifs peok-fo-peok voIfoge. Thof
is, fhe difference befween ifs Iowesf
poinf ond ifs highesf poinf. This is
shown in Figure I0. ImporfonfIy,
knowing fhe woveform's peok-fo-peok
voIfoge oIIows us fo coIcuIofe ifs PMS
voIfoge where required.

The ofher dimension of on AC
woveform fhof's imporfonf fo meosure
is ifs period. The period is fhe fime if
fokes

Figure 10
fo compIefe one cycIe ond fhis is oIso shown in Figure I0. WhiIe knowing fhe woveform's period
moy be usefuI in ifs own righf, if oIso oIIows us fo coIcuIofe fhe signoI's frequency using fhe
equofion:

Period
f
I
=

Meosuring fhe ompIifude of signoIs ond defermining fheir frequency using convenfionoI scopes
is o IiffIe more invoIved fhof using o digifoI muIfimefer. As such, if con be eosy for fhe novice
fo moke misfokes. HeIpfuIIy, fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope incIudes mefers fhof meosure
voIfoge ond frequency for you ond reodouf fhe informofion on fhe dispIoy. The Iocofion of fhis
informofion on fhe virfuoI insfrumenf is beIow fhe groficuIe os shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-Ib

Z7. Pecord fhe scope's meosured voIues for voIfoge (PMS ond peok-fo-peok) ond frequency
in TobIe Z beIow.

Z8. Use fhe signoI's frequency fo work bockwords fo coIcuIofe ond record ifs period.

Tip: You'II hove fo fronspose fhe equofion on fhe previous poge fo moke period (P) fhe
subjecf.

TubIe Z
PMS voItuge

Frequency

Pk-Pk voItuge

Period


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf I-Io

Purt E - The NI ELVIS II Function Senerutor
The MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor (F0EM) is on insfrumenf fhof con oufpuf AC signoIs of
vorious shopes ond of vorious frequencies fo ferminoIs on fhe Emono DATEx. Ifs operofion is
briefIy discussed nexf.

Z9. Use fhe mouse fo cIick on fhe "F0EM" buffon on fhe MI ELVISmx Insfrumenf Louncher.

Note 1: Don'f cIose fhe MI ELVISmx Scope virfuoI insfrumenf becouse you'II be using if
fo verify fhe operofion of fhe funcfion generofor.

Note Z: If fhe funcfion generofor virfuoI insfrumenf hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe
insfrumenf's window wiII be visibIe (see Figure IZ).

Figure 1Z

30. Check fhe box fhof pufs fhe funcfion generofor info MonuoI Mode.

Note: Once you've performed fhis sfep, you'II nofice fhof fhe virfuoI confroIs fode. This
feIIs you fhof fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf is now o sinewove whose ompIifude ond
frequency ore confroIIed monuoIIy by fhe Frequency ond AmpIifude confroIs on fhe righf
side of fhe MI ELVIS II.

3I. Sef fhe funcfion generofor's AmpIifude confroI on fhe righf side of fhe MI ELVIS II fo
obouf hoIf ifs froveI.

Experimenf I - An infroducfion fo fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-I7

3Z. To observe fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf, connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I3 beIow.

Note: Agoin, fhe connecfion fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf musf be mode using fhe
Ieod's red bonono pIug.

Figure 13

33. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI for Ims/div.

Note: Once fhis sfep hos been performed, you shouId see one compIefe cycIe of o
sinewove.

34. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's AmpIifude confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe effecf
on fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf.

3b. Defermine fhe funcfion generofor's monuoIIy odjusfobIe minimum ond moximum oufpuf
voIfoges ond record your meosuremenfs in TobIe 3 beIow.

TubIe 3
Minimum output V

Muimum output V

BLK
RED
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
GND
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


3o. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's Frequency confroI on fhe righf side of fhe MI ELVIS II
ond observe fhe effecf on fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf.

Note 1: If fhis confroI doesn'f seem fo hove on effecf, keeping furning if.

Note Z: This confroI con vory fhe frequency of fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf befween
0.ZH; ond bMH;. However, if wouId foke o Iof of furns of fhe monuoI Frequency confroI
fo sweep befween fhem. Experimenf 3 infroduces you fo fhe confroIs on fhe funcfion
generofor's virfuoI insfrumenf which ore more convenienf fo use.

your work before finishing.

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

Z

-

A
n

i
n
f
r
o
d
u
c
f
i
o
n

f
o

f
h
e

D
A
T
E
x

e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
f
o
I

o
d
d
-
i
n

m
o
d
u
I
e

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-Z

Eperiment Z - An introduction to the DATE eperimentuI
udd-in moduIe
The Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe for fhe MI ELVIS II is used fo heIp peopIe
Ieorn obouf communicofions ond feIecommunicofions principIes. If Iefs you bring fo Iife fhe
bIock diogroms fhof fiII communicofions fexfbooks. A "bIock diogrom" is o simpIified
represenfofion of o more compIex circuif. An exompIe is shown in Figure I beIow.

8Iock diogroms ore used fo expIoin fhe
principIe of operofion of eIecfronic sysfems
(Iike o rodio fronsmiffer for exompIe)
wifhouf hoving fo describe fhe defoiI of how
fhe circuif works. Eoch bIock represenfs o
porf of fhe circuif fhof performs o seporofe
fosk ond is nomed occording fo whof if does.
ExompIes of common bIocks in
communicofions equipmenf incIude fhe
odder, fiIfer, phose shiffer ond so on.

The DATEx hos o coIIecfion of bIocks (coIIed moduIes) fhof you con puf fogefher fo impIemenf
do;ens of communicofions ond feIecommunicofions bIock diogroms.

The eperiment
This experimenf is in fhree sfond-oIone porfs (Z-I, Z-Z ond Z-3) ond eoch infroduces you fo one
or more of fhe DATEx's onoIog moduIes. If's expecfed fhof you've compIefed Experimenf I or
hove oIreody been infroduced fo fhe MI ELVIS II sysfem ond ifs virfuoI insfrumenfs soffwore.

If shouId foke you obouf b0 minufes fo compIefe experimenf Z.I, onofher b0 minufes fo
compIefe Z.Z ond obouf Zb minufes fo compIefe Z.3.

Equipment

For Z,1 onIy: One sef of heodphones (sfereo)

Figure 1

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-3

Some things you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins definifions for some eIecfricoI ferms used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen fhem before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod fhem fo
check your undersfonding.

Two signoIs fhof ore in phuse wifh eoch ofher reoch key poinfs in fhe woveform (Iike
fhe peoks ond ;ero-crossing poinfs) of exocfIy fhe some fime regordIess of fheir si;e.

Two signoIs fhof out of phuse reoch key poinfs in fhe woveform of differenf fimes.
An exompIe is shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Phuse difference describes how much fwo signoIs ore ouf of phose ond is meosured in
degrees (Iike degrees in o circIe). SignoIs fhof ore in phose hove o phose difference of
0". SignoIs fhof ore ouf of phose hove o phose difference 0" buf 3o0".

A sinewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope
shown in Figure Z.

Figure Z

A cosine wuve is simpIy o sinewove fhof is ouf of
phose wifh onofher sinewove by exocfIy 90". A
sinewove ond o cosine wove ore shown in Figure 3.
(They're nof morked becouse, in fhis cose, if doesn'f
moffer which one is which.)

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-4
Z,1 - The Muster SignuIs Speech und AmpIifier moduIes

The Muster SignuIs moduIe
The Mosfer SignoIs moduIe is on AC signoI generofor or osciIIofor. The moduIe hos six oufpufs
providing fhe foIIowing:

AnuIog DigituI
A Z.083kH; sinewove A Z.083kH; squorewove (digifoI)
A I00kH; sinewove An 8.33kH; squorewove (digifoI)
A I00kH; cosine wove A I00kH; squorewove (digifoI)

Eoch signoI is ovoiIobIe on o sockef on fhe moduIe's focepIofe fhof's IobeIIed occordingIy.
ImporfonfIy, oII signoIs ore synchronised.

Procedure









"ELVIS - Insfrumenf Louncher" wiII be visibIe.


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-b

I. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow.

Figure Z

Z. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope ond sef if up per fhe procedure in
Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) ensuring fhof fhe Trigger Source confroI is sef fo CH 0.

3. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view onIy fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Mosfer SignoIs
ZkH;
To CH 0
GND
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
BLK
RED
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-o

4. Use fhe scope's meosuring funcfion fo find fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf. Pecord fhis in TobIe I on fhe nexf poge.

b. Meosure ond record fhe frequency of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

o. Pepeof Sfeps IZ fo I4 for fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ofher fwo onoIog oufpufs.

TubIe 1 Output voItuge Frequency
ZkHz SINE

100kHz COSINE

100kHz SINE



You hove probobIy jusf found fhof fhere doesn'f oppeor fo be much difference befween fhe
Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's SIME ond COSIME oufpufs. They're bofh I00kH; sinewoves. However,
fhe fwo signoIs ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

If's crificoI fo fhe operofion of severoI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems fhof
fhere be fwo (or more) sinewoves wifh idenficoI frequencies buf ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher
(usuoIIy by o specific omounf). The Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's fwo I00kH; oufpufs sofisfy fhis
requiremenf ond ore 90" ouf of phose. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see fhis.

7. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Note: Inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure 3

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


8. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf by checking (fhof is, puffing o fick in) fhe ChonneI I
EnobIed box os shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Note 1: When you do, you shouId see o second signoI oppeor on fhe dispIoy fhof's o
differenf coIour fo fhe ChonneI 0 signoI.

Note Z: You moy nofice fhof fhe fwo signoIs don'f Iook Iike fhe cIeon sinewoves fhof you
sow eorIier. ImporfonfIy, fhe signoIs hoven'f chonged shope. The disforfion feIIs us fhof
we're beginning fo operofe fhe MI ELVIS II of fhe Iimifs of ifs specificofion (for
reosons nof discussed here).

Figure 4

Question 1
8y visuoI inspecfion of fhe scope's dispIoy, which of fhe fwo signoIs is Ieoding fhe ofher7
ExpIoin your onswer.


The Speech moduIe
Sinewoves ore imporfonf fo communicofions. They're used exfensiveIy for fhe corrier signoI in
mony communicofions sysfems. Sinewoves oIso moke exceIIenf fesf signoIs. However, fhe
purpose of mosf communicofions equipmenf is fhe fronsmission of speech (omong ofher fhings)
ond so if's usefuI fo exomine fhe operofion of equipmenf using signoIs generofed by speech
insfeod of sinewoves. The Emono DATEx oIIows you fo do fhis using fhe Speech moduIe.

9. Deocfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf.

I0. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

II. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure b beIow.

Note: Inserf fhe osciIIoscope Ieod's bIock pIug info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure

IZ. ToIk ond hum info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy. 8e sure fo soy
"one" ond "fwo" severoI fimes.

1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-I0
The AmpIifier moduIe
AmpIifiers ore used exfensiveIy in communicofions ond feIecommunicofions equipmenf. They're
offen used fo moke signoIs bigger. They're oIso used os on inferfoce befween devices ond
circuifs fhof con'f normoIIy be connecfed. The AmpIifier moduIe on fhe Emono DATEx con do
bofh.

I3. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf o fhird of ifs froveI.

I4. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure o beIow.


Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7
Mosfer SignoIs
To CH 0
To CH I
ZkH;
AmpIifier
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-II

Ib. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe AmpIifier moduIe's
inpuf.

Io. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf.

I7. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe AmpIifier moduIe's inpuf. Pecord your
meosuremenf in TobIe Z beIow.

I8. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe AmpIifier moduIe's oufpuf.

TubIe Z
Input voItuge Output voItuge

The meosure of how much bigger on ompIifier's oufpuf voIfoge is compored fo ifs inpuf voIfoge
is coIIed voIfoge goin (A
V
). An ompIifier's voIfoge goin con be expressed os o simpIe rofio
coIcuIofed using fhe equofion:

Vin
Vouf
A
V
=

ImporfonfIy, if fhe ompIifier's oufpuf signoI is upside-down compored fo ifs inpuf fhen o
negofive sign is usuoIIy puf in fronf of fhe goin figure fo highIighf fhis focf.

Question Z
CoIcuIofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe's goin (on ifs presenf goin seffing).


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-IZ

The AmpIifier moduIe's goin is voriobIe. UsefuIIy, if con be sef so fhof fhe oufpuf voIfoge is
smoIIer fhon fhe inpuf voIfoge. This is nof ompIificofion of oII. Insfeod if's o Ioss or offenuofion.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf shows how offenuofion offecfs fhe goin figure.

I9. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise fhen furn if cIockwise jusf
o IiffIe unfiI you con jusf see o sinewove.

Z0. Pesi;e fhe AmpIifier moduIe's oufpuf signoI on fhe scope's dispIoy by odjusfing ChonneI
I's ScoIe confroI fo on oppropriofe seffing.

ZI. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe AmpIifier moduIe's new oufpuf.

TubIe 3
See TobIe Z

Question 3
CoIcuIofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe's new goin.

Question 4
In ferms of fhe goin figure, whof's fhe difference befween goin ond offenuofion7


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-I3

AmpIifiers work by foking fhe DC power suppIy voIfoge ond using if fo moke o copy of fhe
ompIifier's inpuf signoI. ObviousIy fhen, fhe DC power suppIy Iimifs fhe si;e of fhe ompIifier's
oufpuf. If fhe ompIifier is forced fo fry fo oufpuf o signoI fhof is bigger fhon fhe DC power
suppIy voIfoges, fhe fops ond boffoms of fhe signoI ore chopped off. This fype of signoI
disforfion is coIIed cIipping.

CIipping usuoIIy occurs when fhe ompIifier's inpuf signoI is foo big for fhe ompIifier's goin. When
fhis hoppens, fhe ompIifier is soid fo be overdriven. If con oIso occur if fhe ompIifier's goin is
foo big for fhe inpuf signoI. To demonsfrofe cIipping:

ZZ. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Z3. Pesi;e fhe AmpIifier moduIe's oufpuf signoI on fhe dispIoy by odjusfing ChonneI I's ScoIe
confroI fo on oppropriofe seffing.

Question
Whof do you fhink fhe oufpuf signoI wouId Iook Iike if fhe ompIifier's goin wos
sufficienfIy Iorge7

Z4. Turn the AmpIifier moduIe's Suin controI fuIIy unti-cIockwise.

Heodphones ore fypicoIIy Iow impedonce devices - usuoIIy oround b0. Mosf eIecfronic circuifs
ore nof designed fo hove such Iow impedonces connecfed fo fheir oufpuf. For fhis reoson,
heodphones shouId nof be direcfIy connecfed fo fhe oufpuf of mosf of fhe moduIes on fhe
Emono DATEx.

However, fhe AmpIifier moduIe hos been specificoIIy designed fo hondIe Iow impedonces. So, if
con ocf os o buffer befween fhe moduIes' oufpufs ond fhe heodphones fo Ief you Iisfen fo
signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf shows how fhis is done.



Zb. Ensure fhof fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI is furned fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Zo. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

Z7. Puf fhe heodphones on.

Z8. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise ond Iisfen fo fhe signoI.

Z9. Disconnecf fhe pIugs from fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf ond connecf
fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

30. Speok info fhe microphone ond Iisfen fo fhe signoI.

3I. Disconnecf fhe pIugs from fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf fhem fo fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; SIME oufpuf.

3Z. CorefuIIy furn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise ond Iisfen for o signoI.

Question
Why is fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; SIME oufpuf inoudibIe7

33. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise ogoin.


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Ib
Z,Z - The Adder und Phuse Shifter moduIes

The Adder moduIe
SeveroI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems require fhof signoIs be odded
fogefher. The Adder moduIe hos been designed for fhis purpose.

Procedure

I. If your equipmenf is sfiII sef up from fhe previous experimenf fhen jump fo Sfep 9. If
nof, confinue on fo Sfep Z.

Z. Ensure fhof fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe bock of fhe unif is off.

3. CorefuIIy pIug fhe Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe info fhe MI ELVIS II.


b. Connecf fhe MI ELVIS II fo fhe PC using fhe US8 cobIe.


o. Turn on fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe reor of fhe unif fhen furn on ifs

7. Turn on fhe PC ond Ief if boof-up.




Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-Io

9. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope ond sef if up per fhe procedure in

I0. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond furn ifs g confroI (for Inpuf 8) fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

II. Sef fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI (for Inpuf A) fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

IZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Note: AIfhough nof shown, inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground
(0MD) sockef.

Figure 1

This sef-up poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow.

Figure Z

A
8
To CH I
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
Adder
moduIe
ZkH;
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


I3. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

I4. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo view fhe
Adder moduIe's oufpuf us weII us fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Ib. Vory fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe effecf.

Question 1
Whof ospecf of fhe Adder moduIe's performonce does fhe 0 confroI vory7

Io. Use fhe scope's meosuring funcfion fo meosure fhe voIfoge on fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf
A. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

I7. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

I8. Meosure ond record fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge.

I9. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe voIfoge goin of fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf A.

Z0. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZI. Pesi;e fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf signoI on fhe scope's dispIoy by odjusfing ChonneI I's
ScoIe confroI fo on oppropriofe seffing.

ZZ. Pepeof Sfeps I8 ond I9.

TubIe 1 Input voItuge Output voItuge Suin
Muimum

Input A
Minimum

Question Z
Whof is fhe ronge of goins for fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf7


Z3. Leove fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z4. Disconnecf fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf from fhe Adder moduIe's
Inpuf A ond connecf if fo fhe Adder's Inpuf 8.

Zb. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Zo. Pesi;e fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf signoI on fhe scope's dispIoy by odjusfing ChonneI I's

Z7. Meosure fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe Z
beIow.

Z8. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe voIfoge goin of fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf 8.

Z9. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

30. Pepeof Sfeps Zo fo Z8.

TubIe Z Input voItuge Output voItuge Suin
Muimum
See TobIe

Input
Minimum
I

Question 3
Compore fhe resuIfs in TobIes I ond Z. Whof con you soy obouf fhe Adder moduIe's fwo
inpufs in ferms of fheir goin7



3I. Turn bofh of fhe Adder moduIe's 0oin confroIs fuIIy cIockwise.

3Z. Connecf fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf fo bofh of fhe Adder moduIe's
inpufs.

33. Pesi;e fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf signoI on fhe scope's dispIoy by odjusfing ChonneI I's

34. Meosure fhe Adder moduIe's new oufpuf voIfoge. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe 3
beIow.

TubIe 3
Adder's output voItuge

Question 4
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe signoIs on fhe Adder moduIe's
inpufs ond oufpuf7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-Z0
The Phuse Shifter moduIe
SeveroI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems require fhof fhe signoI fo be
fronsmiffed (speech, music ond/or video) is phose shiffed. CrucioI fo being obIe fo impIemenf
fhese sysfems in Iofer experimenfs is fhe obiIify fo phose shiff ony signoI by oImosf ony
omounf. The Phose Shiffer moduIe hos been designed for fhis purpose.

3b. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond sef ifs Phose Chonge swifch fo fhe 0" posifion.

3o. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.


Note 1: Inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Note Z: The LED on fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe wiII furn on buf don'f be concerned by
fhis. The LED is used fo indicofe fhof fhe moduIe hos oufomoficoIIy odjusfed ifseIf for
your Iow frequency inpuf.

Figure 3

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-ZI

The sef-up in Figure 3 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4

38. Adjusf fhe scope's ScoIe confroI for bofh chonneIs for signoIs fhof ore o suifobIe si;e on
fhe dispIoy.

39. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe fwo signoIs.

40. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

4I. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe fwo signoIs.

Question
This moduIe's oufpuf signoI con be phose shiffed by differenf omounfs

buf if oIwoys Ieods fhe inpuf signoI.
buf if oIwoys Iogs fhe inpuf signoI.
ond con eifher Ieod or Iog fhe inpuf signoI.

O
To CH I
To CH 0
Phose
Shiffer
ZkH;
Mosfer
SignoIs

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-ZZ
Z,3 - The VoItuge ControIIed OsciIIutor {VCO}
A VCO is on osciIIofor wifh on odjusfobIe oufpuf frequency fhof is confroIIed by on exfernoI
voIfoge source. If's o very usefuI circuif for communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems
os you'II see. The MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor's operofion con be modified by fhe Emono
DATEx fo funcfion os o VCO if required.

Procedure

I. If your equipmenf is sfiII sef up from fhe previous experimenf fhen jump fo Sfep 9. If
nof confinue on fo Sfep Z.

Z. Ensure fhof fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe bock of fhe unif is off.

3. CorefuIIy pIug fhe Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe info fhe MI ELVIS II.


b. Connecf fhe MI ELVIS II fo fhe PC using fhe US8 cobIe.


o. Turn on fhe MI ELVIS II power swifch of fhe reor of fhe unif fhen furn on ifs

7. Turn on fhe PC ond Ief if boof-up.




Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Z3

9. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope ond sef if up per fhe procedure in

I0. Sef fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies' confroIs (neor fhe fop righf of fhe unif)
os foIIows:

Posifive VoIfoge fo fhe 0V posifion (fhof is, fuIIy onfi-cIockwise)
Megofive VoIfoge fo fhe 0V posifion (fhof is, fuIIy onfi-cIockwise)

II. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies' virfuoI insfrumenf ond check fhe
MonuoI boxes fo puf fhem in fo monuoI mode.

Note: PecoII fhof checking fhese boxes honds confroI of fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies'
oufpufs over fo fhe confroIs fhof you odjusfed for Sfep I0.

IZ. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor virfuoI insfrumenf.

I3. Type b000 in fhe funcfion generofor's H; window ond press Enfer on fhe keyboord.

Note: Once you've done fhis, fhe window's voIue wiII chonge fo "bk" os shown in Figure I
beIow.

Figure 1

I4. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for o 4Vpp oufpuf.

Ib. Sef fhe funcfion generofor's ModuIofion Type fo FM.

Note: This sfep pufs fhe funcfion generofor in fo VCO mode.


Io. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.

Note: AIfhough nof shown, inserf fhe bIock pIug of fhe osciIIoscope Ieod info o ground
(0MD) sockef.

Figure Z

I7. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe funcfion
generofor's oufpuf.

I8. Use fhe scope's meosuring funcfion fo find fhe frequency of fhe funcfion generofor's
oufpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

TubIe 1 Frequency
Function generutor's
output

VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Zb

I9. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 3 beIow.

efore you do,
The sef-up in Figure 3 buiIds on Figure Z so don'f puII if oporf. Exisfing wiring is shown
os doffed Iines fo highIighf fhe pofch Ieods fhof you need fo odd.

Figure 3


Figure 4

To CH 0
VCO
VoriobIe
VoriobIe DC
To CH I
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe Z-Zo

Z0. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view fhe funcfion generofor's DC inpuf voIfoge us
weII us ifs AC oufpuf voIfoge.

ZI. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe bV/div posifion.

ZZ. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion.

Z3. Increose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf voIfoge whiIe wofching fhe scope's
dispIoy.

Question 1
Whof hoppens fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf when you increose ifs posifive DC
inpuf voIfoge7

Z4. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf voIfoge fo I0V.

Zb. Meosure fhe funcfion generofor's new oufpuf frequency. Pecord your meosuremenf in
TobIe Z beIow.

TubIe Z Frequency
Function generutor's
new output

Question Z
Use fhe informofion in TobIes I ond Z fo defermine fhe funcfion generofor's VCO
sensifivify (fhof is, how much ifs oufpuf frequency chonges per voIf).

Note: The VCO sensifivify is differenf for ELVIS I ond ELVIS II. 8e owore of fhis difference
if you hove bofh in your Iob. You moy wish fo compore fhe difference if you hove fhe fime. If
you do, moke sure fhof you foke reodings of severoI frequencies ocross fhe ronge.


ImporfonfIy, fhe funcfion generofor's VCO sensifivify is differenf for differenf frequency
decodes.

Zo. Pepeof fhis process fo defermine fhe sensifivify of fhe funcfion generofor's VCO of
b00H; ond b0kH;. Pecord your meosuremenfs in TobIe 3 beIow.

TubIe 3 Sensitivity
00Hz setting

0kHz setting



Z7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow.

Figure

To CH 0
VCO
VoriobIe
VoriobIe DC
To CH I
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


Z8. Increose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' negofive oufpuf voIfoge whiIe wofching fhe scope's
dispIoy.

Question 3
Whof hoppens fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf when you increose ifs negofive DC
inpuf voIfoge7



M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

3

-

A
n

i
n
f
r
o
d
u
c
f
i
o
n

f
o

s
o
f
f

f
r
o
n
f
-
p
o
n
e
I

c
o
n
f
r
o
I

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-Z

Eperiment 3 - An introduction to soft front-puneI controI
The "fronf-poneI" of on eIecfronics sysfem is fhe foce of fhe unif fhof
confoins mosf if nof oII of fhe confroIs fhof fhe user con odjusf fo vory fhe
sysfem's performonce in some woy. As on exompIe, fhe MI ELVIS II fronf-
poneI is shown in Figure I.

Over fhe Iosf Z0 fo 30 yeors, digifoI confroI eIecfronics hos dromoficoIIy
chonged fhe fronf-poneI. MuIfipIe-poIe gonged swifches ond pofenfiomefers
hove IorgeIy given woy fo momenfory buffons ond infinife-furn rofory
devices. For exompIes of fhese, fhink of how you chonge fhe sfofion or
voIume on o cor or home sfereo sysfem fhese doys.

The digifoI fokeover of sysfem confroI hos oIso mode frue remofe confroI
over sysfems possibIe. As you know, mosf domesfic eIecfronic devices
fhese doys con of Ieosf be furned on ond off from on infrored (IP) or rodio
frequency (PF) remofe device. In focf, for modern feIevisions ond video
recording devices fhere ore more confroIs on fhe remofe fhon on fhe Figure
1
unif ifseIf. In ofher words, fhe remofe confroI hos become fhe fronf-poneI.

Advonces in personoI compufers (PCs) ond digifoI dofo communicofions hove provided for o
differenf fype of remofe confroI for non-domesfic oppIicofions such os dofo ocquisifion ond
indusfrioI process confroI. For fhis fype of equipmenf, fhe fronf-poneI is eifher dupIicofed or
repIoced oIfogefher by o "soff" fronf-poneI on o compufer screen fhof con be mefres or
fhousonds of kiIomefres owoy from fhe equipmenf being confroIIed. Soff fronf-poneIs hove
virfuoI buffons ond knobs fhof, when odjusfed on screen, resuIf in chonges in o sysfem's
performonce os fhough o reoI buffon or knob hod been odjusfed.

You hove seen fhis fype of confroI before if you've offempfed Experimenfs I ond Z. The MI
ELVIS II DMM ond OsciIIoscope ore insfrumenfs wifhouf ony hord confroIs. You operofed
fhem by using virfuoI buffons ond knobs on o compufer screen. The MI ELVIS II VoriobIe
Power SuppIies ond Funcfion 0enerofor ond fhe Emono DATEx con be confroIIed in fhe some
woy.

The eperiment
This experimenf infroduces you fo soff fronf-poneI confroI of fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf
ond fhe Emono DATEx experimenfoI odd-in moduIe. If is expecfed fhof you've compIefed
Experimenf I or hove oIreody been infroduced fo fhe MI ELVIS II sysfem ond ifs virfuoI
insfrumenfs soffwore.

If shouId foke you obouf 40 minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

FREQUENCY
VOLTAGE
0V +12V
VOLTAGE
0V -12V
VARIABLE POWER SUPPLIES
MANUAL
MODE
MANUAL
MODE
AMPLITUDE
MIN MAX
FUNCTION GENERATOR
MANUAL
MODE

Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-3

Equipment


Something you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins fhe definifion for on eIecfricoI ferm used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen if before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod if fo check
your undersfonding.

When fwo signoIs ore 10" out of phuse, fhey're ouf of sfep by hoIf o cycIe. This is
shown in Figure Z beIow. As you con see, fhe fwo signoIs ore oIwoys froveIIing in
opposife direcfions. Thof is, os one goes up, fhe ofher goes down (ond vice verso).

Figure Z

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-4

Procedure

Purt A - Soft controI of the NI ELVIS II VuriubIe Power SuppIies und Function Senerutor









"ELVIS - Insfrumenf Louncher" wiII be visibIe (see Figure 3).

Figure 3


Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-b


Figure 4

9. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II DMM virfuoI insfrumenf (VI) ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI.

I0. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI ond cIock on ifs Pun confroI.

Note: On successfuIIy Iounching fhese VIs fhe windows in Figure b beIow shouId be
visibIe. Arronge fhem on fhe PC's deskfop for your convenience.

Figure
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
GND
V
COM
DMM

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-o

II. Try odjusfing fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf hurd VoIfoge confroI on fhe
upper righf side of fhe MI ELVIS II ond nofe fhe DMM's reoding os you do.

Note: You'II find fhof fhis hos no effecf of fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf.
This is becouse fhe defouIf sforf-up condifion of fhe VIs is for soff confroI over fheir
insfrumenfs.

IZ. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf voIfoge by using fhe mouse fo "grob
ond furn" fhe soft VoIfoge confroI on-screen (see Figure o).

Note: This fime you shouId find fhof fhe oufpuf voIfoge chonges. If nof, coII fhe
insfrucfor for ossisfonce.

Figure

I3. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf voIfoge fo exocfIy 7.b9V by fyping fhof
voIue info fhe V window os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

I4. Presef fhe PESET buffon beIow fhe V window ond observe fhe effecf.

Ib. Connecf fhe DMM fo fhe negofive VoriobIe DC oufpuf.

Io. Pepeof Sfeps IZ fo I4 fo offecf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' negofive oufpuf.


Question 1
Whof is fhe odvonfoge of being obIe fo odjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies using fhe
soff fronf-poneI7

I7. CIose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies ond DMM VIs.

I8. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

I9. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope ond sef if up per fhe procedure in
Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing chonge:

Timebose confroI fo fhe bms/div posifion insfeod of b00ps/div

RED
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
GND
BLK
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-8

Z0. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI.

Note: On successfuIIy Iounching fhese VIs fhe windows in Figure 9 beIow shouId be
visibIe. Arronge fhem on fhe PC's deskfop for your convenience.

Figure 9

ZI. Try odjusfing fhe funcfion generofor's hurd AmpIifude confroI on fhe righf side of fhe
MI ELVIS II ond nofe fhe scope's dispIoy os you do.

Note: For fhe some reosons os before, you'II find fhof fhe funcfion generofor's hord
confroIs hove no effecf over ifs oufpuf.

ZZ. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's soft AmpIifude confroI (by grobbing ond furning fhe knob
on-screen in fhe some woy os you did for fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies) ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe scope's dispIoy.

Note: This fime you shouId find fhof fhe oufpuf voIfoge chonges. If nof, coII fhe
insfrucfor for ossisfonce.

Z3. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's soff Frequency confroI ond observe fhe effecf.

Z4. SeIecf fhe ofher Woveform opfions ond observe fhe effecf.

Zb. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI 0 CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion.

Zo. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's soff DC Offsef confroI ond observe fhe effecf.


Z7. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor using ifs soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: TrionguIor
Frequency: Z.bkH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0.bV

Tip: To obfoin exocfIy Z.bkH; of 4Vpp, simpIy fype fhese voIues in fhe spoce provided
beIow fhe corresponding knobs.

Z8. Moke fhe oppropriofe odjusfmenfs fo fhe scope's confroIs fo dispIoy fhe woveform.

An importunt fuct ubout the NI ELVIS II & DATE
On fhe boffom righf corner of fhe funcfion generofor VI fhere is onofher chongeobIe
opfion coIIed "SignoI Poufe". This opfion defouIfs fo "Profofyping boord" meoning fhof
fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf is ovoiIobIe on fhe DATEx boord os demonsfrofed by
fhis experimenf. This is how oImosf oII DATEx experimenfs occess fhe funcfion
generofor so "profofyping boord" is fhe preferred signoI roufe opfion unIess ofherwise
specified.

For your informofion, fhe ofher signoI roufe opfion is coIIed "F0EM 8MC". This oufpufs
fhe funcfion generofor fo fhe 8MC connecfor morked F0EM on fhe fop Ieff side of fhe
MI ELVIS II. However, fhis connecfor hos o duoI use ond doubIes os fhe exfernoI
frigger inpuf (TPI0) fo fhe scope. SeIecfing fhe "F0EM 8MC" signoI roufe wiII couse
confIicfs when using fhe scope's exfernoI frigger opfion so if is besf fo ovoid doing so.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-I0

Purt - Soft controI of the Emonu DATE

Z9. CIose fhe funcfion generofor's VI.

30. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

3I. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view onIy fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

3Z. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box.

33. Verify fhe operofion of fhe AmpIifier moduIe by vorying ifs hurd 0oin confroI.

Note: If fhe ompIifier is working correcfIy, ifs oufpuf shouId be inverfed ond odjusfing
ifs 0oin confroI shouId vory ifs ompIifude.

34. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) per fhe insfrucfor's direcfions.

Note 1: On successfuIIy Iounching fhe DATEx SFP, fhe window in Figure II on fhe nexf
poge shouId be visibIe.

Note Z: There is no need fo "run" fhe DATEx SFP os if Iounches running.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-II

Figure 11

Setting the DATE SFP to the current Device number
The ELVIS unif you ore using con be sef up fo hove o porficuIor Device number. You
need fo ensure fhof fhe DATEx SFP is oIso sef fo fhe some Device number os your
ELVIS unif. The DATEx SFP con be sef fo numbers I-8.

In fhe boffom righf corner of fhe DATEx SFP is o Device seIecfion box. Sef if fo fhe
some device number os is your ELVIS unif. If fhe DATEx SFP is nof sef fo fhe correcf
ELVIS number you wiII gef on error dioIog box. SimpIy dismiss fhe dioIog, sef fhe
device number correcfIy ond re-sforf fhe SFP.

In fhis exompIe screenshof we con see fhe SFP sef fo Device number 3.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-IZ
3b. Adjusf fhe posifions of fhe DATEx SFP window ond fhe scope's VI so fhof you're obIe fo
view fhe essenfioI porfs of bofh. An exompIe is shown in Figure IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

3o. Swifch fhe DATEx moduIe's ConfroI Mode swifch (fop righf-hond corner) fo fhe PC
ConfroI posifion.

37. Vory fhe AmpIifier moduIe's hurd 0oin confroI ogoin.

Note: This fime if'II hove no effecf on fhe oufpuf signoI.

38. Vory fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soft 0oin confroI using fhe DATEx SFP ond fhe mouse.

Note: You shouId find fhof you now hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx.

39. Use fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo sef ifs voIfoge goin fo os cIose fo -Z os
you con gef.

If you find fine odjusfmenfs using fhe mouse ore fricky, fhe DATEx SFP oIIows you fo moke
chonges fo ifs soff confroIs using fhe PC's keyboord. The foIIowing insfrucfions show you how.

40. Peposifion fhe DATEx SFP window so fhof you con see oII of ifs moduIes.

4I. Press fhe keyboord's TA8 key once.

Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-I3
Note: The Widfh confroI on fhe DATEx SFP's Twin PuIse 0enerofor con now be odjusfed
using fhe keyboord ond fhis is highIighfed by o box oround if.

4Z. Press fhe TA8 key o few more fimes.

Note: Mofice fhof eoch fime you press fhe TA8 key fhe seIecfed confroI chonges. Mofice
oIso fhof swifches con be seIecfed os weIIs os knobs.

43. Use fhe TA8 key fo seIecf fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI.

44. Peposifion fhe DATEx SFP window so fhof you con see fhe scope's dispIoy.

4b. Vory fhe soff 0oin confroI by pressing fhe keyboord's Ieff ond righf orrow keys.

Note: You'II hove fo wofch fhe soff 0oin confroI very cIoseIy fo see if move becouse fhe
odjusfmenfs ore very fine.

4o. Use fhe orrow keys fo sef fhe AmpIifier moduIe's voIfoge goin fo os cIose fo -Z os you con
gef.

47. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-I4

48. Experimenf wifh odjusfing fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's fwo soff confroIs whiIe wofching
ifs inpuf ond oufpuf signoIs on fhe scope's dispIoy.

Note 1: Use fhe mouse ond fhe keyboord fo do fhis.

Note Z: See if you con work ouf which key on fhe keyboord foggIes fhe Phose Shiffer
moduIe's swifch befween fhe 0" ond I80" posifions.

49. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe for on oufpuf signoI wifh o phose shiff fhof is os cIose
fo I80" os you con gef.


Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-Ib

Louding pre-wired DATE SFP buckgrounds
The DATEx SFP bockground hos fhe obiIify fo be Iooded wifh cusfom-mode
bockgrounds. This con be used fo Iood o "pre-wired" bockground which mofches fhe
experimenf you ore currenfIy doing. As weII, o bockground wifh nofes from fhe
insfrucfor con be Iooded if required.

As fhe IoodobIe bockgrounds ore simpIy imoge fiIes ( jpg, bmp), ony chonges con be
mode os required by fhe user or insfrucfor, using fhe fempIofe bockground fiIe
suppIied.

As weII, o direcfory of pre-wired experimenf bockgrounds corresponding fo every
wiring diogrom in fhis monuoI is oIso suppIied on fhe DATEX CD. Your insfrucfor con
odvise you os fo where fhese fiIes con be found if required.

How to use pre-wired buckgrounds:
"Lood Wiring Diogrom" : SeIecf o bockground fiIe (jpg, bmp) fo Iood
"Pesfore DefouIf 8ockground" : Lood fhe suppIied defouIf un-wired bockground
"Exif" : Exif fhe DATEx SFP
"HeIp" : Lood fhe HeIp screen (hfmI)

Upon resforf fhe DATEx SFP wiII oIwoys Iood fhe defouIf bockground.
A pre-wired bockground corresponding fo Figure I3 of fhis chopfer is shown beIow os
Figure I4.

Figure 14

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - An infroducfion fo soff fronf-poneI confroI 3-Io
Figure Ib shows one of fhe suppIied pre-wired bockgrounds Iooded info fhe DATEx SFP. In fhis
exompIe if is fhe wiring reIofing fo Experimenf I7, Figure 8 of fhe DATEx Lob MonuoI.
The differenf coIors ore used fo disfinguish befween fhe vorious sfoges of wiring during fhe
experimenf ifseIf.

Figure 1

The IoodobIe bockgrounds con oIso be eosiIy edifed fo incIude onnofofions fhe feocher moy
wish fo odd. In fhis exompIe is shown o pre-wired bockground Iooded info fhe SFP ond incIuding
some odvisory commenfs fo sfudenfs who wouId be doing fhis experimenf.

Figure 1

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

4

-

U
s
i
n
g

f
h
e

E
m
o
n
o

D
A
T
E
x

f
o

m
o
d
e
I

e
q
u
o
f
i
o
n
s

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-Z

Eperiment 4 - Using the Emonu DATE to modeI equutions
This moy surprise you, buf mofhemofics is on imporfonf porf of eIecfronics ond fhis is
especioIIy frue for communicofions ond feIecommunicofions. As you'II Ieorn, fhe oufpuf of oII
communicofions sysfems con be described mofhemoficoIIy wifh on equofion.

AIfhough fhe mofh fhof you'II need for fhis monuoI is reIofiveIy Iighf, fhere is some. HeIpfuIIy,
fhe Emono DATEx con modeI communicofions equofions fo bring fhem fo Iife.

The eperiment
This experimenf wiII infroduce you fo modeIIing equofions by using fhe Emono DATEx fo
impIemenf fwo reIofiveIy simpIe equofions.


Equipment


Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-3

Something you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins fhe definifion for on eIecfricoI ferm used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen if before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod if fo check
your undersfonding.

When fwo signoIs ore 10" out of phuse, fhey're ouf of sfep by hoIf o cycIe. This is
shown in Figure I beIow. As you con see, fhe fwo signoIs ore oIwoys froveIIing in
opposife direcfions. Thof is, os one goes up, fhe ofher goes down (ond vice verso).

Figure 1

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-4

Procedure
In fhis porf of fhe experimenf, you're going fo use fhe Adder moduIe fo odd fwo eIecfricoI
signoIs fogefher. MofhemoficoIIy, you'II be impIemenfing fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8



3. Sef fhe ConfroI Mode swifch on fhe DATEx moduIe (fop righf corner) fo PC ConfroI.





7. Lounch fhe MI ELVISmx soffwore.

8. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope virfuoI insfrumenf (VI).

9. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) ensuring fhof fhe
Trigger Source confroI is sef fo CH 0.

I0. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP).

II. Check you now hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder
moduIe's soft PDM/TDM confroI on fhe DATEx SFP.

Note: If you're sef-up is working correcfIy, fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's LED on fhe
DATEx boord shouId furn on ond off.


Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-b

IZ. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0 ond g confroIs fo obouf
fhe middIe of fheir froveI.

I3. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.

Note: AIfhough nof shown, inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground
(0MD) sockef.

Figure Z


Figure 3
A
8
Oufpuf
To CH I
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
Adder
moduIe
ZkH;
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-o


Ib. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME
oufpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I on fhe nexf poge.

Io. Disconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

I7. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box fo observe
fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf os weII os ifs inpuf.

I8. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI unfiI ifs oufpuf voIfoge is fhe some si;e os ifs
inpuf voIfoge (meosured in Sfep Ib).

Note 1: This mokes fhe goin for fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf -I.

Note Z: Pemember fhof you con use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys for fine
odjusfmenf of fhe DATEx SFP's confroIs.

I9. Peconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

Z0. Disconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

ZI. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff g confroI unfiI ifs oufpuf voIfoge is fhe some si;e os ifs
inpuf voIfoge (meosured in Sfep Ib).

Note: This mokes fhe goin for fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf -I ond meons fhof fhe Adder
moduIe's fwo inpufs shouId hove fhe some goin.

ZZ. Peconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

The sef-up shown in Figures 3 ond 4 is now reody fo impIemenf fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8

Mofice fhough fhof fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore fhe some signoI: o 4Vp-p ZkH; sinewove.
So, for fhese inpufs fhe equofion becomes:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine) + 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine)


When fhe equofion is soIved, we gef:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 8Vp-p (ZkH; sine)

Lef's see if fhis is whof hoppens in procfice.

Z3. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

TubIe 1

Question 1
Is fhe Adder moduIe's meosured oufpuf voIfoge euctIy 8Vp-p os fheoreficoIIy predicfed7

Question Z
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhis7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-8

In fhe nexf porf of fhe experimenf, you're going fo odd fwo eIecfricoI signoIs fogefher buf one
of fhem wiII be phose shiffed. MofhemoficoIIy, you'II be impIemenfing fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8 (wifh phose shiff)

Z4. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff Phose Chonge
confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

Zb. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

Zo. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 4 beIow.


Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure

The sef-up shown in Figures 4 ond b is now reody fo impIemenf fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8 (wifh phose shiff)

The Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore sfiII fhe some signoI: o 4Vp-p ZkH; sinewove. So, wifh
voIues fhe equofion is:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine) + 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine wifh phose shiff)

As fhe fwo signoIs hove fhe some ompIifude ond frequency, if fhe phose shiff is exocfIy I80"
fhen fheir voIfoges of ony poinf in fhe woveform is oIwoys exocfIy opposife. Thof is, when one
sinewove is +IV, fhe ofher is -IV. When one is +3.7bV, fhe ofher is -3.7bV ond so on. This meons
fhof, when fhe equofion obove is soIved, we gef:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 0Vp-p

Lef's see if fhis is whof hoppens in procfice.

Oufpuf
O
8
A
To CH I
To CH 0
Phose
Shiffer
ZkH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-I0

Z7. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI ifs inpuf ond oufpuf
signoIs Iook Iike fhey're obouf I80" ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Z8. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I Ieod from fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's oufpuf ond
connecf if fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z9. Adjusf ChonneI I's ScoIe confroI fo resi;e fhe signoI on fhe dispIoy.

30. Meosure fhe ompIifude of fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe
Z beIow.

TubIe Z
Output voItuge

Question 3
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhe oufpuf nof being 0V os fheoreficoIIy predicfed7


Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-II

The foIIowing procedure con be used fo odjusf fhe Adder ond Phose Shiffer moduIes so fhof
fhe sef-up hos o nuII oufpuf. Thof is, on oufpuf fhof is cIose fo ;ero voIfs.

3I. Use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys fo vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose
Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe ond observe fhe effecf on fhe Adder moduIe's
oufpuf.

3Z. Use fhe keyboord fo moke fhe necessory fine odjusfmenfs fo fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's
soff Phose Adjusf confroI fo obfoin fhe smoIIesf oufpuf voIfoge from fhe Adder moduIe.

Question
Whof con be soid obouf fhe phose shiff befween fhe signoIs on fhe Adder moduIe's fwo
inpufs now7

33. Use fhe keyboord fo vory fhe Adder moduIe's soff g confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe ond
observe fhe effecf on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

34. Use fhe keyboord fo moke fhe necessory fine odjusfmenfs fo fhe Adder moduIe's soff g
confroI fo obfoin fhe smoIIesf oufpuf voIfoge.

Question
Whof con be soid obouf fhe goin of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs now7

You'II probobIy find fhof you'II nof be obIe fo nuII fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf compIefeIy.
UnforfunofeIy, reoI sysfems ore never perfecf ond so fhey don'f behove exocfIy occording fo
fheory. As such, if's imporfonf for you fo Ieorn fo recognise fhese Iimifofions, undersfond fheir
origins ond quonfify fhem where necessory.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - Using fhe DATEx fo modeI equofions 4-IZ

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
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s
s
:

b

-

A
m
p
I
i
f
u
d
e

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

(
A
M
)

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-Z

Eperiment - AmpIitude moduIution
In on ompIifude moduIofion (AM) communicofions sysfem, speech ond music ore converfed info
on eIecfricoI signoI using o device such os o microphone. This eIecfricoI signoI is coIIed fhe
messoge or bosebond signoI. The messoge signoI is fhen used fo eIecfricoIIy vory fhe ompIifude
of o pure sinewove coIIed fhe corrier. The corrier usuoIIy hos o frequency fhof is much higher
fhon fhe messoge's frequency.

Figure I beIow shows o simpIe messoge signoI ond on unmoduIofed corrier. If oIso shows fhe
resuIf of ompIifude moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge. Mofice fhof fhe moduIofed
corrier's ompIifude vories obove ond beIow ifs unmoduIofed ompIifude.

Figure 1

Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-3

Figure Z beIow shows fhe AM signoI of fhe boffom of Figure I buf wifh o doffed Iine odded fo
frock fhe moduIofed corrier's posifive peoks ond negofive peoks. These doffed Iines ore known
in fhe indusfry os fhe signoI's enveIopes. If you Iook of fhe enveIopes cIoseIy you'II nofice fhof
fhe upper enveIope is fhe some shope os fhe messoge. The Iower enveIope is oIso fhe some
shope buf upside-down (inverfed).

Figure Z

In feIecommunicofions fheory, fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe AM signoI is:

AM ~ (DC + messoge) fhe corrier

When fhe messoge is o simpIe sinewove (Iike in Figure I) fhe equofion's soIufion (which
necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) feIIs us fhof fhe AM signoI
consisfs of fhree sinewoves:

One of fhe corrier frequency
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe corrier ond messoge frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe corrier ond messoge
frequencies

In ofher words, for every sinewove in fhe messoge, fhe AM signoI incIudes o poir of sinewoves -
one obove ond one beIow fhe corrier's frequency. CompIex messoge signoIs such os speech ond
music ore mode up of fhousonds sinewoves ond so fhe AM signoI incIudes fhousonds of poirs of
sinewoves sfroddIing corrier. These fwo groups of sinewoves ore coIIed fhe sidebonds ond so
AM is known os doubIe-sidebond, fuII corrier (DS8FC).

ImporfonfIy, if's cIeor from fhis discussion fhof fhe AM signoI doesn'f consisf of ony signoIs of
fhe messoge frequency. This is despife fhe focf fhof fhe AM signoI's enveIopes ore fhe some
shope os fhe messoge.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-4

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o reoI AM signoI by impIemenfing
ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. This meons fhof you'II odd o DC componenf fo o pure sinewove fo
creofe o messoge signoI fhen muIfipIy if wifh onofher sinewove of o higher frequency (fhe
corrier). You'II exomine fhe AM signoI using fhe scope ond compore if fo fhe originoI messoge.
You'II do fhe some wifh speech for fhe messoge insfeod of o simpIe sinewove.

FoIIowing fhis, you'II vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude ond observe how if offecfs fhe
moduIofed corrier. You'II oIso observe fhe effecfs of moduIofing fhe corrier foo much. FinoIIy,
you'II meosure fhe AM signoI's depfh of moduIofion using o scope.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Equipment


Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-b
Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un AM signuI using u simpIe messuge









8. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI fo
ocfivofe fhe hordwore.

9. Adjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf VoIfoge confroI for on oufpuf of
obouf -oV (fhe exocf voIue is nof crificoI).

I0. You won'f need fo odjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI ogoin so minimise if (buf don'f
cIose if).


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-o

II. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Note: The MI ELVIS II DMM's inpufs ore on fhe Ieff side of fhe unif.

Figure 3

IZ. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II DMM VI ond press ifs Pun buffon fo ocfivofe ifs hordwore.

I3. Sef up fhe DMM for meosuring DC voIfoges.


Ib. Check you hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
soft PDM/TDM confroI on fhe DATEx SFP.


Io. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

I7. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff g confroI fo obfoin o IV DC oufpuf (os meosured by fhe
DMM).

I8. CIose fhe DMM VI - you'II nof need if ogoin (unIess you occidenfoIIy chonge fhe Adder
moduIe's soff g confroI).

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
GND
V
COM
DMM



Note 1: The MI ELVIS II scope inpufs ore on fhe Ieff side of fhe unif.

Note Z: Inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieod info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow. If impIemenfs fhe
highIighfed porf of fhe equofion: AM ~ {DC + messuge} fhe corrier.

Figure

A
8
Messoge
To CH 0
VoriobIe
DC
Adder Mosfer SignoIs
ZkH;
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-8

Z0. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI.

ZI. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing
chonges:

ChonneI 0 CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion insfeod of AC
ChonneI 0 ScoIe confroI fo fhe b00mV/div posifion insfeod of IV/div
Trigger LeveI confroI fo fhe IV posifion insfeod of 0V

Af fhe momenf, fhe scope's dispIoy wonf hove o froce ond fhere shouId be o messoge of fhe fop
sfofing, "***Woifing for Trigger***". This sifuofion is normoI ond wiII be correcfed when you
perform fhe nexf sfep.

ZZ. WhiIe wofching fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope, furn ifs soff 0 confroI
cIockwise fo obfoin o IVp-p sinewove.

Tip: Pemember fhof you con use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys for fine odjusfmenf
of fhe DATEx SFP's confroIs.

The Adder moduIe's oufpuf con now be described mofhemoficoIIy os:

AM ~ (IVDC + IVp-p ZkH; sine) fhe corrier

Question 1
In whof woy is fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf now differenf fo fhe signoI ouf of fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf7


Z3. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

efore you do,
The sef-up in Figure o buiIds on Figure 4 so don'f puII if oporf. Exisfing wiring is shown
os doffed Iines fo highIighf fhe pofch Ieods fhof you need fo odd.

Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 7 beIow. The oddifions fhof
you've mode fo fhe originoI sef-up impIemenf fhe highIighfed porf of fhe equofion:
AM ~ (DC + messoge) the currier.

Figure 7
A
8
Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
I00kH;
corrier
X
Y
AM signoI
To CH I ZkH;
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-I0

Wifh voIues, fhe equofion on fhe previous poge becomes:

AM ~ (IVDC + IVp-p ZkH; sine) 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.

Z4. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view onIy fwo or so cycIes of fhe messoge signoI.

Zb. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo view fhe
MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf os weII os fhe messoge signoI.

Zo. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe on fhe groph provided beIow.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper hoIf of fhe groph ond fhe AM signoI in fhe
Iower hoIf.

Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-II

Z7. Use fhe scope's ChonneI 0 Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe AM signoI's
upper enveIope fhen Iower enveIope fo compore fhem.

Tip: If you hoven'f do so oIreody, sef fhe ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo b00mV/div.

Question Z
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's on AM signoI7 Tip: If
you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhe quesfions, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question 3
The AM signoI is o compIex woveform consisfing of more fhon one signoI. Is one of fhe
signoIs o ZkH; sinewove7 ExpIoin your onswer.

Question 4
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, how mony sinewoves does fhe AM signoI
consisf of, ond whof ore fheir frequencies7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-IZ

Purt - Seneruting un AM signuI using speech
This experimenf hos generofed on AM signoI using o sinewove for fhe messoge. However, fhe
messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof on AM signoI Iooks Iike when moduIofed by
speech.

Z8. Disconnecf fhe pIug on fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf fhof connecfs fo
fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

Z9. Connecf if fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure 8 beIow.

Pemember: Doffed Iines show Ieods oIreody in pIoce.

Figure

30. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion.

3I. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Question
Why is fhere sfiII o signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe even when you're nof humming (or
foIking, efc)7

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-I3

Purt C - Investiguting depth of moduIution
If's possibIe fo moduIofe fhe corrier by differenf omounfs. This porf of fhe experimenf Ief's
you invesfigofe fhis.

3Z. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion.

33. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond reconnecf if fo fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Note: The scope's dispIoy shouId now Iook Iike your drowings on fhe groph poper on poge
b-I0.

34. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude o IiffIe by furning Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI Ieff
ond righf ond nofice fhe effecf on fhe AM signoI.

Question
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe messoge's ompIifude ond fhe omounf of fhe
corrier's moduIofion7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-I4

You probobIy noficed fhof fhe si;e of fhe messoge signoI ond fhe moduIofion of fhe corrier ore
proporfionoI. Thof is, os fhe messoge's ompIifude goes up, fhe omounf of fhe corrier's
moduIofion goes up.

The exfenf fhof o messoge moduIofes o corrier is known in fhe indusfry os fhe moduIofion
index (m). ModuIofion index is on imporfonf chorocferisfic of on AM signoI for severoI reosons
incIuding coIcuIofing fhe disfribufion of fhe signoI's power befween fhe corrier ond sidebonds.

Figure 9 beIow shows fwo key dimensions of on ompIifude moduIofed corrier. These fwo
dimensions oIIow o corrier's moduIofion index fo be coIcuIofed.

Figure 9

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you procfise meosuring fhese dimensions fo coIcuIofe o
corrier's moduIofion index.

3b. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo refurn fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo
IVp-p.

3o. Meosure ond record fhe AM signoI's P dimension. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I
beIow.

37. Meosure ond record fhe AM signoI's Q dimension.

38. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe AM signoI's depfh of moduIofion using fhe equofion beIow.

Q P
Q P
m
+
=

TubIe 1
P dimension Q dimension m

Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-Ib

A probIem fhof is imporfonf fo ovoid in AM fronsmission is over-moduIofion. When fhe corrier
is over-moduIofed, if con upsef fhe receiver's operofion. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf gives
you o chonce fo observe fhe effecf of over-moduIofion.

39. Increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo moximum by furning fhe Adder moduIe's soff
0 confroI fo obouf hoIf ifs froveI fhen fuIIy cIockwise ond nofice fhe effecf on fhe AM
signoI.

40. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI 0 ScoIe confroI fo IV/div ond fhe ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo
b00mV/div.

4I. Use fhe scope's ChonneI 0 Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe AM signoI's
enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question 7
Whof is fhe probIem wifh fhe AM signoI when if is over-moduIofed7

Question
Whof do you fhink is o corrier's moximum moduIofion index wifhouf over-moduIofion7

A minus number
0
I
0reofer fhon I


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - AmpIifude moduIofion b-Io

4Z. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

o

-

D
S
8
S
C

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-Z

Eperiment - DSSC moduIution
DS8SC is o moduIofion sysfem simiIor buf differenf fo AM (which wos expIored in Experimenf
b).
Like AM, DS8SC uses o microphone or some ofher fronsducer fo converf speech ond music fo
on eIecfricoI signoI coIIed fhe messoge or bosebond signoI. The messoge signoI is fhen used fo
eIecfricoIIy vory fhe ompIifude of o pure sinewove coIIed fhe corrier. And Iike AM, fhe corrier
usuoIIy hos o frequency fhof is much higher fhon fhe messoge's frequency.

resuIf of moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge using DS8SC.

Figure 1

Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-3
So for, fhere doesn'f oppeor fo be much difference befween AM ond DS8SC. However,
consider Figure Z beIow. If is fhe DS8SC signoI of fhe boffom of Figure I buf wifh doffed Iines
odded fo frock fhe signoI's enveIopes (fhof is, ifs posifive peoks ond negofive peoks). If you
Iook of fhe enveIopes cIoseIy you'II nofice fhof fhey're nof fhe some shope os fhe messoge os is
fhe cose wifh AM (see Experimenf b poge b-3 for on exompIe).

Figure Z

Insfeod, oIfernofing hoIves of fhe enveIopes form fhe some shope os fhe messoge os shown in
Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-4
Anofher woy fhof DS8SC is differenf fo AM con be undersfood by considering fhe
mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe DS8SC signoI:

DS8SC ~ fhe messoge fhe corrier

Do you see fhe difference befween fhe equofions for AM ond DS8SC7 If nof, Iook of fhe AM
equofion in Experimenf b (poge b-3).

necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry) feIIs us fhof fhe DS8SC signoI consisfs of fwo
sinewoves:

One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe corrier ond messoge frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe corrier ond messoge
frequencies

ImporfonfIy, fhe DS8SC signoI doesn'f confoin o sinewove of fhe corrier frequency. This is on
imporfonf difference befween DS8SC ond AM.

Thof soid, os fhe soIufion fo fhe equofion shows, DS8SC is fhe some os AM in fhof o poir of
sinewoves is generofed for every sinewove in fhe messoge. And, Iike AM, one is higher fhon fhe
unmoduIofed corrier's frequency ond fhe ofher is Iower. As messoge signoIs such os speech ond
music ore mode up of fhousonds of sinewoves, fhousonds of poirs of sinewoves ore generofed in
fhe DS8SC signoI fhof sif on eifher side of fhe corrier frequency. These fwo groups ore coIIed
fhe sidebonds.

So, fhe presence of bofh sidebonds buf fhe obsence of fhe corrier gives us fhe nome of fhis
moduIofion mefhod - doubIe-sidebond, suppressed corrier (DS8SC).

The corrier in AM mokes up of Ieosf oo7 of fhe signoI's power buf if doesn'f confoin ony porf
of fhe originoI messoge ond is onIy needed for funing. So by nof sending fhe corrier, DS8SC
offers o subsfonfioI power soving over AM ond is ifs moin odvonfoge.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o reoI DS8SC signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. This meons fhof you'II foke o pure sinewove (fhe
messoge) fhof confoins obsoIufeIy no DC ond muIfipIy if wifh onofher sinewove of o higher
frequency (fhe corrier). You'II exomine fhe DS8SC signoI using fhe scope ond compore if fo fhe
originoI messoge. You'II do fhe some wifh speech for fhe messoge insfeod of o simpIe sinewove.

FoIIowing fhis, you'II vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude ond observe how if offecfs fhe
corrier's depfh of moduIofion. You'II oIso observe fhe effecfs of moduIofing fhe corrier foo
much.


Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-b

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u DSSC signuI using u simpIe messuge









8. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope virfuoI insfrumenf (VI).

9. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) ensuring fhof fhe
Trigger Source confroI is sef fo CH 0.


II. Check you now hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-o

IZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 4 beIow.


Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow. If impIemenfs fhe
enfire equofion: DS8SC ~ fhe messoge fhe corrier.

Figure

Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
Mosfer
SignoIs
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
I00kH;
corrier
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Wifh voIues, fhe equofion on fhe previous poge becomes:

DS8SC ~ 4Vp-p ZkH; sine 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.


I4. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo view fhe
DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe os weII os fhe messoge signoI.

Ib. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI 0 ScoIe confroI fo fhe b00mV/div posifion ond fhe ChonneI I
ScoIe confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion (if if's nof oIreody).

Io. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper hoIf of fhe groph ond fhe DS8SC signoI in fhe
Iower hoIf.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-8

I7. If fhey're nof oIreody, overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe DS8SC signoI's enveIopes fo
compore fhem using fhe scope's ChonneI 0 Posifion confroI.

Question 1
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's o DS8SC signoI7 Tip:
If you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhe quesfions, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
The DS8SC signoI is o compIex woveform consisfing of more fhon one signoI. Is one of
fhe signoIs o ZkH; sinewove7 ExpIoin your onswer.

Question 3
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, how mony sinewoves does fhe DS8SC signoI
consisf of, ond whof ore fheir frequencies7

Question 4
Why does fhis moke DS8SC signoIs beffer for fronsmission fhon AM signoIs7




Purt - Seneruting u DSSC signuI using speech
This experimenf hos generofed o DS8SC signoI using o sinewove for fhe messoge. However, fhe
messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof o DS8SC signoI Iooks Iike when moduIofed
by speech.

I8. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

I9. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure o beIow.


Figure

Z0. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion.

ZI. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Question
Why isn'f fhere ony signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe when you're nof humming or
foIking7

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-I0

Purt C - Investiguting depth of moduIution
If's possibIe fo moduIofe fhe corrier by differenf omounfs. This porf of fhe experimenf Ief's
you invesfigofe fhis.

ZZ. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion.

Z3. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin confroI fo obouf o
quorfer of ifs froveI (fhe confroI's Iine shouId be poinfing fo where fhe number nine is on
o cIock's foce).

Z4. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7


Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-II
The sef-up in Figure 7 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The
AmpIifier oIIows fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo be odjusfobIe.

Figure

Note: Af fhis sfoge, fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf shouId be fhe normoI DS8SC signoI fhof
you skefched eorIier.

PecoII from Experimenf b fhof on AM signoI hos fwo dimensions fhof con be meosured ond used
fo coIcuIofed moduIofion index (m). The dimensions ore denofed P ond Q. If you've forgoffen
which one is which, foke o minufe fo reod over fhe nofes of fhe fop of poge b-I4 before going
on fo fhe nexf sfep.

Zb. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude o IiffIe by furning fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin
confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe. Mofice fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe DS8SC signoI's P
ond Q dimensions.

Question
8osed on your observofions in Sfep Zb, when fhe messoge's ompIifude is voried

neifher dimensions P or Q ore offecfed.
onIy dimension Q is offecfed.
onIy dimension P is offecfed.
bofh dimensions P ond Q ore offecfed.

Messoge
To CH 0
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
I00kH;
corrier
ZkH;
AmpIifier

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-IZ

On fhe foce of if, defermining fhe depfh of moduIofion of o DS8SC signoI is o probIem. The
moduIofion index is oIwoys fhe some number regordIess of fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude. This
is becouse fhe DS8SC signoIs Q dimension is oIwoys ;ero.

However, fhis isn'f fhe probIem fhof if seems. One of fhe moin reosons for coIcuIofing on AM
signoI's moduIofion index is so fhof fhe disfribufion of power befween fhe signoI's corrier ond
ifs sidebonds con be coIcuIofed. However, DS8SC signoIs don'f hove o corrier (remember, if's
suppressed). This meons fhof oII of fhe DS8SC signoI's power is disfribufed befween ifs
sidebonds evenIy. So fhere's no need fo coIcuIofe o DS8SC signoI's moduIofion index.

The focf fhof you con'f coIcuIofe o DS8SC signoI's moduIofion index mighf impIy fhof you con
moke eifher fhe messoge or fhe corrier os Iorge os you Iike wifhouf worrying obouf over-
moduIofion. This isn'f frue. Moking eifher of fhese fwo signoIs foo Iorge con sfiII overIood fhe
moduIofor resuIfing in o fype of disforfion fhof you've seen before. The nexf porf of fhe
experimenf Iefs you observe whof hoppens when you overIood o DS8SC moduIofor.

Zo. Sef fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo obouf hoIf ifs froveI ond nofice fhe
effecf on fhe DS8SC signoI.

Note 1: Pesi;e fhe dispIoy os necessory using fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI.

Note Z: If doing fhis hos no effecf, furn up fhe goin confroI o IiffIe more.

Z7. Drow fhe new DS8SC signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.

Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-I3

Question 7
Whof is fhe nome of fhis fype of disforfion7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - DS8SC moduIofion o-I4

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

7

-

O
b
s
e
r
v
o
f
i
o
n
s

o
f

A
M

o
n
d

D
S
8
S
C

s
i
g
n
o
I
s

i
n

f
h
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

d
o
m
o
i
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-Z

Eperiment 7 - Observutions of AM und DSSC signuIs in the
frequency domuin
Experimenfs b ond o use fhe Emono DATEx fo demonsfrofe fhe differences you wouId see on o
scope befween fhe oufpuf signoIs of on AM ond DS8SC moduIofor. To refresh your memory,
Figure I beIow shows fhe AM ond DS8SC signoIs fhof wouId be produced by idenficoI inpufs
(for exompIe, o IkH; sinewove for fhe messoge ond o I00kH; sinewove for fhe corrier).

Figure 1

The fwo signoIs Iook differenf becouse fhey confoin differenf sinewoves. Thof is, fhey hove o
differenf specfroI composifion. The reoson for fhis is expIoined by fhe mofhemoficoI modeIs of
AM ond DS8SC. Side-by-side, if's eosy fo see fhof fhe equofions ore o IiffIe differenf.

AM ~ (DC + messoge) fhe corrier DS8SC ~ fhe messoge fhe corrier

And, when fhe equofions ore soIved for fhe inpufs specified obove, we find fhof fhe AM ond
DS8SC signoIs consisf of fhe foIIowing:

AM signoI
DS8SC
signoI

Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-3

AM DSSC Description
I00kH; - A sinewove of fhe corrier frequency
I0IkH; I0IkH;
A sinewove wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe corrier ond
messoge frequencies (fhe upper sidebond or US8)
99kH; 99kH;
A sinewove wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe
corrier ond messoge frequencies (fhe Iower sidebond or LS8)

As you con see, AM signoIs incIude fhe corrier signoI whereos DS8SC signoIs don'f.

When you fhink obouf if, o scope's dispIoy is ocfuoIIy o groph of fime (on fhe X-oxis) versus
voIfoge (on fhe Y-oxis). ImporfonfIy, grophs pIoffed fhis woy ore soid fo be drown in fhe fime
domoin.

Anofher woy of represenfing signoIs Iike AM ond DS8SC signoIs invoIves drowing oII fhe
sinewoves fhof fhey confoin on o groph fhof hos frequency for fhe X-oxis insfeod of fime. In
ofher words, fhey're drown in fhe frequency domoin. When fhe AM ond DS8SC signoIs in Figure
I ore drown fhis woy, we gef fhe grophs in Figure Z beIow.

Figure Z

frequency
Voltage or power
100kHz
Carrier
101kHz
USB
99kHz
LSB
frequency
V or P
100kHz 101kHz
USB
99kHz
LSB
AM
DSBSC

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-4

Frequency domoin represenfofions of compIex signoIs ore very usefuI for fhinking obouf fheir
specfroI composifion. They give you o fooI for visuoIising fhe sinewoves fhof fhe signoI is mode
up of. They oIso heIp you fo see how much of fhe frequency specfrum fhe signoI occupies. This
is fhe signoI's bondwidfh ond is o crificoI issue in communicofions ond feIecommunicofions.

The bondwidfh of AM ond DS8SC signoIs con be coIcuIofed in one of fwo woys. The frequency
domoin grophs in Figure Z shows fhof fhe signoIs occupy o porfion of fhe specfrum from fhe
Iower sidebond up fo fhe upper sidebond. Thof being fhe cose, fhe bondwidfh con be found
using fhe equofion:

LS8 US8 8W =

Using fhis equofion we find fhof fhe bondwidfh of fhe AM ond DS8SC signoIs in Figure Z ore
ZkH;. In sifuofions where fhe sidebonds ore mode up of more fhon one sinewove, you musf
soIve fhe equofion using fhe highesf frequency in fhe US8 ond fhe Iowesf frequency in fhe LS8.

Mow, compore fhe bondwidfh of fhe signoIs in Figure Z (ZkH;) wifh fhe originoI signoIs used fo
produce fhem (fhof is, o IkH; messoge ond o I00kH; corrier). Mofice fhof fheir bondwidfhs
ore fwice fhe frequency of fheir messoge. This gives us fhe second equofion for coIcuIofing
bondwidfh:

m
f 8W = Z where f
m
~ fhe messoge frequency

In sifuofions where fhe messoge is mode up of more fhon one sinewove, you musf soIve fhe
equofion using fhe highesf frequency in fhe messoge.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o reoI AM ond DS8SC signoI fhen
onoIyse fhe specfroI eIemenfs of fhe fwo signoIs using fhe MI ELVIS Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er.


Equipment


Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-b
Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the AM moduIutor
To experimenf wifh AM specfrum onoIysis, you need on AM signoI. The firsf porf of fhe
experimenf gefs you fo sef one up.









8. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI fo
ocfivofe fhe hordwore.


I0. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II DMM VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI fo ocfivofe fhe hordwore.

II. Sef up fhe DMM VI for meosuring DC voIfoges.

IZ. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP).

I3. Check you hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
soft PDM/TDM confroI on fhe DATEx SFP.


I4. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0 ond g confroIs fuIIy
onfi-cIockwise.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-o

Ib. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

Io. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo fhe DMM ond odjusf fhe moduIe's soff g confroI
fo obfoin o IV DC oufpuf.

Note 1: You musf oIso connecf fhe DMM's COM inpuf fo o ground ferminoI on fhe Emono
DATEx.

Note Z: Pemember oIso fhof you con use fhe keyboords fob ond orrow keys for fine
odjusfmenf of DATEx soff confroIs.

I7. Disconnecf fhe DMM ond cIose ifs VI.

I8. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI fo ocfivofe
fhe hordwore.

I9. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor using ifs soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: I0kH; exocfIy
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

Z0. You'II be using fhe funcfion generofor VI ogoin Iofer buf minimise ifs window for now.

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


ZI. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI ond cIick on ifs Pun confroI fo ocfivofe fhe
hordwore.

ZZ. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing
chonges:

Timebose confroI fo fhe b0ps/div posifion insfeod of b00ps/div

Z3. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo obfoin o IVp-p sinewove.

Z4. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo view
bofh fhe messoge ond fhe moduIofed corrier.

SeIf check: If fhe scope's ScoIe confroI for ChonneI I is sef fo fhe IV/div posifion, fhe
scope shouId now dispIoy on AM signoI wifh enveIopes fhof ore fhe some shope ond si;e
os fhe messoge. If nof, cIose oII windows, check your wiring fhen repeof fhe process
sforfing from Sfep 7.

The sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. If impIemenfs fhe
equofion: AM ~ (IVDC + IVp-p I0kH; sine) 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.

Figure 4

A
8
Messoge
To CH 0
I00kH;
corrier
X
Y
AM signoI
To CH I I0kH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-8

Question 1
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, whof ore fhe frequencies of fhe fhree
sinewoves on ifs oufpuf7

Question Z
Use fhis informofion fo coIcuIofe fhe AM signoI's bondwidfh. Tip: If you're nof sure how
fo do fhis, reod fhe preIiminory discussion.



Purt - Setting up the NI ELVIS II Dynumic SignuI AnuIyzer {DSA}

Zb. Suspend fhe scope's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

Note: The scope's dispIoy shouId free;e ond ifs hordwore hos been deocfivofed. This is o
necessory sfep os fhe scope ond signoI onoIy;er shore hordwore resources ond so fhey
connof be operofed simuIfoneousIy.

Zo. Minimise fhe scope's VI.

Z7. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Note: If fhe Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe insfrumenf's
window wiII be visibIe (see Figure b).

Figure

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-I0

Z8. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings
Source ChonneI fo SCOPE CH I

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo Ib0,000
PesoIufion fo 400
Window fo 7 Term 8-Horris

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo

VoIfoge Ponge fo I0V

Averuging
Mode fo PMS
Weighfing fo ExponenfioI
# of Averoges fo 3

Cursor settings
Cursors On box unchecked (for now)

Z9. CIick on fhe signoI onoIy;er's Pun confroI fo ocfivofe ifs hordwore.

Note: If fhe SignoI AnoIy;er VI hos been sef up correcfIy, ifs dispIoy shouId Iook Iike
Figure o beIow.

Figure

Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-II

The SignoI AnoIy;er's dispIoy needs o IiffIe expIoining here. There ore ocfuoIIy fwo dispIoys, o
Iorge one on fop ond o much smoIIer one underneofh. The smoIIer one is o fime domoin
represenfofion of fhe inpuf (in ofher words, fhe dispIoy is o scope). Mofice fhof if's showing
fhe AM signoI fhof you sef up eorIier ond sow in Sfep Z4.

The Iorger of fhe fwo dispIoys is fhe frequency domoin represenfofion of fhe inpuf. Mofice
fhof if Iooks foirIy simiIor fo fhe frequency domoin groph for on AM signoI in Figure Z (in fhe
preIiminory discussion). The SignoI AnoIy;er's dispIoy doesn'f hove singIe shorp Iines for eoch of
fhe sinewoves presenf in fhe signoI becouse fhe procficoI impIemenfofion of FFT is nof os
precise os fhe fheoreficoI expecfofion.
Purt C - Spectrum unuIysis of un AM signuI

The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Ief's you onoIy;e fhe frequency domoin represenfofion of fhe
AM signoI fo see if ifs frequency componenfs mofch fhe voIues fhof you mofhemoficoIIy
predicfed for Quesfions I ond Z.

30. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors by checking (fhof is, ficking) Cursors On box.

Note: When you do, green hori;onfoI ond verficoI Iines shouId oppeor on fhe signoI
onoIy;er's frequency domoin dispIoy.

The MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er hos fwo cursors CI ond CZ fhof defouIf fo fhe Ieff
mosf side of fhe dispIoy when fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI is Iounched. They're reposifioned by
"grobbing" fheir verficoI Iines wifh fhe mouse ond moving fhe mouse Ieff or righf.

3I. Use fhe mouse fo grob ond move fhe verficoI Iine of cursor CI.

Note: As you do, nofice fhof cursor CI moves oIong fhe signoI onoIy;er's froce ond fhof
fhe verficoI ond hori;onfoI Iines move so fhof fhey oIwoys infersecf of CI.

3Z. Pepeof Sfep 3I for cursor CZ.

Note: Fine confroI over fhe cursors' posifion is obfoined by using fhe cursor's Posifion
confroI in fhe Cursor Seffings oreo (beIow fhe dispIoy).

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-IZ

The MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er incIudes o fooI fhof meosures fhe difference in
mognifude ond frequency befween fhe fwo cursors. This informofion is dispIoyed in green
befween fhe upper ond Iower porfs of fhe dispIoy.

33. Move fhe cursors whiIe wofching fhe meosuremenf reodouf fo observe fhe effecf.

34. Posifion fhe cursors so fhof fhey're on fop of eoch ofher ond nofe fhe meosuremenf.

Note: When you do, fhe meosuremenf of difference in mognifude ond frequency shouId
bofh be ;ero.

UsefuIIy, when one of fhe cursors is moved fo fhe exfreme Ieff of fhe dispIoy, ifs posifion on
fhe X-oxis is ;ero. This meons fhof fhe cursor is siffing on 0H;. If oIso meons fhof fhe
meosuremenf reodouf gives on obsoIufe voIue of frequency for fhe ofher cursor. This mokes
sense when you fhink obouf if becouse fhe reodouf gives fhe difference in frequency befween
fhe fwo cursors buf one of fhem is ;ero.

3b. Move CI fo fhe exfreme Ieff of fhe dispIoy.

3o. AIign CZ wifh fhe highesf poinf in fhe AM signoI's Iower sidebond.

Note: This is fhe sinewove jusf fo fhe Ieff of fhe Iorgesf sinewove in fhe dispIoy.

37. Meosure fhe sinewove's frequency ond record fhis in TobIe I on fhe nexf poge.

38. AIign CZ wifh fhe highesf poinf in fhe AM signoI's corrier ond repeof Sfep 37.

Note: This is fhe Iorgesf sinewove in fhe dispIoy.

39. AIign CZ wifh fhe highesf poinf in fhe AM signoI's upper sidebond ond repeof Sfep 37.

Note: This is fhe sinewove jusf fo fhe righf of fhe corrier.

40. AIign CI wifh fhe highesf poinf in fhe AM signoI's Iower sidebond ond meosure fhe AM
signoI's bondwidfh.

Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-I3

TubIe 1
LS frequency

Currier frequency

US frequency

undwidth

Question 3
How do fhe meosured voIues in TobIe I compore wifh your fheoreficoIIy predicfed voIues
(see Quesfions I ond Z)7 ExpIoin ony differences.

As on oside, of fhis poinf if Iooks os fhough fhe sidebonds ore neorIy os Iorge os fhe corrier.
However, fhis is misIeoding becouse fhe verficoI oxis is Iogorifhmic (fhof is, if's non-Iineor).
The sidebonds ore ocfuoIIy much smoIIer fhon fhe corrier. This con be proven os foIIows:

4I. Sef fhe SignoI AnoIy;er's Unifs confroI fo Lineor insfeod of d8.

Note: This sefs fhe verficoI oxis fo o simpIe Iineor voIfoge meosuremenf insfeod of
decibeIs.

4Z. Mofe fhe reIofive si;es of fhe sinewoves in fhe signoI.

43. Pefurn fhe SignoI AnoIy;er's Unifs confroI fo d8.



44. Moximise fhe funcfion generofor's VI ond increose ifs oufpuf frequency fo Z0kH;.

4b. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors fo find fhe AM signoI's new bondwidfh. Pecord fhis in
TobIe Z beIow.

Note: If'II foke up fo fhirfy seconds for fhe dispIoy fo be fuIIy up fo dofe wifh fhe
chonge becouse if's on overoge of fhree sweeps.

4o. Increose fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency fo 30kH;.

47. Find ond record fhe AM signoI's new bondwidfh.

TubIe Z
undwidth for
fm = Z0kHz

undwidth for
fm = 30kHz

Question 4
Whof's fhe reIofionship befween fhe messoge signoI's frequency ond fhe AM signoI's
bondwidfh7

48. Pefurn fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency fo I0kH;.

49. Woif unfiI fhe signoI onoIy;er's frequency domoin dispIoy hos fuIIy updofed fhen
disconnecf fhe bonono pIug fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's X inpuf.

b0. Woif unfiI fhe dispIoy hos fuIIy updofed fhen invesfigofe fhe frequency of fhe mosf
significonf sinewove on fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf.


Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-Ib

Question
Whof is fhis signoI7

Question
Whof's missing ond why7

bI. Peconnecf fhe bonono pIug fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's X inpuf.

bZ. Disconnecf fhe bonono pIug fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's Y inpuf.

b3. Woif unfiI fhe dispIoy hos fuIIy updofed fhen invesfigofe fhe frequency of fhe mosf
significonf sinewove on fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf.

Question 7
Whof is fhis signoI7

Question
Why ore fhe sidebonds missing when fhere's o messoge7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-Io

Purt D - Setting up the DSSC moduIutor
To experimenf wifh DS8SC specfrum onoIysis, you need o DS8SC signoI. This porf of fhe

b4. Suspend fhe signoI onoIy;er's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

bb. Moximise fhe funcfion generofor's VI ond check fhof ifs oufpuf frequency hos been
refurned fo I0kH;.

bo. Sef fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo IVpp.

b7. DisossembIe fhe currenf sef-up.

b8. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 on fhe nexf poge. If
impIemenfs fhe equofion: DS8SC ~ IVp-p I0kH; sine 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure

b9. Pesforf fhe scope ond moke fhe foIIowing checks ond odjusfmenfs:

Check fhof fhe Timebose confroI is sef fo b0ps/div
Pefurn fhe Trigger LeveI confroI fo 0V

SeIf check: The scope shouId now dispIoy o DS8SC signoI wifh oIfernofing hoIves of fhe
enveIope forming fhe some shope os fhe messoge ond is obouf fhe some si;e.

Question 9
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, whof ore fhe frequencies of fhe fwo
sinewoves on ifs oufpuf7

Question 10
Use fhis informofion fo coIcuIofe fhe DS8SC signoI's bondwidfh.

Messoge
To CH 0
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
I00kH;
corrier
I0kH;


Purt E - Spectrum unuIysis of u DSSC signuI

o0. CIose fhe scope's VI.

oI. Pesforf fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Note: Once fhe dispIoy hos hod fime fo updofe, you shouId be obIe fo cIeorIy see fhe
DS8SC signoI's fwo sidebonds.

You'II oIso see fhof fhe signoI hos o corrier. However, despife oppeoronces, fhis signoI is very
smoII reIofive fo fhe sidebonds (remember, fhe scoIe for fhe Y-oxis is decibeIs which is o
Iogorifhmic unif of meosuremenf). Design Iimifofions in impIemenfing DS8SC meon fhof fhere
wiII oIwoys be o smoII corrier componenf in fhe DS8SC signoI. Thof's why fhe second "s" in
DS8SC is for "suppressed".

oZ. Move CI fo fhe exfreme Ieff of fhe dispIoy.

o3. AIign CZ wifh fhe DS8SC signoI's Iower sidebond.

o4. Meosure fhe sinewove's frequency ond record fhis in TobIe 3 beIow.

ob. AIign CZ wifh fhe DS8SC signoI's upper sidebond ond repeof Sfep o4.

oo. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's fwo cursors fo defermine ond record fhe DS8SC signoI's
bondwidfh.

TubIe 3
LS frequency

US frequency

undwidth

Question 11
How do fhe meosured voIues in TobIe 3 compore wifh your fheoreficoIIy predicfed voIues
(see Quesfions 9 ond I0)7


Question 1Z
Compore fhe DS8SC signoI's bondwidfh wifh fhe bondwidfh for fhe AM signoI wifh o
I0kH; messoge (in TobIe I). Whof con you soy obouf fhe bondwidfh requiremenfs of AM
ond DS8SC signoIs7

o7. Find fhe DS8SC signoI's bondwidfh for fwo ofher messoge frequencies (soy Z0kH; ond
30kH;).

Question 13
Whof's fhe reIofionship befween fhe messoge signoI's frequency ond fhe DS8SC signoI's
bondwidfh7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - Observofions of AM & DS8SC signoIs in fhe frequency domoin 7-Z0

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

8

-

A
M

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-Z

Eperiment - AM demoduIution
If you've compIefed Experimenf b fhen you've seen whof hoppens when o ZkH; sinewove is used
fo ompIifude moduIofe o corrier fo produce on AM signoI. ImporfonfIy, you wouId hove seen o
key chorocferisfic of on AM signoI - ifs enveIopes ore fhe some shope os fhe messoge (fhough
fhe Iower enveIope is inverfed).

Pecovering fhe originoI messoge from o moduIofed corrier is coIIed demoduIofion ond fhis is
fhe moin purpose of communicofions ond feIecommunicofions receivers. The circuif fhof is
wideIy used fo demoduIofe AM signoIs is coIIed on enveIope defecfor. The bIock diogrom of on
enveIope defecfor is shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

As you con see, fhe recfifier sfoge chops fhe AM signoI in hoIf Ieffing onIy one of ifs enveIopes
fhrough (fhe upper enveIope in fhis cose buf fhe Iower enveIope is jusf os good). This signoI is
fed fo on PC LPF which frocks fhe peoks of ifs inpuf. When fhe inpuf fo fhe PC LPF is o
recfified AM signoI, if frocks fhe signoI's enveIope. ImporfonfIy, os fhe enveIope is fhe some
shope os fhe messoge, fhe PC LPF's oufpuf voIfoge is oIso fhe some shope os fhe messoge ond
so fhe AM signoI is demoduIofed.

A Iimifofion of enveIope defecfor shown in Figure I is fhof if connof occurofeIy recover fhe
messoge from over-moduIofed AM signoIs. To expIoin, recoII fhof when on AM corrier is over-
moduIofed fhe signoI's enveIope is no-Ionger fhe some shope os fhe originoI messoge. Insfeod,
fhe enveIope is disforfed ond so, by definifion, fhis meons fhof fhe enveIope defecfor musf
produce o disforfed version of fhe messoge.

Pecovered
messoge
PC
LPF
AM signoI
Pecfified AM signoI
Pecfifier

Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-3
The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe on AM signoI by impIemenfing ifs
mofhemoficoI modeI. Then you'II sef-up on enveIope defecfor using fhe Pecfifier ond PC LPF on
fhe froiner's UfiIifies moduIe.

Once done, you'II connecf fhe AM signoI fo fhe enveIope defecfor's inpuf ond compore fhe
demoduIofed oufpuf fo fhe originoI messoge ond fhe AM signoI's enveIope. You'II oIso observe
fhe effecf fhof on over-moduIofed AM signoI hos on fhe enveIope defecfor's oufpuf.

FinoIIy, if fime permifs, you'II demoduIofe fhe AM signoI by impIemenfing by muIfipIying if wifh
o IocoI corrier insfeod of using on enveIope defecfor.

If shouId foke you obouf b0 minufes fo compIefe Porfs A fo D of fhis experimenf ond onofher
Z0 minufes fo compIefe Porf E.

Equipment

One sef of heodphones (sfereo)

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-4

Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the AM moduIutor
To experimenf wifh AM demoduIofion you'II need on AM signoI. The firsf porf of fhe









8. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.


I0. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II DMM VI.

II. Sef up fhe DMM VI for meosuring DC voIfoges.

IZ. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

I3. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0 ond g confroIs fuIIy
onfi-cIockwise.

Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-b


Figure Z

Ib. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo fhe DMM ond odjusf fhe moduIe's soff g confroI
fo obfoin o IV DC oufpuf.

Note 1: Pemember fhof you musf oIso connecf fhe DMM's COM inpuf fo o ground
ferminoI on fhe Emono DATEx.

Note Z: Pemember oIso fhof you con use fhe keyboords fob ond orrow keys for fine
odjusfmenf of DATEx soff confroIs.

Io. Disconnecf fhe DMM ond cIose ifs VI.

I7. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI.

I8. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:


I9. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view onIy fwo or so cycIes of fhe messoge signoI.

Z0. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo obfoin o IVp-p sinewove.

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-o

ZI. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view bofh fhe messoge ond fhe moduIofed
corrier.

SeIf check: If fhe scope's ScoIe confroI for ChonneI I is sef fo fhe IV/div posifion, fhe
scope shouId now dispIoy on AM signoI wifh enveIopes fhof ore fhe some shope ond si;e
os fhe messoge. If nof, cIose oII windows, check your wiring fhen repeof fhe process
sforfing from Sfep 7.

The sef-up in Figure Z on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
3 beIow. If generofes o I00kH; corrier fhof is ompIifude moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove
messoge.

Figure 3


A
8
Messoge
To CH 0
ZkH;
I00kH;
corrier
X
Y
AM signoI
To CH I


Purt - Pecovering the messuge using un enveIope detector

ZZ. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 beIow.


Figure 4

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow. As you
con see, if's fhe enveIope defecfor expIoined in fhe preIiminory discussion.

Figure

AM
signoI
Pecfifier
PC
LPF
To CH I
DemoduIofed
AM signoI
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-8

Z3. Adjusf fhe scope's ScoIe ond Timebose confroIs fo oppropriofe seffings for fhe signoIs.

Z4. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow Ieoving room fo drow o
fhird woveform.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe recfified AM signoI
in fhe middIe fhird.

Zb. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe Pecfifier's oufpuf ond connecf if fo fhe
PC LPF's oufpuf insfeod.

Zo. Drow fhe demoduIofed AM signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.


Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe originoI messoge signoI ond fhe recovered
messoge7

Purt C - Investiguting the messuge's umpIitude on the recovered messuge

Z7. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude up ond down o IiffIe (by furning fhe Adder moduIe's
soff 0 confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe) whiIe wofching fhe demoduIofed signoI.

Question Z
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe fwo messoge signoIs7

Z8. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo moximum whiIe wofching fhe
demoduIofed signoI.

Question 3
Whof do you fhink couses fhe heovy disforfion of fhe demoduIofed signoI7 Tip: If
you're nof sure, connecf fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf fo fhe AM moduIofor's oufpuf.

Question 4
Why does over-moduIofion couse fhe disforfion7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-I0

Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using AM
This experimenf hos sef up on AM communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o messoge fhof is o
ZkH; sinewove. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif,
demoduIofe ond Iisfen fo speech.

Z9. If you moved fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf fo heIp you onswer Quesfion 4, reconnecf if fo
fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

30. Pefurn fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo IVpp (by odjusfing fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0
confroI).

3I. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-II

3Z. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

33. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

34. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

3b. Puf fhe heodphones on.

3o. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo o
comforfobIe sound IeveI.

37. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe
heodphones.

Purt E - The muthemutics of AM demoduIution
AM demoduIofion con be undersfood mofhemoficoIIy becouse if is uses muIfipIicofion fo
reproduce fhe originoI messoge. To expIoin, recoII fhof when fwo pure sinewoves ore muIfipIied
fogefher (o mofhemoficoI process fhof necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof
shown here) fhe resuIf gives fwo compIefeIy new sinewoves:

One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe fwo signoIs' frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe fwo signoIs' frequencies

The enveIope defecfor works becouse fhe recfifier is o device fhof muIfipIies oII signoIs on ifs
one inpuf wifh eoch ofher. OrdinoriIy, fhis is o nuisonce buf nof for oppIicofions Iike AM
demoduIofion. PecoII fhof on AM signoI consisfs of o corrier, fhe corrier pIus fhe messoge ond
fhe corrier minus fhe messoge. So, when on AM signoI is connecfed fo o recfifier's inpuf,
mofhemoficoIIy fhe recfifier's cross muIfipIicofion of oII of ifs sinewoves Iooks Iike:

Pecfifier's oufpuf ~ corrier (corrier + messoge) (corrier - messoge)


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-IZ

If fhe messoge signoI used fo generofe fhe AM signoI is o simpIe sinewove fhen, when fhe
equofion obove is soIved, fhe recfifier oufpufs six sinewoves of fhe foIIowing frequencies:

Corrier + (corrier + messoge)
Corrier + (corrier - messoge)
(corrier + messoge) + (corrier - messoge)
Corrier - (corrier + messoge) which simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
Corrier - (corrier - messoge) which oIso simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
(corrier + messoge) - (corrier - messoge)

To moke fhis o IiffIe more meoningfuI, Ief's do on exompIe wifh numbers. The AM moduIofor
fhof you sef up of fhe beginning of fhis experimenf uses o I00kH; corrier ond o ZkH; messoge
(wifh o DC componenf). So, fhe resuIfing AM signoI consisfs of fhree sinewoves: one of I00kH;,
onofher of I0ZkH; ond o fhird of 98kH;. TobIe I beIow shows whof hoppens when fhese
sinewoves ore cross-muIfipIied by fhe recfifier.

TubIe 1 100kHz10ZkHz 100kHz9kHz 9kHz10ZkHz
Sum Z0ZkH; I98kH; Z00kH;
Difference ZkH; ZkH; 4kH;

Mofice fhof fwo of fhe sinewoves ore of fhe messoge frequency. In ofher words, fhe messoge
hos been recoveredl And, os fhe fwo messoges ore in phose, fhey simpIy odd fogefher fo moke
o singIe bigger messoge.

ImporfonfIy, we don'f wonf fhe ofher non-messoge sinewoves so, fo rejecf fhem buf keep fhe
messoge, fhe recfifier's oufpuf is senf fo o Iow-poss fiIfer. IdeoIIy, fhe fiIfer's oufpuf wiII onIy
consisf of fhe messoge signoI. The chonces of fhis con be improved by moking fhe corrier's
frequency much higher fhon fhe highesf frequency in fhe messoge. This in furn mokes fhe
frequency of fhe "summed" signoIs much higher ond eosier for fhe Iow-poss fiIfer fo rejecf.

[As on oside, fhe 4kH; sinewove fhof wos generofed wouId poss fhrough fhe Iow-poss fiIfer os
weII ond be presenf on ifs oufpuf oIong wifh fhe ZkH; signoI. This is inconvenienf os if is o
signoI fhof wos nof presenf in fhe originoI messoge. LuckiIy, os fhe signoI wos generofed by
muIfipIying fhe sidebonds, ifs ompIifude is much Iower fhon fhe recovered messoge ond con be
ignored.]

An oImosf idenficoI mofhemoficoI process con be modeIIed using fhe Emono DATEx moduIe's
MuIfipIier moduIe. However, insfeod of muIfipIying fhe AM signoI's sinewoves wifh eoch ofher
(fhe MuIfipIier moduIe doesn'f do fhis), fhey're muIfipIied wifh o IocoIIy generofed I00kH;
sinewove. The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you demoduIofe on AM signoI fhis woy.

Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-I3

38. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo ifs eorIier seffing (probobIy Z00ps/div).

39. Disconnecf fhe enveIope defecfor ond modify fhe sef-up fo refurn if fo jusf on AM
moduIofor wifh o ZkH; sinewove for fhe messoge os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

40. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-I4

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up in Figure 8 on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure 9 beIow. The MuIfipIier moduIe modeIs fhe mofhemoficoI bosis of AM
demoduIofion ond fhe PC Low-poss fiIfer on fhe UfiIifies moduIe picks ouf fhe messoge whiIe
rejecfing fhe ofher sinewoves generofed.

Figure 9

4I. Compore fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf wifh fhe Pecfifier's oufpuf fhof you drew eorIier
(see poge 8-8).

Question
0iven fhe AM signoI (which consisfs of I00kH;, I0ZkH; ond 98kH; sinewoves) is being
muIfipIied by o I00kH; sinewove:

A) How mony sinewoves ore presenf in fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf7
8) Whof ore fheir frequencies7

4Z. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf
if fo fhe PC LPF's oufpuf insfeod.

43. Compore fhe PC LPF's oufpuf wifh fhe messoge ond fhe oufpuf PC LPF's fhof you drew
eorIier (see poge 8-8).
AM signoI
I00kH;
IocoI corrier
Y
X
To CH I
DemoduIofed
AM signoI

Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-Ib

A common misconcepfion obouf AM is fhof, once fhe signoI is over-moduIofed, if's impossibIe fo
recover fhe messoge. However, when fhe AM signoI is generofed using on ideoI or neor-ideoI
moduIofor (Iike Figure 3) fhis is onIy frue for fhe enveIope defecfor.

The AM demoduIofion mefhod being impIemenfed in fhis porf of fhe experimenf (coIIed
producf defecfion - fhough if is more occurofe fo coII if producf demoduIofion) doesn'f suffer
from fhis probIem os if's nof designed fo recover fhe messoge by frocking one of fhe AM
signoI's enveIopes. The finoI porf of fhis experimenf demonsfrofes fhis.

44. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI 0 fo fhe AM moduIofor's oufpuf.

4b. Sef fhe scope's Trigger LeveI fo 0V.

Note: The scope wiII Iose friggering buf fhe dispIoy wiII be odequofe for fhe nexf sfeps.

4o. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo produce o neor I007 moduIofed AM
signoI by odjusfing fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI.

Note: Pesi;e fhe AM ond demoduIofed messoge signoIs on fhe screen os necessory.

47. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo produce on AM signoI fhof is
moduIofed by more fhon I007 whiIe poying cIose offenfion fo fhe demoduIofed messoge
signoI.

As on oside, fhe commercioI impIemenfofion of AM moduIofion commonIy invoIves o CIoss C
ompIifier for efficiency (fhof is, fo minimise power Iosses). When o CIoss C ompIifier is
operofed of depfhs of moduIofion obove I007 fhe circuif's operofion no-Ionger corresponds
wifh fhe modeI of on AM moduIofor in Figure 3. ImporfonfIy, in oddifion fo producing on
enveIope fhof is nof fhe some os fhe originoI messoge, fhe over-moduIofed CIoss C circuif
produces exfro frequency componenfs in fhe specfrum. This meons fhof neifher fhe enveIope
defecfor nor fhe producf demoduIofor con reproduce fhe messoge wifhouf disforfion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - AM demoduIofion 8-Io


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

9

-

D
S
8
S
C

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-Z

Eperiment 9 - DSSC demoduIution
Experimenf 8 shows how fhe enveIope defecfor con be used fo recover fhe originoI messoge
from on AM signoI (fhof is, demoduIofe if). UnforfunofeIy, fhe enveIope defecfor connof be
used fo demoduIofe o DS8SC signoI.

To undersfond why, recoII fhof fhe enveIope defecfor oufpufs o signoI fhof is o copy of ifs
inpuf's enveIope. This works weII for demoduIofing AM becouse fhe signoI's enveIopes ore fhe
some shope os fhe messoge fhof produced if in fhe firsf pIoce (fhof is, os Iong os if's nof over-
moduIofed). However, recoII fhof o DS8SC signoI's enveIopes ore nof fhe some shope os fhe
messoge.

Insfeod, DS8SC signoIs ore demoduIofed using o circuif coIIed o producf defecfor (fhough
producf demoduIofor is o more oppropriofe nome) ond ifs bosic bIock diogrom is shown in Figure
I beIow. Ofher nomes for fhis fype of demoduIofion incIude o synchronous defecfor ond
swifching defecfor.

Figure 1

As ifs nome impIies, fhe producf defecfor uses muIfipIicofion ond so mofhemofics ore
necessory fo expIoin ifs operofion. The incoming DS8SC signoI is muIfipIied by o pure sinewove
fhof musf be fhe some frequency os fhe DS8SC signoI's suppressed corrier. This sinewove is
generofed by fhe receiver ond is known os fhe IocoI corrier.

To see why fhis process recovers fhe messoge, Ief's describe producf defecfion
mofhemoficoIIy:

DS8SC demoduIofor's oufpuf ~ fhe DS8SC signoI fhe IocoI corrier

Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-3

ImporfonfIy, recoII fhof DS8SC generofion invoIves fhe muIfipIicofion of fhe messoge wifh fhe
corrier which produces sum ond difference frequencies (fhe preIiminory discussion in
Experimenf o summorises DS8SC generofion). Thof being fhe cose, fhis informofion con be
subsfifufed for fhe DS8SC signoI ond fhe equofion rewriffen os:

DS8SC demoduIofor's oufpuf ~ [(corrier + messoge) + (corrier - messoge)] corrier

When fhe equofion is soIved, we gef four sinewoves wifh fhe foIIowing frequencies:

Corrier + (corrier + messoge)
Corrier + (corrier - messoge)
Corrier - (corrier + messoge) which simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
Corrier - (corrier - messoge) which oIso simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge

(If you're nof sure why fhese sinewoves ore produced, if's imporfonf fo remember fhof
whenever fwo pure sinewoves ore muIfipIied fogefher, fwo compIefeIy new sinewoves ore
generofed. One hos o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe originoI sinewoves' frequencies ond fhe
ofher hos o frequency equoI fo fheir difference.)

ImporfonfIy, nofice fhof fwo of fhe producfs ore sinewoves of fhe messoge frequency. In
ofher words, fhe messoge hos been recovered. As fhe fwo messoge signoIs ore in phose, fhey
simpIy odd fogefher fo moke one Iorger messoge.

Mofice oIso fhof fwo of fhe producfs ore non-messoge sinewoves. These sinewoves ore
unwonfed ond so o Iow-poss fiIfer is used fo rejecf fhem whiIe keeping fhe messoge.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o DS8SC signoI by impIemenfing
ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. Then you'II sef-up o producf defecfor by impIemenfing ifs
mofhemoficoI modeI oIso.

Once done, you'II connecf fhe DS8SC signoI fo fhe producf defecfor's inpuf ond compore fhe
demoduIofed oufpuf fo fhe originoI messoge ond fhe DS8SC signoI's enveIopes. You'II oIso
observe fhe effecf fhof o disforfed DS8SC signoI due fo overIooding hos on fhe producf
defecfor's oufpuf.

FinoIIy, if fime permifs, you'II invesfigofe fhe effecf on fhe producf defecfor's performonce of
on unsynchronised IocoI corrier.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe fhe whoIe experimenf.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-4
Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the DSSC moduIutor
To experimenf wifh DS8SC demoduIofion you need o DS8SC signoI. The firsf porf of fhe









8. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI.

9. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I ensuring fhof fhe Trigger Source
confroI is sef fo CH 0.

Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-b


Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. If generofes o I00kH;
corrier fhof is DS8SC moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove messoge.

Figure 3
Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
I00kH;
corrier
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
Mosfer
SignoIs
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-o

II. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

IZ. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view fhe DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier
moduIe os weII os fhe messoge signoI.

Note: If fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf is nof o DS8SC signoI, check your wiring.

I3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI 0 ScoIe confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion ond fhe ChonneI I ScoIe
confroI fo fhe ZV/div posifion.

I4. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided on fhe nexf poge Ieoving room fo
drow o fhird woveform.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe DS8SC signoI in
fhe middIe fhird.



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-8

Purt - Pecovering the messuge using u product detector

Ib. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

Io. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin
confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

I7. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.


Figure 4

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf
poge. The MuIfipIier ond TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIes ore used fo impIemenf o producf
defecfor which demoduIofes fhe originoI messoge from fhe DS8SC signoI.

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure

The enfire sef-up is represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. If highIighfs fhe focf
fhof fhe moduIofor's corrier is "sfoIen" fo provide fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier. This
meons fhof fhe fwo corriers ore synchronised which is o necessory condifion for DS8SC
communicofions.

Figure

DS8SC
signoI
X
Y
DemoduIofed
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
I00kH;
IocoI corrier
Mosfer
SignoIs
MuIfipIier
moduIe
TuneobIe
Low-poss fiIfer

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-I0

I9. Drow fhe demoduIofed DS8SC signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph
poper.

Question 1
Why musf o producf defecfor be used fo recover fhe messoge insfeod of on enveIope
defecfor7 Tip: If you're nof sure, refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion.


Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-II

Purt C - Investiguting the messuge's umpIitude on the recovered messuge

Z0. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin confroI fo obouf o
quorfer of ifs froveI.

ZI. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

ZZ. Use fhe AmpIifier moduIe fo modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

The oddifion fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The
ompIifier's voriobIe goin oIIows fhe messoge's ompIifude fo be odjusfobIe.

Figure
Messoge
To CH 0
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
I00kH;
corrier
ZkH;
AmpIifier
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-IZ

Z3. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude up ond down o IiffIe (by furning fhe AmpIifier
moduIe's soff 0oin confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe) whiIe wofching fhe demoduIofed signoI.

Pemember: You con use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys for fine odjusfmenfs of
DATEx confroIs.

Question Z
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe fwo messoge signoIs7

Z4. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo moximum unfiI fhe demoduIofed signoI
begins fo disforf.

Question 3
Whof do you fhink couses fhe disforfion of fhe demoduIofed signoI7 Tip: If you're nof
sure, connecf fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf fo fhe DS8SC moduIofor's oufpuf ond sef ifs
Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CH I posifion.


Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-I3

Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using DSSC
This experimenf hos sef up o DS8SC communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o ZkH; sinewove. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use if fo moduIofe, fronsmif, demoduIofe ond Iisfen fo
speech.

Zb. If you moved fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf ond odjusfed ifs Trigger Source confroI fo heIp
onswer Quesfion 3, refurn fhem fo fheir previous posifions.

Zo. Disconnecf fhe Ieods fo fhe AmpIifier moduIe ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9
beIow.

Figure 9

Z7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

Z8. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z9. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

30. Puf fhe heodphones on.

3I. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo o

3Z. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe
heodphones.

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


Purt E - Currier synchronisution
CrucioI fo fhe correcf operofion of o DS8SC communicofions sysfem is fhe synchronisofion
befween fhe moduIofor's corrier signoI ond fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier. Any phose or
frequency difference befween fhe fwo signoIs odverseIy offecfs fhe sysfem's performonce.

The effect of phuse errors
PecoII fhof fhe producf defecfor generofes fwo copies of fhe messoge. PecoII oIso fhof fhey're
in phose wifh eoch ofher ond so fhey simpIy odd fogefher fo form one bigger messoge.
However, if fhere's o phose error befween fhe corriers, fhe producf defecfor's fwo messoges
hove o phose error oIso. One of fhem hos fhe sum of fhe phose errors ond fhe ofher fhe
difference. In ofher words, fhe fwo messoges ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

If fhe corriers' phose error is smoII (soy obouf I0") fhe fwo messoges sfiII odd fogefher fo
form one bigger signoI buf nof os big os when fhe corriers ore in phose. As fhe corriers' phose
error increoses, fhe recovered messoge gefs smoIIer. Once fhe phose error exceeds 4b" fhe
fwo messoges begin fo subfrocf from eoch ofher. When fhe corriers' phose error is 90" fhe
fwo messoges end up I80" ouf of phose ond compIefeIy conceI eoch ofher ouf.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you observe fhe effecfs of corrier phose error.

33. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise ogoin.

34. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo obouf fhe I00ps/div posifion.

3b. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff Phose Chonge
confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

3o. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

37. Disconnecf fhe Ieods fo fhe Speech oufpuf ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I0
beIow.


Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-Ib

Figure 10

The sef-up in Figure I0 on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
II beIow. The Phose Shiffer moduIe oIIows o phose error befween fhe DS8SC moduIofor's
corrier ond fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier fo be infroduced.

Figure 11

38. SIowIy increose fhe AmpIifier's moduIe's goin unfiI you con comforfobIy heor fhe
demoduIofed ZkH; fone.

39. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf whiIe wofching
ond Iisfening fo fhe effecf on fhe recovered messoge.

40. Use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond Ieff orrow keys fo furn fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff
Phose Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise unfiI fhe recovered messoge is smoIIesf.

Y
X
X
Y
O/P
I00kH; phose shiffed
IocoI corrier
DS8SC moduIofor Producf defecfor
ZkH;
I00kH;
corrier
Phose
Shiffer
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-Io
Question 4
0iven fhe si;e of fhe recovered messoge's ompIifude, whof is fhe IikeIy phose error
befween fhe fwo corriers7 Tip: If you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhis quesfion (ond
fhe nexf one), rereod fhe nofes on poge 9-I3.

4I. Verify your onswer fo Quesfion 4 by connecfing fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf fo fhe
Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; SIME oufpuf, ifs ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe Phose Shiffer
moduIe's oufpuf ond seffing ifs Timebose confroI fo fhe bps/div seffing.


4Z. Use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond Ieff orrow keys fo odjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff
Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI fhe fwo signoIs ore in phose.

Question
0iven fhe fwo corriers ore in phose, whof shouId fhe ompIifude of fhe recovered
messoge be7

43. Verify your onswer fo Quesfion b by reconnecfing fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf fo fhe
Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf, reconnecfing ifs ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf ond seffing ifs Timebose confroI bock fo fhe
I00ps/div seffing.

The effect of frequency errors
When fhere's o frequency error befween fhe DS8SC signoI's corrier ond fhe producf
defecfor's IocoI corrier, fhere is o corresponding frequency error in fhe fwo producfs fhof
usuoIIy coincide. One is of fhe messoge frequency minus fhe error ond fhe ofher is of fhe error
frequency pIus fhe error.

If fhe error is smoII (soy 0.IH;) fhe fwo signoIs wiII oIfernofeIy reinforce ond conceI eoch
ofher which con render fhe messoge periodicoIIy inoudibIe buf ofherwise infeIIigibIe. If fhe
frequency error is Iorger (soy bH;) fhe messoge is reosonobIy infeIIigibIe buf fideIify is poor.
When frequency errors ore Iorge, infeIIigibiIify is seriousIy offecfed.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you observe fhe effecfs of corrier frequency error.

44. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI.

4b. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor's soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V



4o. Disconnecf fhe Ieods fo fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in
Figure IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I3 beIow. The funcfion
generofor oIIows fhe IocoI osciIIofor fo be compIefeIy frequency (ond phose) independenf of fhe
DS8SC moduIofor.

Figure 13

Y
X
X
Y
O/P
Independenf
IocoI corrier
DS8SC moduIofor Producf defecfor
Funcfion
0enerofor
ZkH;
I00kH;
corrier
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


47. If you're nof doing so oIreody, Iisfen fo fhe recovered messoge using fhe heodphones.

48. Compore fhe scope's frequency meosuremenfs for fhe originoI messoge ond fhe
recovered messoge.

Note 1: You shouId find fhof fhey're very cIose in frequency.

Note Z: You'II nofice fhof fhe voIume of fhe recovered messoges vories. This is due fo
fhe phose error befween fhe fwo corriers ond shouId be ignored for fhe foIIowing sfeps.

49. Peduce fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency fo 99.8kH;.

b0. 0ive fhe funcfion generofor o momenf fo ochieve fhe correcf frequency ond nofe fhe
chonge in fhe fone of recovered messoge.

Tip: If you con'f remember whof ZkH; sounds Iike, sef funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo
I00kH; for o momenf fhen refurn if fo 99.8kH;.

bI. Experimenf wifh ofher IocoI corrier frequencies oround I00kH; ond Iisfen fo fhe effecf
on fhe recovered messoge.

bZ. Pefurn fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo I00kH;.

b3. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf ond connecf
fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

b4. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone fo check fhof fhe whoIe sef-up is sfiII working
correcfIy.

bb. Vory fhe funcfion generofor's frequency ogoin ond Iisfen fo fhe effecf of on
unsynchronised IocoI corrier on speech.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - DS8SC demoduIofion 9-Z0

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
0

-

S
S
8
S
C

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

o
n
d

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-Z

Eperiment 10 - SSSC moduIution und demoduIution
Comporing fhe fwo communicofions sysfems considered eorIier in fhis monuoI, DS8SC offers
considerobIe power sovings over AM (of Ieosf oo7) becouse o corrier is nof fronsmiffed.
However, bofh sysfems generofe ond fronsmif sum ond difference frequencies (fhe upper ond
Iower sidebonds) ond so fhey hove fhe some bondwidfh for fhe some messoge signoI.

As ifs nome impIies, fhe SingIe Sidebond Suppressed Corrier (SS8SC or jusf SS8) sysfem
fronsmifs onIy one sidebond. In ofher words, SS8 fronsmifs eifher fhe sum or fhe difference
frequencies buf nof bofh. ImporfonfIy, if doesn'f moffer which sidebond is used becouse fhey
bofh confoin oII of fhe informofion in fhe originoI messoge.

In fronsmiffing onIy one sidebond, SS8 requires onIy hoIf fhe bondwidfh of DS8SC ond AM
which is o significonf odvonfoge.

resuIf of moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge using SS8SC. If you Iook cIoseIy, you'II
nofice fhof fhe moduIofed corrier is nof fhe some frequency os eifher fhe messoge or fhe
corrier.

Figure 1

Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-3

A common mefhod of generofing SS8 simpIy invoIves generofing o DS8SC signoI fhen using o
fiIfer fo pick ouf ond fronsmif onIy one of fhe sidebonds. This is known os fhe fiIfer mefhod.
However, fhe fwo sidebonds in o DS8SC signoI ore cIose fogefher in frequency ond so
specioIised fiIfers musf be used. This meons fhof fhe fiIfers for non-moinsfreom
communicofions sysfems con be expensive.

Anofher woy of generofing SS8 fhof is becoming increosingIy popuIor is coIIed fhe phosing
mefhod. This uses o fechnique coIIed phose discriminofion fo conceI ouf one of fhe sidebonds of
fhe generofion sfoge (insfeod of fiIfering if ouf offerwords).

In feIecommunicofions fheory, fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhis process is:

SS8 ~ (messoge corrier) + (messoge wifh 90" of phose shiff corrier wifh 90" of phose shiff)

If you Iook cIoseIy of fhe equofion you'II nofice fhof if's fhe sum of fwo muIfipIicofions. When
fhe messoge is o simpIe sinewove fhe soIufion of fhe fwo muIfipIicofions feIIs us fhof four
sinewoves ore generofed. Depending on whefher fhe messoge's phose shiff is +90" or -90" fheir
frequencies ond phose differences ore:

These, Or fhese,
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge (I80" phose
shiffed)
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge
Corrier + messoge (I80" phose shiffed)
Corrier - messoge

PegordIess of whefher fhe messoge's phose shiff is +90" or -90", when fhe four sinewoves ore
odded fogefher, fwo of fhem ore in phose ond odd fogefher fo produce one sinewove (eifher
corrier + messoge or corrier - messoge) ond fwo of fhe sinewoves ore phose inverfed ond
compIefeIy conceI. In ofher words, fhe process produces onIy o sum or difference signoI (fhof
is, jusf one sidebond).

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-4
The bIock diogrom fhof impIemenfs fhe phosing fype of SS8 moduIofor is shown in Figure Z
beIow.

Figure Z

As SS8 signoIs don'f confoin o corrier, fhey musf be demoduIofed using producf defecfion in
fhe some woy os DS8SC signoIs (fhe producf defecfor's operofion is summorised in fhe
preIiminory discussion of Experimenf 9).

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe on SS8 signoI by impIemenfing
fhe mofhemoficoI modeI for fhe phosing mefhod. You'II fhen use o producf defecfor (wifh o
sfoIen corrier) fo reproduce fhe messoge.

ImporfonfIy, you'II onIy do so for o sinewove messoge (fhof is, you'II nof SS8 moduIofe fhen
demoduIofe speech). There's o procficoI reoson for fhis. The phose shiff infroduced by fhe
DATEx Phose Shiffer moduIe is frequency dependenf (fhof is, for ony given seffing, fhe phose
shiff is differenf of differenf frequencies). A widebond phose shiffing circuif is necessory fo
provide 90" of phose shiff for oII of fhe sinewoves in o compIex messoge Iike speech.


Corrier
SS8
Messoge
(Sine)
DS8SC
DS8SC

Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-b

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un SS signuI using u simpIe messuge










9. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor using ifs soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

I0. Minimise fhe funcfion generofor's VI.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-o

II. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. If is used fo sef up fwo
messoge signoIs fhof ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Figure 4

Funcfion
0enerofor
I0kH;
Messoge A
To CH 0
Messoge 8
To CH I
Phose
Shiffer
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


IZ. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

I3. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff Phose Chonge
confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

I4. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

Ib. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI.

Io. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I ensuring fhof fhe Trigger Source

I7. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe funcfion generofor's
oufpuf.

I8. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I.

I9. Check fhof fhe fwo messoge signoIs ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Note: Af fhis sfoge, if doesn'f moffer whof fhe phose difference is.


Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o on fhe nexf poge. If is used fo
muIfipIy fhe fwo messoge signoIs wifh fwo I00kH; sinewoves (fhe corriers) fhof ore exocfIy
90" ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-8

Figure

ZI. Use fhe scope fo check fhof fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf is o DS8SC signoI.

Tip: TempororiIy sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe ZV/div posifion fo do
fhis.

ZZ. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf ond
connecf if fo fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf.

Z3. Check fhof fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf is o DS8SC signoI os weII.

Z4. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0 ond g confroIs fo obouf
fhe middIe of fheir froveI.

DS8SC
signoI 8
CH I
DS8SC
signoI A
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
X
Y
Y
X
Mosfer
SignoIs
To CH 0
I0kH;
MuIfipIier
MuIfipIier
Messoge
(Sine)


Zb. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The Adder moduIe is
used fo odd fhe fwo DS8SC signoIs fogefher. The phose reIofionships befween fhe sinewoves in
fhe DS8SC signoIs meons fhof fwo of fhem (one in eoch sidebond) reinforce eoch ofher ond
fhe ofher fwo conceI eoch ofher ouf.

Figure
SS8 signoI
To CH I
DS8SC
DS8SC
I00kH;
SIME
X
Y
Y
X
Corrier
8
A
I0kH;
I00kH;
COS
Adder
Messoge
(Sine)
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-I0

Question 1
The signoI ouf of fhe Adder moduIe is highIy unIikeIy fo be on SS8 signoI of fhis sfoge.
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhis7 Tip: If you're nof sure, one of fhem con be worked ouf
by reoding fhe preIiminory discussion.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo moke fhe fine odjusfmenfs necessory fo furn fhe
sef-up info o frue SS8 moduIofor.

Zo. Deocfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf.

Z7. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

Note: This removes fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf from fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

Z8. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

Tip: Pemember fhof you con use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys for fine odjusfmenf
of fhe DATEx SFP's confroIs.

Z9. Peconnecf fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf ond disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo ifs A inpuf.

Note: This removes fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf from fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

30. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff g confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

3I. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

The goins of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore now neorIy fhe some. Mexf, fhe correcf phose
difference befween fhe messoges musf be ochieved.


Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-II

3Z. SIowIy vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond
observe fhe effecf on fhe enveIopes of fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

Note: For mosf of fhe soff Phose Adjusf confroI's froveI, you'II gef on oufpuf fhof Iooks
Iike o DS8SC signoI. However, if you odjusf fhe confroI corefuIIy, you'II find fhof you're
obIe fo fIoffen-ouf fhe oufpuf signoI's enveIope.

33. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe b00mV/div posifion.

34. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI fo moke fhe enveIopes os
"fIof" os possibIe.

The phose difference befween fhe fwo messoges is now neorIy 90".

3b. Tweok fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo see if you con moke fhe oufpuf's enveIopes
fIoffer.

3o. Tweok fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI fo see if you con moke fhe
oufpuf's enveIopes fIoffer sfiII.

Once fhe enveIopes ore os fIof os you con gef, fhe goins of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore
very cIose fo eoch ofher ond fhe phose difference befween fhe fwo messoges ore very cIose fo
90". Thof being fhe cose, fhe signoI ouf of fhe Adder moduIe is now SS8SC.

Question Z
How mony sinewoves does fhis SS8 signoI consisf of7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion.

Question 3
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe SS8 moduIofor, whof fwo frequencies con fhis signoI be7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-IZ

Purt - Spectrum unuIysis of un SS signuI
The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Ief's you onoIyse fhe frequency domoin represenfofion of fhe
SS8 signoI fo see if ifs specfroI composifion mofches your onswers fo Quesfions Z ond 3.

37. Suspend fhe scope's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.


38. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

39. Sef up fhe signoI onoIy;er per fhe procedure in Experimenf 7 (poge 7-I0).

40. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors by checking fhe Cursors On box.

4I. AIign CI wifh fhe mosf significonf sinewove in fhe signoI's specfrum ond defermine ifs
frequency.

Question 4
8osed on your meosuremenf for fhe sfep obove, which sidebond does your SS8
moduIofor generofe7

4Z. AIign CI wifh some of fhe ofher significonf sinewoves cIose fo fhis sidebond ond nofe
fheir frequencies.

Note: You shouId find fhof fhere's o sinewove of fhe corrier frequency ond onofher of
fhe frequency for fhe ofher sidebond. ImporfonfIy, despife oppeoronces, fhese signoIs
ore very smoII reIofive fo fhe significonf sidebond (fhe scoIe used for fhe Y-oxis is
decibeIs which is nof o Iineor unif of meosuremenf).

Question
0ive fwo reosons for fhe presence of o smoII omounf of fhe ofher sidebond.

Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-I3

43. Tweok fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI ond nofe fhe effecf on fhe
si;e of fhe corrier ond ofher sidebond.

Note: 0ive fhe signoI onoIy;er's dispIoy fime fo updofe offer eoch odjusfmenf.

Question
Why doesn'f vorying fhe Phose Shiff moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI offecf fhe si;e of
fhe corrier in fhe SS8SC signoI7

44. Adjusf fhe fwo confroIs fo obfoin fhe smoIIesf si;e for fhe insignificonf sidebond.

4b. CIose fhe SignoI AnoIy;er's VI.

4o. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking on ifs Pun confroI once.

47. Mofe whefher fhere is ony improvemenf in fhe SS8 signoI's enveIope (fhof is, nofe
whefher fhe enveIope is ony fIoffer).


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-I4

Purt C - Using the product detector to recover the messuge

48. Peocfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf ond refurn fhe ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe
IV/div posifion.

49. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin

b0. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

bI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-Ib

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up shown in Figure 9 on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe
bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. The MuIfipIier ond TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIes ore
used fo impIemenf o producf defecfor which demoduIofes fhe originoI messoge from fhe SS8
signoI.

Figure 10

bZ. Use fhe scope fo compore fhe originoI messoge wifh fhe recovered messoge.

Question 7
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe originoI messoge ond fhe recovered messoge7


SS8
signoI
X
Y
DemoduIofed
SS8 signoI
To CH I
I00kH; "sfoIen"
IocoI corrier
Mosfer
SignoIs
MuIfipIier
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion I0-Io

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
I

-

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-Z

Eperiment 11 - Frequency moduIution
A disodvonfoge of fhe AM, DS8SC ond SS8 communicofion sysfems is fhof fhey ore
suscepfibIe fo picking up eIecfricoI noise in fhe fronsmission medium (fhe chonneI). This is
becouse noise chonges fhe ompIifude of fhe fronsmiffed signoI ond fhe demoduIofors of fhese
sysfems ore designed fo respond fo ompIifude voriofions.

As ifs nome impIies, frequency moduIofion (FM) uses o messoge's ompIifude fo vory fhe
frequency of o corrier insfeod of ifs ompIifude. This meons fhof fhe FM demoduIofor is
designed fo Iook for chonges in frequency insfeod. As such, if is Iess offecfed by ompIifude
voriofions ond so FM is Iess suscepfibIe fo noise. This mokes FM o beffer communicofions
sysfem in fhis regord.

There ore severoI mefhods of generofing FM signoIs buf fhey oII bosicoIIy invoIve on osciIIofor
wifh on eIecfricoIIy odjusfobIe frequency. The osciIIofor uses on inpuf voIfoge fo offecf fhe
frequency of ifs oufpuf. TypicoIIy, when fhe inpuf is 0V, fhe osciIIofor oufpufs o signoI of ifs
resf frequency (oIso commonIy coIIed fhe free-running or cenfre frequency). If fhe oppIied
voIfoge vories obove or beIow 0V, fhe osciIIofor's oufpuf frequency deviofes obove ond beIow
fhe resf frequency. Moreover, fhe omounf of deviofion is offecfed by fhe ompIifude of fhe
inpuf voIfoge. Thof is, fhe bigger fhe inpuf voIfoge, fhe greofer fhe deviofion.

Figure I beIow shows o bipoIor squorewove messoge signoI ond on unmoduIofed corrier. If oIso
shows fhe resuIf of frequency moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge.

Figure 1

Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-3

There ore o few fhings fo nofice obouf fhe FM signoI. Firsf, ifs enveIopes ore fIof - recoII fhof
FM doesn'f vory fhe corrier's ompIifude. Second, ifs period (ond hence ifs frequency) chonges
when fhe ompIifude of fhe messoge chonges. Third, os fhe messoge oIfernofes obove ond beIow
0V, fhe signoI's frequency goes obove ond beIow fhe corrier's frequency. (Mofe: If's equoIIy
possibIe fo design on FM moduIofor fo couse fhe frequency fo chonge in fhe opposife direcfion
fo fhe chonge in fhe messoge's poIorify.)

8efore discussing FM ony furfher, on imporfonf poinf musf be mode here. A squorewove
messoge hos been used in fhis discussion fo heIp you visuoIise how on FM corrier responds fo
ifs messoge. In so doing, Figure I suggesfs fhof fhe resuIfing FM signoI consisfs of onIy fwo
sinewoves (one of o frequency obove fhe corrier ond one beIow). However, fhis isn'f fhe cose.
For reosons besf Ieff fo your insfrucfor fo expIoin, fhe specfroI composifion of fhe FM signoI
in Figure I is much more compIex fhon impIied.

This highIighfs one of fhe imporfonf differences befween FM ond fhe moduIofion schemes
discussed eorIier. The mofhemoficoI modeI of on FM signoI predicfs fhof even for o simpIe
sinusoidoI messoge, fhe resuIf is o signoI fhof pofenfioIIy confoins mony sinewoves. In confrosf,
for fhe some sinusoidoI messoge, on AM signoI wouId consisf of fhree sinewoves, o DS8SC
signoI wouId consisf of fwo ond on SS8SC signoI wouId consisf of onIy one. This doesn'f
oufomoficoIIy meon fhof fhe bondwidfh of FM signoIs is wider fhon AM, DS8SC ond SS8SC
signoIs (for fhe some messoge signoI). However, in fhe procficoI impIemenfofion of FM
communicofions, if usuoIIy is.

There's onofher imporfonf difference befween FM ond fhe moduIofion schemes discussed
eorIier. The power in AM, DS8SC ond SS8SC signoIs vories depending on fheir moduIofion
index. This occurs becouse fhe corrier's PMS voIfoge is fixed buf fhe PMS sidebond voIfoges
ore proporfionoI fo fhe signoIs' moduIofion index. This is nof frue of FM. The PMS voIfoge of
fhe corrier ond sidebonds vories up ond down os fhe moduIofion index chonges such fhof fhe
squore of fheir voIfoges oIwoys equoI fhe squore of fhe unmoduIofed corrier's PMS voIfoge.
Thof being fhe cose, fhe power in FM signoIs is consfonf.

FinoIIy, when reoding obouf fhe operofion of on FM moduIofor you moy hove recognised fhof
fhere is o moduIe on fhe Emono DATEx fhof operofes in fhe some woy - fhe VCO oufpuf of fhe
funcfion generofor. In focf o voIfoge-confroIIed osciIIofor is somefimes used for FM
moduIofion (fhough fhere ore ofher mefhods wifh odvonfoges over fhe VCO).

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II generofe o reoI FM signoI using fhe VCO moduIe on fhe Emono
DATEx. Firsf you'II sef up fhe VCO moduIe fo oufpuf on unmoduIofed corrier of o known
frequency. Then you'II observe fhe effecf of frequency moduIofing ifs oufpuf wifh o
squorewove fhen speech. You'II fhen use fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er fo observe
fhe specfroI composifion of on FM signoI in fhe frequency domoin ond exomine fhe disfribufion
of power befween ifs corrier ond sidebonds for differenf IeveIs of moduIofion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Frequency moduIuting u squurewuve










specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: Z0kH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V
ModuIofion fype: FM

Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-b


Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe is used fo provide o ZkH; squorewove messoge signoI ond fhe VCO is fhe FM moduIofor
wifh o Z0kH; corrier.

Figure 3

ZkH;
Z0kH; resf
frequency
FM signoI
To CH I
Mosfer SignoIs VCO
Messoge
To CH 0
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-o

II. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II OsciIIoscope VI.

IZ. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

Timebose confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion insfeod of b00ps/div
Trigger LeveI fo fhe Z.bV posifion insfeod of 0V

I3. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view fhe FM signoI on fhe VCO's oufpuf os weII os
fhe messoge signoI.

Question 1
Why does fhe frequency of fhe corrier chonge7



Purt - Seneruting un FM signuI using speech
So for, fhis experimenf hos generofed on FM signoI using o squorewove for fhe messoge.
However, fhe messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech
ond music. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof on FM signoI Iooks Iike when
moduIofed by speech.

I4. Pefurn fhe scope's Trigger LeveI confroI fo 0V.

Ib. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Io. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4

I7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Z00ps/div posifion.

I8. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.


1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-8

Purt C - Power in un FM signuI
As menfioned eorIier, fhe power in on FM signoI is consfonf regordIess of ifs IeveI of
moduIofion. This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see fhis for yourseIf.

I9. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

Z0. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

ZI. CompIefeIy dismonfIe fhe previous sef-up.

ZZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o on fhe nexf poge. Wifh fhe
VCO's inpuf connecfed fo ground, ifs oufpuf is o singIe sinewove of Z0kH;.

VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
GND
D IN-0 D OUT-0
D IN-1 DOUT-1
DIN-2 D OUT-2
DIN-3 D OUT-3
DIGITAL I/ O
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


Figure

Z3. Use fhe scope fo check fhof fhe VCO's oufpuf is o Z0kH; sinewove.

Z4. CIose fhe scope's VI.

Zb. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Zo. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings
Source ChonneI fo SCOPE CH 0

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo o0,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo Lineor
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3

Cursor settings

Z7. Once done, one significonf sinewove shouId be dispIoyed.

Note: It's importunt ut this point to doubIe-check thut the signuI unuIyzer's
Frequency DispIuy Units option is set to Lineur,

To CH 0
VCO
OV
(0MD)
AmpIifier
Z0kH; resf
frequency

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-I0

Z8. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors by checking fhe Cursors On box.

Z9. Use fhe scope's CI cursor fo meosure fhe frequency of fhe sinewove ond verify fhof if's
fhe VCO's resf frequency (fhof is, Z0kH;).

Note: PecoII fhof cursor meosuremenfs of frequency ond voIfoge ore difference voIues
befween CI ond CZ. However, when cursor CZ is moved fo fhe exfreme Ieff side of fhe
dispIoy, ifs frequency ond voIfoge is ;ero so fhe cursor meosuremenfs become obsoIufe
voIues for CI.

30. To fhe Ieff of fhe cursor's frequency meosuremenf reodouf is fhe meosuremenf of fhe
signoI's PMS voIfoge. Pecord fhis in TobIe I beIow.

3I. Squore ond record fhis voIfoge.

TubIe 1
UnmoduIuted
Currier
PMS
V
UnmoduIuted
Currier
Z
PMS
V

Why squore fhe signoI's PMS voIfoge7 To onswer fhis quesfion, remember fhof we're
invesfigofing fhe power in on FM signoI buf signoI onoIy;ers (ond mosf ofher fesf equipmenf)
con'f
meosure power. However, one of fhe power equofions (
P
V
P
PMS
Z
= ) feIIs us fhof power ond fhe
squore of o signoI's PMS voIfoge (fhof is,
Z
PMS
V ) ore proporfionoI voIues. Thof being fhe cose,
we con invesfigofe power in on FM signoI indirecfIy by invesfigofing fhe squore of fhe signoI's
PMS voIfoge becouse whofever is frue of one musf oIso be frue of fhe ofher (regordIess of P).

Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-II

3Z. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe 0MD sockef ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7
beIow.

Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. ImporfonfIy, os fhe
AmpIifier moduIe's minimum goin isn'f ;ero, fhe corrier wiII now be frequency moduIofed by o
Iow IeveI messoge signoI. This meons fhof fhe signoI onoIy;er's dispIoy wiII show obouf four
sidebonds. As fhese sidebonds ore smoII reIofive fo fhe corrier, fhey con be beffer observed
by fempororiIy seffing fhe onoIy;er's Unifs opfion fo d8 insfeod of Lineor.

Figure

33. If you hoven'f oIreody done so, refurn fhe onoIy;er's Unifs opfion fo Lineor.

34. Use fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo odjusf fhe moduIofion of fhe FM signoI
sIighfIy unfiI onIy five sinewoves ore cIeorIy visibIe in fhe signoI's specfrum.

3b. Use fhe cursor fo meosure fhe PMS voIfoge of fhese sinewoves ond record fhem in
TobIe Z on fhe nexf poge.

To CH 0
Mosfer SignoIs
ZkH;
Z0kH; resf
frequency
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-IZ

3o. Squore ond record fhe voIfoges.

37. Add ond record fhe squored voIfoges.

TubIe Z
Sinewuve
PMS
V
Z
PMS
V
1

Z

3

4

TotuI

38. Use fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo increose fhe moduIofion of fhe FM signoI
unfiI fhe corrier drops fo ;ero for fhe firsf fime.

39. Pepeof Sfeps 3b ond 37 for fhe six mosf significonf sinewoves in fhe signoI recording
your meosuremenfs in TobIe 3 beIow.

TubIe 3
Sinewuve
PMS
V
Z
PMS
V
1

Z

3

4

TotuI

Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-I3

Question Z
How do fhe fofoIs in TobIes Z ond 3 compore wifh eoch ofher ond fhe voIue in TobIe I7

Question 3
Whof do fhese meosuremenfs heIp fo prove7 ExpIoin your onswer.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-I4

Purt D - undwidth of un FM signuI
The specfroI composifion of on FM signoI con be compIex ond consisf of mony sidebonds.
UsuoIIy, mony of fhem ore reIofiveIy smoII in si;e ond so on engineering decision musf be mode
obouf how mony of fhem fo incIude os porf of fhe signoI's bondwidfh. There ore severoI
sfondords in fhis regord ond o common one invoIves incIuding oII sidebonds fhof ore equoI fo or
greofer fhon I7 of fhe unmoduIofed corrier's power (or
Z
PMS
V ). This porf of fhe experimenf
Iefs you use fhis criferion fo meosure FM signoI bondwidfh.

40. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo idenfify fhe Iowesf frequency sinewove in fhe FM
signoI wifh o
Z
PMS
V equoI fo or greofer fhon I7 of fhe voIue in TobIe I.

Note: You hove fo do fhis by meosuring fhe PMS voIfoge of fhe smoIIesf sinewoves ond
squore fhe voIue unfiI you find fhe firsf one wifh o
Z
PMS
V equoI fo or greofer fhon I7 of
fhe voIue in TobIe I.

4I. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CZ cursor fo idenfify fhe highesf frequency sinewove in fhe FM
signoI wifh o voIfoge equoI fo or greofer fhon I7 of fhe voIue in TobIe I.

4Z. The signoI onoIy;er's df (H;) reoding is o meosuremenf of fhe difference in frequency
befween ifs cursors. FoIIowing Sfeps 40 ond 4I, fhis reoding is fhe FM signoI's
bondwidfh. Pecord fhis voIue in TobIe 4 beIow.

TubIe 4
FM signuI's
bundwidth

Question 4
CoIcuIofe fhe bondwidfh of o Z0kH; corrier ompIifude moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove.

Question
How does fhe FM signoI's bondwidfh compore fo on AM signoI's bondwidfh for fhe some
inpufs7

Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-Ib

43. Increose fhe AmpIifier moduIe's goin unfiI fhe cursor on ifs soff 0oin confroI poinfs fo
fhe 9 o'cIock posifion.

44. Pepeof sfeps 40 fo 4Z recording your meosuremenf in TobIe b beIow.

TubIe
FM signuI's
bundwidth

Question
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude ond fhe FM signoI's
bondwidfh7



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - Frequency moduIofion II-Io

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
Z

-

F
M

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-Z

Eperiment 1Z - FM demoduIution
There ore os mony mefhods of demoduIofing on FM signoI os fhere ore of generofing one.
ExompIes incIude: fhe sIope defecfor, fhe Fosfer-SeeIey discriminofor, fhe rofio defecfor, fhe
phose-Iocked Ioop (PLL), fhe quodrofure FM demoduIofor ond fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor. If's
possibIe fo impIemenf severoI of fhese mefhods using fhe Emono DATEx buf, for on
infroducfion fo fhe principIes of FM demoduIofion, fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor is used here.

The zero-crossing detector
The ;ero-crossing defecfor is o simpIe yef effecfive meons of recovering fhe messoge from
FM signoIs. Ifs bIock diogrom is shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

The received FM signoI is firsf possed fhrough o comporofor fo cIip if heoviIy, effecfiveIy
converfing if fo o squorewove. This oIIows fhe signoI fo be used os o frigger signoI for fhe ;ero-
crossing defecfor circuif (ZCD).

The ZCD generofes o puIse of fixed durofion every fime fhe squored-up FM signoI crosses ;ero
voIfs (eifher on fhe posifive or fhe negofive fronsifion buf nof bofh). 0iven fhe squored-up FM
signoI is confinuousIy crossing ;ero, fhe ZCD effecfiveIy converfs fhe squorewove fo o
recfonguIor wove wifh o fixed mork fime.

When fhe FM signoI's frequency chonges (in response fo fhe messoge), so does fhe recfonguIor
wove's frequency. ImporfonfIy fhough, os fhe recfonguIor wove's mork is fixed, chonging ifs
frequency is ochieved by chonging fhe durofion of fhe spoce ond hence fhe signoI's mork/spoce
rofio (or dufy cycIe). This is shown in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge using on FM signoI fhof onIy
swifches befween fwo frequencies (becouse if hos been generofed by o squorewove for fhe
messoge).

Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-3

Figure Z

PecoII from fhe fheory of compIex woveforms, puIse froins ore ocfuoIIy mode up of sinewoves
ond, in fhe cose of Figure Z obove, o DC voIfoge. The si;e of fhe DC voIfoge is offecfed by fhe
puIse froin's dufy cycIe. The greofer ifs dufy cycIe, fhe greofer fhe DC voIfoge.

Thof being fhe cose, when fhe FM signoI in Figure Z obove swifches befween fhe fwo
frequencies, fhe DC voIfoge fhof mokes up fhe recfonguIor wove ouf of fhe ZCD chonges
befween fwo voIues. In ofhers words, fhe DC componenf of fhe recfonguIor wove is o copy of
fhe squorewove fhof produced fhe FM signoI in fhe firsf pIoce. Pecovering fhis copy is o
reIofiveIy simpIe moffer of picking ouf fhe chonging DC voIfoge using o Iow-poss fiIfer.

ImporfonfIy, fhis demoduIofion fechnique works equoIIy weII when fhe messoge is o sinewove or
speech.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe on FM signoI using o VCO. Then
you'II sef-up o ;ero-crossing defecfor ond verify ifs operofion for voriofions in fhe messoge's
ompIifude.

FM signoI
ZCD signoI
Comporofors
oufpuf
0V
0V
0V

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the FM moduIutor
To experimenf wifh FM demoduIofion you need on FM signoI. The firsf porf of fhe experimenf
gefs you fo sef one up. To moke viewing fhe signoIs oround fhe demoduIofor possibIe, we'II sforf
wifh o DC voIfoge for fhe messoge.










9. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: IbkH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V
ModuIofion fype: FM

Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-b

I0. Check fhof fhe funcfion generofor's SignoI Poufe opfion (neor fhe boffom righf-hond
corner of fhe VI is sef fo Profofyping 8oord.

Importunt note: There is fhe pofenfioI for o hordwore confIicf when using fhe scope's
exfernoI friggering inpuf (TPI0) of fhe some fime os fhe funcfion generofor. This is
becouse fhe connecfor for fhe TPI0 inpuf doubIes os on oufpuf for fhe funcfion
generofor when ifs SignoI Poufe opfion is sef fo F0EM 8MC. To ovoid hordwore confIicfs
oIwoys sef fhe SignoI Poufe fo Profofyping 8oord.

II. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.

IZ. Turn fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf soff VoIfoge confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise fo oufpuf 0V.


Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 on fhe nexf poge. The
negofive oufpuf of fhe VoriobIe DC Power SuppIies is being used fo provide o simpIe DC
messoge ond fhe VCO impIemenfs fhe FM moduIofor wifh o corrier frequency of IbkH;.

VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-o

Figure 4


Ib. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

ScoIe confroI for ChonneI 0 fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
Trigger Type confroI fo DigifoI insfeod of Edge
CoupIing confroIs for bofh chonneIs fo DC insfeod of AC

Io. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view fhe FM signoI on fhe VCO's oufpuf os weII os
fhe DC messoge signoI.

I7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe VCO oufpuf.

I8. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf soff VoIfoge confroI ond check fhof
fhe VCO's oufpuf frequency chonges occordingIy.


DC V
FM signoI
To CH I
VoriobIe DCV VCO (IbkH;)
Messoge
To CH 0
SYMC
To TPI0


Purt - Setting up the zero-crossing detector

DATEx boord.

Z0. Locofe fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff Widfh
confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZI. Sef fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe's soff DeIoy confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZZ. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin
confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Z3. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.


Figure

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o on fhe nexf
poge. The comporofor on fhe UfiIifies moduIe is used fo cIip fhe FM signoI, effecfiveIy furning
if info o squorewove. The posifive edge-friggered Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe is used fo
impIemenf fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor. To compIefe fhe FM demoduIofor, fhe PC Low-poss
FiIfer moduIe ond TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe combinofion is used fo pick-ouf fhe
chonging DC componenf of fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf.

f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-8

Figure

Note: The PC LPF ond TuneobIe LPF moduIes ore used in combinofion becouse fhe
TuneobIe LPF is o cIocked "swifched copocifor" fiIfer which uses infernoI sompIing
fechnoIogy. These fypes of fiIfers ore subjecf fo oIiosing (o concepf fhof is covered in
Iofer experimenfs) which con couse probIems in sompIed sysfems. To ovoid such
probIems, we use fhe PC LPF os on onfi-oIiosing pre-fiIfer for fhe TuneobIe LPF. If fime
permifs, expIore fhis porf of fhe experimenf wifhouf fhe PC LPF.

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

DemoduIofed
messoge
To CH I
ZCD
FM
signoI
Twin PuIse
0enerofor
PC LPF &
TuneobIe LPF
UfiIifies
moduIe
DemoduIofed
messoge
To CH I
ZCD
DC V
IbkH; resf
frequency
Messoge
To CH 0
FM moduIofor FM demoduIofor


You wiII now fune fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer fo isoIofe fhe DC componenf of fhe ZCD for
fhe voIfoge ronge of fhe inpuf signoI we pIon fo use.

Zb. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf fo -ZV.

Zo. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe I00mv/div posifion.

Note: You shouId now see o 430mVp-p sinewove wifh o DC offsef of opproximofeIy
Z30mV. This is fhe fiIfered puIse froin ouf of fhe ZCD.

Z7. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf
confroI onfi-cIockwise unfiI fhe sine wove becomes o DC voIfoge. Sfop fhe momenf fhis
hoppens.

Note 1: You hove now eIiminofed oII non-DC componenfs from fhe signoI. Thof soid, fhe
fiIfer wiII sfiII oIIow fhe messoge signoI fo poss.

Note Z: Don'f chonge fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency
Adjusf confroI seffing for fhe resf of fhe experimenf unIess insfrucfed fo.

Z8. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf befween 0V ond o moximum of -ZV.

Note 1: As you do, you shouId nofice fhof fhe DC voIfoge ouf of fhe TuneobIe Low-poss
FiIfer moduIe vories os weII.

Note Z: If fhis doesn'f hoppen, check fhof fhe scope's ChonneI I CoupIing confroI is sef
fo fhe DC posifion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-I0

Purt C - Investiguting the operution of the zero-crossing detector
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you verify fhe operofion of fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor.

Z9. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

DemoduIofed
messoge
ZCD
DC V
IbkH;
FM signoI
To CH 0
Comporofors o/p
To CH I
f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-II

30. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf in smoII sfeps using fhe up ond down
orrow buffons on fhe VI.

Note: This wiII couse smoII buf noficeobIe chonges in fhe FM signoI's frequency.

3I. As you vory fhe FM signoI's frequency, poy cIose offenfion fo fhe mork-spoce rofio (fhof
is, fhe dufy cycIe) of fhe Comporofor's oufpuf.

Tip: You moy find if heIpfuI fo odjusf fhe scope's VerficoI Posifion confroIs fo seporofe
fhe signoIs on fhe dispIoy.

Question 1
Does fhe mork-spoce rofio of fhe signoI on fhe Comporofor's oufpuf chonge7

Question Z
Whof does fhis feII us obouf fhe DC componenf of fhe comporofor's oufpuf7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-IZ

3Z. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

DemoduIofed
messoge
ZCD
DC V
IbkH;
ZCDs o/p
To CH I
Comporofors o/p
To CH 0
f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-I3

33. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf in smoII sfeps ogoin fo modeI on FM
signoI's chonging frequency.

34. As you perform fhe sfep obove, nofe how fhe frequency of fhe fwo signoIs chonges.

3b. Turn on fhe scope's cursors.

3o. Use fhe scope's cursors fo meosure fhe widfh of fhe ZCD oufpuf's mork ond spoce for
differenf DC inpuf voIfoges.

Note: The fime difference befween fhe fwo cursors is dispIoyed direcfIy obove fhe
ChonneI 0 & I meosuremenfs ond is denofed os dT.

Tip: You moy find if heIpfuI fo furn fhe scope's ChonneI 0 off os you do fhis ond sef ifs
Timebose confroI fo I0ps/div when meosuring fhe mork's widfh.

Question 3
As fhe FM signoI chonges frequency so does fhe ZCD's oufpuf. Whof ospecf of fhe ZCD's
oufpuf signoI chonges fo ochieve fhis7

Meifher fhe signoI's mork nor spoce
OnIy fhe signoI's mork
OnIy fhe signoI's spoce
8ofh fhe signoI's mork ond spoce

Question 4
Whof does fhis feII us obouf fhe DC componenf of fhe comporofor's oufpuf7



The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you verify your onswer fo fhe previous quesfion.

37. If you deocfivofed fhe scope's ChonneI 0 fhen reocfivofe if ond refurn ifs Timebose
confroI fo b0ps/div.

38. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13

DemoduIofed
messoge
To CH I
ZCD
DC V
IbkH;
ZCDs o/p
To CH 0
f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-Ib

39. If you've odjusfed fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI, re-;ero if.

40. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies negofive oufpuf in smoII sfeps ogoin fo modeI on FM
signoI's chonging frequency.

4I. As you perform fhe sfep obove, compore fhe oufpufs from fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor
moduIe (fhe ZCD) ond fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe.

Question
Why does fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's DC oufpuf go up os fhe mork-spoce
rofio of fhe ZCD's oufpuf goes up7

Question
If fhe originoI messoge is o sinewove insfeod of o voriobIe DC voIfoge, whof wouId you
expecf fo see ouf of fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-Io

Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering u sinewuve using FM
This experimenf hos sef up on FM communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o messoge fhof is o DC
voIfoge. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif ond
demoduIofe o fesf signoI (o sinewove).

4Z. If if's nof oIreody, furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

43. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I4 beIow.

Figure 14

This modificofion fo fhe FM moduIofor con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Ib on
fhe nexf poge. Mofice fhof fhe messoge is now provided by fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH;
SIME oufpuf.

COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN


Figure 1

44. Moke fhe foIIowing odjusfmenfs fo fhe scope's confroIs:

ScoIe confroI for ChonneI 0 fo ZV/div ond fo I00mV/div for ChonneI I
Inpuf CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo AC
Trigger Type fo Edge
Trigger Source fo CH 0
Timebose confroI fo Z00ps/div

4b. Use fhe TA8 ond orrow keys fo furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off
Frequency Adjusf confroI sIighfIy onfi-cIockwise fo fine fune fhe fiIfer's cuf-off
frequency.

Note: You wiII oIreody be viewing fhe demoduIofed ZkH; messoge sinewove wifh on
ompIifude of opproximofeIy Zb0mVp-p.

Question 7
Whof does fhe FM moduIofor's oufpuf signoI feII you obouf fhe ZCD signoI's dufy cycIe7


IbkH;
FM signoI
Mosfer SignoIs VCO
Messoge
To CH 0
ZkH;


Purt E - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using FM
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif ond demoduIofe
speech.

4o. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

47. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure Io beIow.

Figure 1

48. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

49. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
f
C
x100
f
C
TUNEABLE
LPF
GAIN
IN OUT
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN


b0. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

bI. Puf fhe heodphones on.

bZ. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo o

b3. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe
heodphones.

o0. Once you hove compIefed viewing fhe signoI wifh fhe scope, sfop fhe scope ond sforf fhe
MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er fo view fhe specfrum of fhe frequency moduIofed
speech. Sef fhe DSA frequency seffing fo 40kH;. Try whisfIing info fhe microphone.
This wiII heIp you fo see fhe difference befween singIe fones ond speech during
moduIofion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - FM demoduIofion IZ-Z0

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
3

-

S
o
m
p
I
i
n
g

o
n
d

r
e
c
o
n
s
f
r
u
c
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-Z

Eperiment 13 - SumpIing und reconstruction
So for, fhe experimenfs in fhis monuoI hove concenfrofed on communicofions sysfems fhof
fronsmif onoIog signoIs. However, digifoI fronsmission is fosf repIocing onoIog in commercioI
communicofions oppIicofions. There ore severoI reosons for fhis incIuding fhe obiIify of digifoI
signoIs ond sysfems fo resisf inferference coused by eIecfricoI noise.

Mony digifoI fronsmission sysfems hove been devised ond severoI ore considered in Iofer
experimenfs. Whichever one is used, where fhe informofion fo be fronsmiffed (coIIed fhe
messoge) is on onoIog signoI (Iike speech ond music), if musf be converfed fo digifoI firsf. This
invoIves sompIing which requires fhof fhe onoIog signoI's voIfoge be meosured of reguIor
infervoIs.

Figure Io beIow shows o pure sinewove for fhe messoge. 8eneofh fhe messoge is fhe digifoI
sompIing signoI used fo feII fhe sompIing circuif when fo meosure fhe messoge. 8eneofh fhof is
fhe resuIf of "nofuroIIy" sompIing fhe messoge of fhe rofe sef by fhe sompIing signoI. This fype
of sompIing is "nofuroI" becouse, during fhe fime fhof fhe onoIog signoI is meosured, ony chonge
in ifs voIfoge is meosured foo. For some digifoI sysfems, o chonging sompIe is unoccepfobIe.
Figure Ib shows on oIfernofive sysfem where fhe sompIe's si;e is fixed of fhe insfonf fhof fhe
signoI meosured. This is known os o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme (ond is oIso referred fo os puIse
ompIifude moduIofion).

Figure 1u Figure 1b

Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-3

PegordIess of fhe sompIing mefhod used, by definifion if copfures onIy pieces of fhe messoge.
So, how con fhe sompIed signoI be used fo recover fhe whoIe messoge7 This quesfion con be
onswered by considering fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe sompIed signoI:

SompIed messoge ~ fhe sompIing signoI fhe messoge

As you con see, sompIing is ocfuoIIy fhe muIfipIicofion of fhe messoge wifh fhe sompIing signoI.
And, os fhe sompIing signoI is o digifoI signoI which is ocfuoIIy mode up of o DC voIfoge ond
mony sinewoves (fhe fundomenfoI ond ifs hormonics) fhe equofion con be rewriffen os:

SompIed messoge ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) messoge

necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) feIIs us fhof fhe sompIed signoI
consisfs of:

A sinewove of fhe some frequency os fhe messoge
A poir of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe fundomenfoI ond messoge
frequencies
Mony ofher poirs of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe sompIing signoIs'
hormonics ond fhe messoge

This ends up being o Iof of sinewoves buf one of fhem hos fhe some frequency os fhe messoge.
So, fo recover fhe messoge, oII fhof need be done is fo poss fhe sompIed signoI fhrough o Iow-
poss fiIfer. As ifs nome impIies, fhis fype of fiIfer Iefs Iower frequency signoIs fhrough buf
rejecfs higher frequency signoIs.

Thof soid, for fhis fo work correcfIy, fhere's o smoII cofch which is discussed in Porf E of fhe
experimenf.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo sompIe o messoge using nofuroI sompIing
fhen o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme. You'II fhen exomine fhe sompIed messoge in fhe frequency
domoin using fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er. FinoIIy, you'II reconsfrucf fhe messoge
from fhe sompIed signoI ond exomine fhe effecf of o probIem coIIed oIiosing.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-4

Equipment


Purt A - SumpIing u simpIe messuge
The Emono DATEx hos o DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe fhof hos been designed for sompIing. This
porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe moduIe fo sompIe o simpIe messoge using fwo
fechniques.

Procedure










Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-b

8. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.


Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. If uses on
eIecfronicoIIy confroIIed swifch fo connecf fhe messoge signoI (fhe ZkH; SIME oufpuf from
fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe) fo fhe oufpuf. The swifch is opened ond cIosed by fhe 8kH;
DI0ITAL oufpuf of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe.

Figure 3

Messoge
To CH 0
ZkH;
Mosfer
SignoIs
IM
COMTPOL
SompIed messoge
To CH I
DuoI AnoIog
Swifch
Mosfer
SignoIs
8kH;
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-o


I0. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing
chonge:

Timebose confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion insfeod of b00ps/div


IZ. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf by (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo
observe fhe sompIed messoge ouf of fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe os weII os fhe
messoge.

Tip: To see fhe fwo woveforms cIeorIy, you moy need fo odjusf fhe scope so fhof fhe
fwo signoIs ore nof overIoyed.


Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe sompIed signoI in
fhe middIe fhird.

Question 1
Whof fype of sompIing is fhis on exompIe of7

MofuroI
SompIe-ond-hoId

Question Z
Whof fwo feofures of fhe sompIed signoI confirm fhis7



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-8


efore you do,
The sef-up in Figure 4 beIow buiIds on fhe sef-up fhof you've oIreody wired so don'f
puII if oporf. To highIighf fhe chonges fhof we wonf you fo moke, we've shown your
exisfing wiring os doffed Iines.

Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge. The
eIecfronicoIIy confroIIed swifch in fhe originoI sef-up hos been subsfifufed for o sompIe-ond-
hoId circuif. However, fhe messoge ond sompIing signoIs remoin fhe some (fhof is, o ZkH;
sinewove ond on 8kH; puIse froin).
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure

Ib. Drow fhe new sompIed messoge fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.

Question 3
Whof fwo feofures of fhe sompIed signoI confirm fhof fhe sef-up modeIs fhe sompIe-
ond-hoId scheme7


Messoge
To CH 0
IM
COMTPOL
SompIed messoge
To CH I
S/ H
DuoI AnoIog
Swifch
ZkH;
Mosfer
SignoIs
Mosfer
SignoIs
8kH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-I0

Purt - SumpIing speech
This experimenf hos sompIed o ZkH; sinewove. However, fhe messoge in commercioI digifoI
communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music. The nexf porf of fhe
experimenf Iefs you see whof o sompIed speech signoI Iooks Iike.

Io. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

I7. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure o beIow.


Figure

I8. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b00ps/div posifion.

I9. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-II

Purt C - Observutions und meusurements of the sumpIed messuge in the frequency domuin
PecoII fhof fhe sompIed messoge is mode up of mony sinewoves. ImporfonfIy, for every
sinewove in fhe originoI messoge, fhere's o sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge of fhe some
frequency. This con be proven using fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er. This device
performs o mofhemoficoI onoIysis coIIed Fosf Fourier Tronsform (FFT) fhof oIIows fhe
individuoI sinewoves fhof moke up o compIex woveform fo be shown seporofeIy on o frequency-
domoin groph. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you observe fhe sompIed messoge in fhe
frequency domoin.

Z0. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion.

ZI. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond reconnecf fhem fo fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Note: The scope shouId now dispIoy fhe woveform fhof you drew for Sfep Ib.

ZZ. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.


Z3. Lounch fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Note: If fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI hos Iounched successfuIIy, fhe insfrumenf's window wiII
be visibIe (see Figure 7).

Figure 7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-IZ

Z4. Adjusf fhe SignoI AnoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo 40,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8 (for now)
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3


Zb. CIick on fhe signoI onoIy;er's Pun confroI.

Note: If fhe SignoI AnoIy;er VI hos been sef up correcfIy, ifs dispIoy shouId Iook Iike
Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-I3

If you've nof offempfed Experimenf 7, fhe signoI onoIy;er's dispIoy moy need o IiffIe expIoining
here. There ore ocfuoIIy fwo dispIoys, o Iorge one on fop ond o much smoIIer one underneofh.
The smoIIer one is o fime domoin represenfofion of fhe inpuf (in ofher words, fhe dispIoy is o
scope).

The Iorger of fhe fwo dispIoys is fhe frequency domoin represenfofion of fhe compIex
woveform on ifs inpuf (fhe sompIed messoge). The humps represenf fhe sinewoves ond, os you
con see, fhe sompIed messoge consisfs of mony of fhem. As on oside, fhese humps shouId jusf
be simpIe sfroighf Iines, however, fhe procficoI impIemenfofion of FFT is nof os precise os fhe
fheoreficoI expecfofion.

If you hove done Experimenf 7, go direcfIy fo Sfep 33 on fhe nexf poge.

Zo. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors by checking (fhof is, ficking) Cursors On box.

Note: When you do, green hori;onfoI ond verficoI Iines shouId oppeor on fhe signoI
onoIy;er's frequency domoin dispIoy.

The MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er hos fwo cursors CI ond CZ fhof defouIf fo fhe Ieff
mosf side of fhe dispIoy when fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI is Iounched. They're reposifioned by
"grobbing" fheir verficoI Iines wifh fhe mouse ond moving fhe mouse Ieff or righf.

Z7. Use fhe mouse fo grob ond move fhe verficoI Iine of cursor CI.

Note: As you do, nofice fhof cursor CI moves oIong fhe signoI onoIy;er's froce ond fhof
fhe verficoI ond hori;onfoI Iines move so fhof fhey oIwoys infersecf of CI.

Z8. Pepeof Sfep Z7 for cursor CZ.

Note: Fine confroI over fhe cursors' posifion is obfoined by using fhe cursor's Posifion
confroI in fhe Cursor Seffings oreo (beIow fhe dispIoy).

The MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er incIudes o fooI fhof meosures fhe difference in
mognifude ond frequency befween fhe fwo cursors. This informofion is dispIoyed in green
befween fhe upper ond Iower porfs of fhe dispIoy.

Z9. Move fhe cursors whiIe wofching fhe meosuremenf reodouf fo observe fhe effecf.

30. Posifion fhe cursors so fhof fhey're on fop of eoch ofher ond nofe fhe meosuremenf.

Note: When you do, fhe meosuremenf of difference in mognifude ond frequency shouId
bofh be ;ero.


UsefuIIy, when one of fhe cursors is moved fo fhe exfreme Ieff of fhe dispIoy, ifs posifion on
fhe X-oxis is ;ero. This meons fhof fhe cursor is siffing on 0H;. If oIso meons fhof fhe
meosuremenf reodouf gives on obsoIufe voIue of frequency for fhe ofher cursor. This mokes
sense when you fhink obouf if becouse fhe reodouf gives fhe difference in frequency befween
fhe fwo cursors buf one of fhem is ;ero.

3I. Move CZ fo fhe exfreme Ieff of fhe dispIoy.

3Z. AIign CI wifh fhe highesf poinf of ony one of fhe humps.

Note: The reodouf wiII now be showing you fhe frequency of fhe sinewove fhof fhe hump
represenfs.

PecoII fhof fhe messoge signoI being sompIed is o ZkH; sinewove. This meons fhof fhere shouId
oIso be o ZkH; sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge.

33. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo Iocofe sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge fhof hos
fhe some fhe frequency os fhe originoI messoge.

As discussed eorIier, fhe frequency of oII of fhe sinewoves in fhe sompIed messoge con be
mofhemoficoIIy predicfed. PecoII fhof digifoI signoIs Iike fhe sompIing circuif's cIock signoI ore
mode up ouf of o DC voIfoge ond mony sinewoves (fhe fundomenfoI ond hormonics). As fhis is o
sompIe-ond-hoId sompIing scheme, fhe digifoI signoI funcfions os o series of puIses rofher fhon
o squorewove. This meons fhof fhe sompIed signoI's specfroI composifion consisfs of o DC
voIfoge, o fundomenfoI ond bofh even ond odd whoIe number muIfipIes of fhe fundomenfoI. For
exompIe, fhe 8kH; sompIing rofe of your sef-up consisfs of o DC voIfoge, on 8kH; sinewove
(fs), o IokH; sinewove (Zfs), o Z4kH; sinewove (3fs) ond so on.

The muIfipIicofion of fhe sompIing signoI's DC componenf wifh fhe sinewove messoge gives o
sinewove of fhe some frequency os fhe messoge ond you hove jusf Iocofed fhis in fhe sompIed
signoI's specfrum.

Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-Ib

The muIfipIicofion of fhe sompIing signoI's fundomenfoI wifh fhe sinewove messoge gives o poir
of sinewoves equoI fo fhe fundomenfoI frequency pIus ond minus fhe messoge frequency. Thof
is, if gives o okH; sinewove (8kH; - ZkH;) ond o I0kH; sinewove (8kH; + ZkH;).

In oddifion fo fhis, fhe muIfipIicofion of fhe sompIing signoI's hormonics wifh fhe sinewove
messoge gives poirs of sinewoves equoI fo fhe hormonics' frequency pIus ond minus fhe messoge
frequency. Thof is, fhe signoI oIso consisfs of sinewoves of fhe foIIowing frequencies: I4kH;
(IokH; - ZkH;), I8kH; (IokH; + ZkH;), ZZkH; (Z4kH; - ZkH;), ZokH; (Z4kH; + ZkH;) ond so
on.

AII of fhese sum ond difference sinewoves in fhe sompIed signoI ore oppropriofeIy known os
oIioses.

34. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo Iocofe ond meosure fhe exocf frequency of fhe
sompIed signoI's firsf six oIioses. Pecord your meosuremenfs in TobIe I beIow.

Tip: Their frequencies wiII be cIose fo fhose Iisfed obove.

TubIe 1
AIius 1 AIius 4
AIius Z AIius
AIius 3 AIius

Why uren't the uIius frequencies euctIy us predicted?
You wiII hove nofice fhof fhe meosured frequencies of your oIioses don'f exocfIy
mofch fhe fheoreficoIIy predicfed voIues. This is nof o fIow in fhe fheory. To expIoin,
fhe Emono DATEx hos been designed so fhof fhe signoIs ouf of fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe ore synchronised. This is o necessory condifion for fhe impIemenfofion of mony
of fhe moduIofion schemes in fhis monuoI. To ochieve fhis synchronisofion, fhe 8kH;
ond ZkH; signoIs ore derived from o I00kH; mosfer crysfoI osciIIofor. As o
consequence, fheir frequencies ore ocfuoIIy 8.3kH; ond Z.08kH;.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-Io

Purt D - Peconstructing u sumpIed messuge
Mow fhof you hove proven fhof fhe sompIed messoge consisfs of o sinewove of fhe originoI
messoge frequency, if's eosy fo undersfond how o Iow-poss fiIfer con be used fo "reconsfrucf"
fhe originoI messoge. The LPF con pick-ouf fhe sinewove of fhe originoI messoge frequency ond
rejecf fhe ofher higher frequency sinewoves. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.

3b. Suspend fhe SignoI AnoIy;er VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

Note: The onoIy;er's dispIoy shouId free;e.

3o. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking ifs Pun confroI once.

37. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP).

38. Check you now hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder



40. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
onfi-cIockwise.

4I. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

The sef-up in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. The
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe is used fo recover fhe messoge. The fiIfer is soid fo be
"funeobIe" becouse fhe poinf of which frequencies ore rejecfed (coIIed fhe cuf-off frequency)
is odjusfobIe.

Figure 10

Af fhis poinf fhere shouId be nofhing ouf of fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe. This is
becouse if hos been sef fo rejecf oImosf oII frequencies, even fhe messoge. However, fhe cuf-
off frequency con be increosed by furning fhe moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI
cIockwise.

4Z. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency confroI
cIockwise ond sfop when fhe messoge signoI hos been reconsfrucfed ond is roughIy in
phose wifh fhe originoI messoge.


Peconsfrucfed
messoge
To CH I
TuneobIe
Low-poss fiIfer
SompIing Peconsfrucfion
IM
COMTPOL
S/ H
Messoge
To CH 0
ZkH;
8kH;


Purt E - AIiusing
Af presenf, fhe fiIfer is onIy Ieffing fhe messoge signoI fhrough fo fhe oufpuf. If is
comforfobIy rejecfing oII of fhe ofher sinewoves fhof moke up fhe sompIed messoge (fhe
oIioses). This is onIy possibIe becouse fhe frequency of fhese ofher sinewoves is high enough.
PecoII from your eorIier meosuremenfs fhof fhe Iowesf frequency oIios is okH;.

PecoII oIso fhof fhe frequency of fhe oIioses is sef by fhe sompIing signoI's frequency (for o
given messoge). So, suppose fhe frequency of fhe sompIing signoI is Iowered. A copy of fhe
messoge wouId sfiII be produced becouse fhof's o funcfion of fhe sompIing signoI's DC
componenf. However, fhe frequency of fhe oIioses wouId oII go down. ImporfonfIy, if fhe
sompIing signoI's frequency is Iow enough, one or more of fhe oIioses poss fhrough fhe fiIfer
oIong wifh fhe messoge. ObviousIy, fhis wouId disforf fhe reconsfrucfed messoge which is o
probIem known os oIiosing.

To ovoid oIiosing, fhe sompIing signoI's fheoreficoI minimum frequency is fwice fhe messoge
frequency (or fwice fhe highesf frequency in fhe messoge if if confoins more fhon one
sinewove ond is o bosebond signoI). This figure is known os fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe ond heIps
fo ensure fhof fhe frequency of fhe non-messoge sinewoves in fhe sompIed signoI is higher fhon
fhe messoge's frequency. Thof soid, fiIfers oren'f perfecf. Their rejecfion of frequencies
beyond fhe cuf-off is groduoI rofher fhon insfonfoneous. So in procfice fhe sompIing signoI's
frequency needs fo be o IiffIe higher fhon fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you vory fhe sompIing signoI's frequency fo observe
oIiosing.


44. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for on 8kH; oufpuf.

Note: If's nof necessory fo odjusf ony ofher confroIs os fhe funcfion generofor's SYMC
oufpuf wiII be used ond fhis is o digifoI signoI.


4b. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure IZ beIow. Mofice fhof fhe
sompIing signoI is now provided by fhe funcfion generofor which hos on odjusfobIe frequency.

Figure 1Z

Messoge
To CH 0
Peconsfrucfed
messoge
To CH I
SompIing Peconsfrucfion
IM
COMTPOL
Funcfion
0enerofor
VoriobIe
frequency
S/ H
ZkH;
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-Z0
Af fhis poinf, fhe sompIing of fhe messoge ond ifs reconsfrucfion shouId be working os before.

4o. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b00ps/div posifion.

47. Peduce fhe frequency of fhe frequency generofor's oufpuf by I000H; ond observe fhe
effecf fhis hos (if ony) on fhe reconsfrucfed messoge signoI.

Note: 0ive fhe funcfion generofor fime fo oufpuf fhe new frequency before you chonge
if ogoin.

48. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's
oufpuf ond connecf if fo fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's S&H oufpuf.

49. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion.

b0. Pesforf fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI.

Question 4
Whof hos hoppened fo fhe sompIed signoI's oIioses7

bI. Suspend fhe signoI onoIy;er VI's operofion.

bZ. Pesforf fhe scope's VI.

b3. Pefurn fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf.

b4. Pepeof Sfeps 47 fo b3 unfiI fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency is 3000H;.

Question
Whof's fhe nome of fhe disforfion fhof oppeors when fhe sompIing frequency is Iow
enough7

Question
Whof hoppens fo fhe sompIed signoI's Iowesf frequency oIios when fhe sompIing rofe is
4kH;7

Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-ZI

bb. If you've nof done so oIreody, repeof Sfeps bI fo b3.

bo. Increose fhe frequency of fhe frequency generofor's oufpuf in Z00H; sfeps ond sfop
fhe when fhe recovered messoge is o sfobIe, cIeon copy of fhe originoI.

b7. Pecord fhis frequency in TobIe Z beIow.

TubIe Z Frequency
Minimum sumpIing
frequency {without uIiusing}

Question 7
0iven fhe messoge is o ZkH; sinewove, whof's fhe fheoreficoI minimum frequency for fhe
sompIing signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe nofes on poge I3-I8.

Question
Why is fhe ocfuoI minimum sompIing frequency fo obfoin o reconsfrucfed messoge
wifhouf oIiosing disforfion higher fhon fhe fheoreficoI minimum fhof you coIcuIofed for
Quesfion b7



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion I3-ZZ

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
4

-

P
C
M

e
n
c
o
d
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-Z

Eperiment 14 - PCM encoding
As you know, digifoI fronsmission sysfems ore sfeodiIy repIocing onoIog sysfems in commercioI
communicofions oppIicofions. This is especioIIy frue in feIecommunicofions. Thof being fhe cose,
on undersfonding of digifoI fronsmission sysfems is crucioI for fechnicoI peopIe in fhe
communicofions ond feIecommunicofions indusfries. The remoining experimenfs in fhis book use
fhe Emono DATEx fo infroduce you fo severoI of fhese sysfems sforfing wifh puIse code
moduIofion (PCM).

PCM is o sysfem for converfing onoIog messoge signoIs fo o serioI sfreom of 0s ond Is. The
conversion process is coIIed encoding. Af ifs simpIesf, encoding invoIves:

SompIing fhe onoIog signoI's voIfoge of reguIor infervoIs using o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme
(demonsfrofed in Experimenf I3).

Comporing eoch sompIe fo o sef of reference voIfoges coIIed quonfisofion IeveIs.

Deciding which quonfisofion IeveI fhe sompIed voIfoge is cIosesf fo.

0enerofing fhe binory number for fhof quonfisofion IeveI.

Oufpuffing fhe binory number one bif of o fime (fhof is, in serioI form).

Toking fhe nexf sompIe ond repeofing fhe process.

An issue fhof is crucioI fo fhe performonce of fhe PCM sysfem is fhe encoder's cIock
frequency. The cIock feIIs fhe PCM encoder when fo sompIe ond, os fhe previous experimenf
shows, fhis musf be of Ieosf fwice fhe messoge frequency fo ovoid oIiosing (or, if fhe messoge
confoins more fhon one sinewove, of Ieosf fwice ifs highesf frequency).

Anofher imporfonf PCM performonce issue reIofes fo fhe difference befween fhe sompIe
voIfoge ond fhe quonfisofion IeveIs fhof if is compored fo. To expIoin, mosf sompIed voIfoges
wiII nof be fhe some os ony of fhe quonfisofion IeveIs. As menfioned obove, fhe PCM Encoder
ossigns fo fhe sompIe fhe quonfisofion IeveI fhof is cIosesf fo if. However, in fhe process, fhe
originoI sompIe's voIue is Iosf ond fhe difference is known os quonfisofion error. ImporfonfIy,
fhe error is reproduced when fhe PCM dofo is decoded by fhe receiver becouse fhere is no woy
for fhe receiver fo know whof fhe originoI sompIe voIfoge wos. The si;e of fhe error is
offecfed by fhe number of quonfisofion IeveIs. The more quonfisofion IeveIs fhere ore (for o
given ronge of sompIe voIfoges) fhe cIoser fhey ore fogefher. This meons fhof fhe difference
befween fhe quonfisofion IeveIs ond fhe sompIes is smoIIer ond so fhe error is Iower.

Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-3
A IittIe informution ubout the PCM Encoder moduIe on the Emonu DATE
The PCM Encoder moduIe uses o PCM encoding ond decoding chip (coIIed o codec) fo converf
onoIog voIfoges befween -ZV ond +ZV fo on 8-bif binory number. Wifh eighf bifs, if's possibIe fo
produce Zbo differenf numbers befween 00000000 ond IIIIIIII incIusive. This in furn meons
fhof fhere ore Zbo quonfisofion IeveIs (one for eoch number).

Eoch binory number is fronsmiffed in serioI form in fromes. The number's mosf significonf bif
(coIIed bif-7) is senf firsf, bif-o is senf nexf ond so on fo fhe Ieosf significonf bif (bif-0). The
PCM Encoder moduIe oIso oufpufs o seporofe Frome Synchronisofion signoI (FS) fhof goes high
of fhe some fime fhof bif-0 is oufpuffed. The FS signoI hos been incIuded fo heIp wifh PCM
decoding (discussed in fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf Ib) buf if con oIso be used fo
heIp "frigger" o scope when Iooking of fhe signoIs fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe generofes.

Figure I beIow shows on exompIe of fhree fromes of o PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf dofo (eoch
bif is shown os bofh o 0 ond o I becouse if couId be eifher) fogefher wifh ifs cIock inpuf ond ifs
FS oufpuf.

Figure 1

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe PCM Encoder moduIe on fhe Emono DATEx fo converf fhe
foIIowing fo PCM: o fixed DC voIfoge, o voriobIe DC voIfoge ond o confinuousIy chonging signoI.
In fhe process, you'II verify fhe operofion of PCM encoding ond invesfigofe quonfisofion error o
IiffIe.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - An introduction to PCM encoding using u stutic DC voItuge










9. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for o I0kH; oufpuf.


Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-b



Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The PCM Encoder
moduIe is cIocked by fhe funcfion generofor oufpuf. Ifs onoIog inpuf is connecfed fo 0V DC.

Figure 3

FS
To CH 0
Funcfion
0enerofor
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
PCM Encoder
I0kH;
OV
PCM cIock
To CH I
PCM
ENCODER
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 1
PCM
FS INPUT2
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-o

II. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP).

IZ. Check you now hove soff confroI over fhe DATEx by ocfivofing fhe PCM Encoder


I3. Locofe fhe PCM Encoder moduIe on fhe Emono DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff Mode swifch
fo fhe PCM posifion.


Ib. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing
chonges:

ScoIe confroI for bofh chonneIs fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo DC insfeod of AC
Trigger LeveI confroI fo ZV insfeod of 0V
Timebose confroI fo Z00ps/div insfeod of b00ps/div

Io. Sef fhe scope's SIope confroI fo fhe posifion.

Seffing fhe SIope confroI fo fhe "-" posifion mokes fhe scope sforf ifs sweep ocross fhe screen
when fhe FS signoI goes from high fo Iow insfeod of Iow fo high. You con reoIIy nofice fhe
difference befween fhe fwo seffings if you fIip fhe scope's SIope confroI bock ond forfh. If
you do fhis, moke sure fhof fhe SIope confroI finishes on fhe "-" posifion.

Figure 4
I7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe
I00ps/div posifion.

Note 1: The FS signoI's puIse shouId be one
division wide os shown in Figure 4. If if's
nof, odjusf fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf
frequency unfiI if is.

Note Z: Seffing fhe funcfion generofor
fhis woy mokes eoch bif in fhe serioI dofo
sfreom one division wide on fhe groficuIe's
hori;onfoI oxis.


I8. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo observe
fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's CLI inpuf os weII os ifs FS oufpuf.

Tip: To see fhe fwo woveforms cIeorIy, you moy need fo odjusf fhe scope so fhof fhe
fwo signoIs ore nof overIoyed.

I9. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow Ieoving enough room for o
fhird digifoI signoI.

Tip: Drow fhe cIock signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph poper ond fhe FS signoI in fhe
middIe fhird.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-8

Z0. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf os shown in
Figure b beIow.


Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. ChonneI I shouId now
dispIoy I0 bifs of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's dofo oufpuf. Peoding from fhe Ieff of fhe dispIoy,
fhe firsf 8 bifs beIong fo one frome ond fhe Iosf fwo bifs beIong fo fhe nexf frome.

Figure

FS
To CH 0
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
To CH I
OV
I0kH;
PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


ZI. Drow fhis woveform fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.

Question 1
Indicofe on your drowing fhe sforf ond end of fhe frome. Tip: If you're nof sure where
fhese poinfs ore, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
Indicofe on your drowing fhe sforf ond end of eoch bif.

Question 3
Indicofe on your drowing which bif is bif-0 ond which is bif-7.

Question 4
Whof is fhe binory number fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe is oufpuffing7

Question
Why does fhe PCM Encoder moduIe oufpuf fhis code for 0V DC ond nof 00000007


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-I0

Purt - PCM encoding of u vuriubIe DC voItuge
So for, you hove used fhe PCM Encoder moduIe fo converf o fixed DC voIfoge (0V) fo PCM. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof hoppens when you vory fhe DC voIfoge.

ZZ. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.

Z3. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies fwo oufpufs fo 0V.

Z4. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod connecfed fo fhe ground sockef.


Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 on fhe nexf poge. The MI
ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies is used fo Ief you vory fhe DC voIfoge on fhe PCM Encoder
moduIe's inpuf. The scope's exfernoI frigger inpuf is used fo obfoin o sfobIe dispIoy.

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT2
INPUT 1
PCM
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-II

Figure

Zo. Defermine fhe code on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Tip: Pemember, fhe firsf eighf hori;onfoI divisions of fhe scope's groficuIe correspond
wifh one frome of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Note: You shouId find fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf is o binory number fhof is
reosonobIy cIose fo fhe code you defermined eorIier when fhe moduIe's inpuf wos
connecfed direcfIy fo ground.


FS
To CH 0
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
To CH I
VoriobIe Power
SuppIies I0kH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-IZ

Z7. Increose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' negofive oufpuf voIfoge in -0.IV incremenfs ond
nofe whof hoppens fo fhe binory number on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Tip: This is eosiesf fo do by simpIy fyping fhe required voIfoge in fhe fieId under fhe
negofive oufpuf's VoIfoge confroI. When you do, don'f forgef fo puf o minus sign in fronf
of fhe voIfoge you enfer.

Question
Whof hoppens fo fhe binory number os fhe inpuf voIfoge increoses in fhe negofive
direcfion7

Z8. Defermine fhe firsf insfonce of fhe chonging negofive voIfoge fhof produces fhe number
00000000 on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z9. Pecord fhis voIfoge in TobIe I beIow.

TubIe 1
PCM Encoder's
output code
PCM Encoder's
input voItuge
00000000


Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-I3


Figure 9

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
FS
To CH 0
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
To CH I
VoriobIe Power
SuppIies I0kH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-I4

3I. Increose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf voIfoge in +0.IV incremenfs ond
nofe whof hoppens fo fhe binory number on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Question 7
Whof hoppens fo fhe binory number os fhe inpuf voIfoge increoses in fhe posifive
direcfion7

3Z. Defermine fhe Iowesf posifive voIfoge fhof produces fhe number IIIIIIII on fhe PCM
Encoder moduIe's oufpuf.

33. Pecord fhis voIfoge in TobIe Z beIow.

TubIe Z
PCM Encoder's
output code
PCM Encoder's
input voItuge
11111111

Question
8osed on fhe informofion in TobIes I & Z, whof is fhe moximum oIIowobIe peok-fo-peok
voIfoge for on AC signoI on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's IMPUT7

Question 9
CoIcuIofe fhe difference befween fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's quonfisofion IeveIs by
subfrocfing fhe voIues in TobIes I & Z ond dividing fhe number by Zbo (fhe number of
codes).


Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-Ib

Purt C - PCM encoding of continuousIy chunging voItuges
Mow Ief's see whof hoppens when fhe PCM encoder is used fo converf confinuousIy chonging
signoIs Iike o sinewove.

34. CIose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.

3b. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf.

3o. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

37. Sef fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency fo b0kH;.

38. Wofch fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope's dispIoy.

Question 10
Why does fhe code on PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf chonge confinuousIy7


PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT1
PCM
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - PCM encoding I4-Io

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
b

-

P
C
M

d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-Z

Eperiment 1 - PCM decoding
The previous experimenf infroduced you fo fhe bosics of puIse code moduIofion (PCM) which
you'II recoII is o sysfem for converfing messoge signoIs fo o confinuous serioI sfreom of binory
numbers (encoding). Pecovering fhe messoge from fhe serioI sfreom of binory numbers is coIIed
decoding.

Af ifs simpIesf, decoding invoIves:

Idenfifying eoch new frome in fhe dofo sfreom.

Exfrocfing fhe binory numbers from eoch frome.

0enerofing o voIfoge fhof is proporfionoI fo fhe binory number.

HoIding fhe voIfoge on fhe oufpuf unfiI fhe nexf frome hos been decoded (forming o puIse
ompIifude moduIofion (PAM) version of fhe originoI messoge signoI).

Peconsfrucfing fhe messoge by possing fhe PAM signoI fhrough o Iow-poss fiIfer.

The PCM decoder's cIock frequency is crucioI fo fhe correcf operofion of simpIe decoding
sysfems. If if's nof fhe some frequency os fhe encoder's cIock, some of fhe fronsmiffed bifs
ore reod fwice whiIe ofhers ore compIefeIy missed. This resuIfs in some of fhe fronsmiffed
numbers being incorrecfIy inferprefed, which in furn couses fhe PCM decoder fo oufpuf on
incorrecf voIfoge. The error is oudibIe if if occurs offen enough. Some decoders monoge fhis
issue by being obIe fo "seIf-cIock".

There is onofher issue crucioI fo PCM decoding. The decoder musf be obIe fo defecf fhe
beginning of eoch frome. If fhis isn'f done correcfIy, every number is incorrecfIy inferprefed.
The synchronising of fhe fromes con be monoged in one of fwo woys. The PCM encoder con
generofe o specioI frome synchronisofion signoI fhof con be used by fhe decoder fhough fhis
hos fhe disodvonfoge of needing on oddifionoI signoI fo be senf. AIfernofiveIy, o frome
synchronisofion code con be embedded in fhe serioI dofo sfreom fhof is used by fhe decoder
fo work ouf when fhe frome sforfs.

Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-3
A IittIe informution ubout the DATE PCM Decoder moduIe
Like fhe PCM Encoder moduIe on fhe Emono DATEx, fhe PCM Decoder moduIe works wifh 8-bif
binory numbers. For 00000000 fhe PCM Decoder moduIe oufpufs -ZV ond for IIIIIIII if
oufpufs +ZV. For numbers in befween, fhe oufpuf is o proporfionoI voIfoge befween ZV. For
exompIe, fhe number I0000000 is hoIf woy befween 00000000 ond IIIIIIII ond so for fhis
inpuf fhe moduIe oufpufs 0V (which is hoIf woy befween +ZV ond -ZV).

The PCM Decoder moduIe is nof seIf-cIocking ond so if needs o digifoI signoI on fhe CLI inpuf fo
operofe. ImporfonfIy, for fhe PCM Decoder moduIe fo correcfIy decode fhe PCM dofo
generofed by fhe PCM Encoder moduIe, if musf hove fhe some cIock signoI. In ofher words, fhe
decoder's cIock musf be "sfoIen" from fhe encoder.

SimiIorIy, fhe PCM Decoder moduIe connof seIf-defecf fhe beginning of eoch new frome ond so
if musf hove o frome synchronisofion signoI on ifs FS inpuf fo do fhis.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo converf o sinewove ond speech fo o PCM
dofo sfreom fhen converf if fo o PAM signoI using fhe PCM Decoder moduIe. For fhis fo work
correcfIy, fhe decoder's cIock ond frome synchronisofion signoI ore simpIy "sfoIen" fhe PCM
Encoder moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe messoge using fhe TuneobIe Low-poss fiIfer moduIe.

If shouId foke you obouf 4b minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-4

Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the PCM encoder
To experimenf wifh PCM decoding you need PCM dofo. The firsf porf of fhe experimenf gefs
you fo sef up o PCM encoder.










9. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf fo 0V.

DATEx boord.

II. Sef fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's soff Mode swifch fo fhe PCM posifion.

Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-b

IZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.


Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow. The PCM Encoder
moduIe is cIocked by fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf. Ifs onoIog inpuf is
fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf.

Figure Z

PCM
ENCODER
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 1
PCM
FS INPUT2
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
FS
To CH 0
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
To CH I
Mosfer
SignoIs
I00kH;
VoriobIe Power
SuppIies

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-o


I4. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I (poge I-IZ) wifh fhe foIIowing
chonges:

ScoIe confroI for bofh chonneIs fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo DC insfeod of AC
Trigger LeveI confroI fo ZV insfeod of 0V
Timebose confroI fo I0ps/div insfeod of b00ps/div

Ib. Sef fhe scope's SIope confroI fo fhe "-" posifion.

Io. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf (by checking fhe ChonneI I EnobIed box) fo observe
fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf os weII os ifs FS oufpuf.

I7. Vory fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf VoIfoge confroI Ieff ond righf (buf
don'f exceed Z.bV).

Note: If your sef-up is working correcfIy, fhis Iosf sfep shouId couse fhe number on PCM
Encoder moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf fo go down ond up. If if does, corry on fo fhe nexf
sfep. If nof, check your wiring or osk fhe insfrucfor for heIp.

I8. CIose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.

I9. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI.

Z0. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor using ifs soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: b00H;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

ZI. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf.




Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. Mofice fhof fhe PCM
Encoder moduIe's inpuf is now fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf.

Figure 4

As fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's inpuf is o sinewove, fhe moduIe's inpuf voIfoge is confinuousIy
chonging. This meons fhof you shouId nofice fhe PCM DATA oufpuf chonging confinuousIy oIso.

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
FS
To CH 0
IM
CLI
PCM dofo
To CH I
Funcfion
0enerofor
I00kH;
b00H;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-8

Purt - Decoding the PCM dutu

Z3. Deocfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf.


Figure

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o on fhe nexf poge.
Mofice fhof fhe decoder's cIock ond frome synchronisofion informofion ore "sfoIen" from fhe
encoder.

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure

Zb. Adjusf fhe scope os foIIows:

ScoIe confroI for bofh chonneIs fo IV/div
CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo AC
Trigger LeveI confroI fo 0V
SIope confroI bock fo fhe "+" posifion
Timebose confroI fo b00ps/div

Zo. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf os weII
os fhe messoge signoI.

Question 1
Whof does fhe PCM Decoder's "sfepped" oufpuf feII you obouf fhe fype of signoI fhof if
is7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion for fhis experimenf or for
Experimenf I3.


"SfoIen" FS
IM
CLI
OUTPUT
To CH I
Messoge
To CH 0
PCM
DATA "SfoIen" CLI
PCM Decoder
PCM Encoding PCM Decoding
I00kH;
b00H;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-I0

The PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf signoI Iooks very simiIor fo fhe messoge. However, fhey're
nof fhe some. Pemember fhof o "sompIed" messoge confoins mony sinewoves in oddifion fo fhe
messoge. The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you verify fhis using fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic
SignoI AnoIy;er.

Z7. Suspend fhe scope's VI.

Z8. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Z9. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo 40,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3


30. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors (by checking Cursors On box).

3I. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo exomine fhe frequency of fhe significonf
sinewoves fhof moke up fhe sompIed messoge.

3Z. Use fhe CI cursor fo Iocofe fhe sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge fhof hos fhe some fhe
frequency os fhe originoI messoge.


Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-II

You hove probobIy jusf noficed fhof some of fhe exfro sinewoves in fhe sompIed messoge ore
of oudibIe frequencies (fhof is, befween obouf Z0H; ond Z0kH;, ond in porficuIor fhose obouf
IZ.bkH;). This meons fhof, oIfhough fhe messoge ond sompIed messoges ore simiIor in shope,
you moy be obIe fo heor o difference befween fhem. Ieep in mind fhof mony of fhe componenfs
beIow fhe -40d8 Iine ore nof significonf. SignoIs fhof ore visuoIIy beIow fhis IeveI (buf bigger
numericoIIy) ore Iess fhon I7 of fhe IeveI of ony signoIs of 0d8.

Where do these "etru" components come from?
As fhe dofo cIock rofe is I00kH;, fhe "frome rofe" is I/8fh of fhof becouse fhere ore
8 bifs per frome. Therefore, fhe PCM sysfem is sompIing fhe messoge of IZ.bkH; or
every 80ps.

ImporfonfIy, fhis meons fhof fhe PCM moduIe's oufpuf chonges voIfoge in sfeps every
80ps. The specfroI composifion of fhese sfeps creofes exfro "imoges" of fhe messoge
of IZ.bkH;, Z x IZ.bkH; (ZbkH;), 3 x IZ.bkH; (37.bkH;) ond so on. If is fhese "imoges"
fhof you con see in fhe specfrum.

33. Add fhe AmpIifier moduIe fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow Ieoving fhe scope's
connecfions os fhey ore.

Figure 7

34. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

3b. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
OUT IN
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-IZ

3o. Puf fhe heodphones on.

37. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI cIockwise unfiI you con comforfobIy heor
fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf.

38. Lisfen fo how fhe sompIed messoge sounds ond commif if fo memory.

39. Disconnecf fhe AmpIifier moduIe's Ieod where if pIugs fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's
oufpuf.

40. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow, ogoin Ieoving fhe scope's connecfions os
fhey ore.

Figure

4I. Compore fhe sound of fhe fwo signoIs. You shouId nofice fhof fhey're simiIor buf cIeorIy
differenf.

Question Z
Whof musf be done fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf fo reconsfrucf fhe messoge
properIy7


PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
OUT IN
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0

Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-I3

Purt C - Encoding und decoding speech
So for, fhis experimenf hos encoded ond decoded o sinewove for fhe messoge. The nexf porf
of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhe some wifh speech.

4Z. CIose fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI ond resforf fhe scope's VI.

43. Adjusf fhe scope so fhof you con observe fwo or so cycIes of fhe originoI ond sompIed
messoges ogoin.

Tip: Don'f forgef fo check fhof fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI is sef fo fhe CH 0
posifion.

44. CompIefeIy remove fhe AmpIifier moduIe from fhe sef-up whiIe Ieoving fhe resf of fhe
Ieods in pIoce.

4b. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf.

4o. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

47. Hum ond foIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.


PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-I4

Purt D - Pecovering the messuge
As menfioned eorIier, fhe messoge con be reconsfrucfed from fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's
oufpuf signoI using o Iow-poss fiIfer. This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.


49. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
onfi-cIockwise.

b0. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

bI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure II on fhe nexf poge. The
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe is used fo reconsfrucf fhe originoI messoge from fhe PCM
Decoder moduIe's PAM oufpuf.

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-Ib

Figure 11

bZ. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency confroI
cIockwise ond sfop fhe momenf fhe messoge signoI hos been reconsfrucfed (ignoring
phose shiff).

The fwo signoIs ore cIeorIy fhe some so Ief's see whof your heoring feIIs you.

b3. Add fhe AmpIifier moduIe fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure IZ beIow Ieoving fhe scope's
connecfions os fhey ore.

Figure 1Z
PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
FS
IM
CLI
Messoge
To CH 0
PCM
DATA CLI
Messoge
To CH I
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
Peconsfrucfion
I00kH;
b00H;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - PCM decoding Ib-Io

b4. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

bb. Puf fhe heodphones on.

bo. Turn fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI cIockwise unfiI you con comforfobIy heor
fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf.

b7. Commif fhe recovered messoge's sound fo memory.

b8. Disconnecf fhe AmpIifier moduIe's Ieod where if pIugs fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's
oufpuf ond connecf if fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf (in fhe some woy fhof you did
when wiring fhe sef-up in Figure 8).

b9. Compore fhe sound of fhe fwo signoIs. You shouId find fhof fhey're very simiIor.

Question 3
Even fhough fhe fwo signoIs Iook ond sound fhe some, why isn'f fhe reconsfrucfed
messoge o perfecf copy of fhe originoI messoge7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion for Experimenf I4.


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
o

-

8
o
n
d
w
i
d
f
h

I
i
m
i
f
i
n
g

o
n
d

r
e
s
f
o
r
i
n
g

d
i
g
i
f
o
I

s
i
g
n
o
I
s

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-Z

Eperiment 1 - undwidth Iimiting und restoring digituI signuIs
In fhe cIossicoI communicofions modeI, infeIIigence (fhe messoge) moves from o fronsmiffer fo
o receiver over o chonneI. A number of fronsmission medio con be used for fhe chonneI
incIuding: mefoI conducfors (such os fwisfed-poir or cooxioI cobIe), opficoI fibre ond free-spoce
(whof peopIe generoIIy coII fhe "oirwoves").

PegordIess of fhe medium used, oII chonneIs hove o bondwidfh. Thof is, fhe medium Iefs o
ronge of signoI frequencies poss reIofiveIy unoffecfed whiIe frequencies oufside fhe ronge ore
mode smoIIer (or offenuofed). In fhis woy, fhe chonneI ocfs Iike o fiIfer.

This issue hos imporfonf impIicofions. PecoII fhof fhe moduIofed signoI in onoIog moduIofion
schemes (such os AM) consisfs of mony sinewoves. If fhe medium's bondwidfh isn'f wide
enough, some of fhe sinewoves ore offenuofed ond ofhers con be removed oIfogefher. In bofh
coses, fhis couses fhe demoduIofed signoI (fhe recovered messoge) fo no-Ionger be o foifhfuI
reproducfion of fhe originoI.

SimiIorIy, recoII fhof digifoI signoIs ore oIso mode up of mony sinewoves (coIIed fhe
fundomenfoI ond hormonics). Agoin, if fhe medium's bondwidfh isn'f wide enough, some of fhem
ore offenuofed ond/or removed ond fhis con chonge fhe signoI's shope.

To iIIusfrofe fhis Iosf poinf, Figure I beIow shows whof hoppens when oII buf fhe firsf fwo of o
squorewove's sinewoves ore removed. As you con see, fhe signoI is disforfed.

Figure 1

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-3
Moking moffers worse, fhe chonneI is Iike o fiIfer in fhof if shiffs fhe phose of sinewoves by
differenf omounfs. Agoin, fo iIIusfrofe, Figure Z beIow shows fhe signoI in Figure I buf wifh one
of ifs fwo sinewoves phose shiffed by 40".

Figure Z

Imogine fhe difficuIfy o digifoI receiver circuif such os o PCM decoder wouId hove frying fo
inferpref fhe Iogic IeveI of o signoI Iike Figure Z. Some, ond possibIy mony, of fhe codes wouId
be misinferprefed ond incorrecf voIfoges generofed. The mokes fhe recovered messoge "noisy"
which is obviousIy o probIem.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo sef up o PCM communicofions sysfem. Then
you'II modeI bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI by infroducing o Iow-poss fiIfer. You'II observe
fhe effecf of bondwidfh Iimifing on fhe PCM dofo using o scope. FinoIIy, you'II use o comporofor
fo resfore o digifoI signoI ond observe ifs Iimifofions.

If shouId foke you obouf b0 minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf ond on oddifionoI Z0 minufes
fo compIefe fhe Eye-0roph oddendum.

Equipment

Three 8MC fo Zmm bonono-pIug Ieods

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-4
Procedure

Purt A - The effects of bundwidth Iimiting on PCM decoding
As menfioned in fhe preIiminory discussion, bondwidfh Iimifing in o chonneI con disforf digifoI
signoIs ond upsef fhe operofion of fhe receiver. This porf of fhe experimenf demonsfrofes fhis
using o PCM fronsmission sysfem.










specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: Z0H;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

I0. Minimise fhe funcfion generofor's VI.

II. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

IZ. Sef fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's soff Mode swifch fo fhe PCM posifion.

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-b


Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. The PCM Encoder
moduIe converfs fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo o digifoI signoI which fhe PCM Decoder
refurns fo o sompIed version of fhe originoI signoI. ImporfonfIy, fhe pofch Ieod fhof connecfs
fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's PCM DATA inpuf is
fhe communicofion sysfem's "chonneI".

Figure 4

PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
"SfoIen" FS
IM
CLI
Oufpuf
To CH I
Messoge
To CH 0
"SfoIen" CLI
The chonneI
Mosfer
SignoIs
ZkH;
Funcfion
0enerofor
Z0H;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-o


Ib. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonge:

Timebose confroI fo I0ms/div insfeod of b00ps/div

Io. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf os weII
os fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's inpuf.

Note: If fhe sef-up is working, you shouId see o Z0H; sinewove for fhe messoge ond ifs
sompIed equivoIenf ouf of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe.

I7. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin

I8. Sef fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fo
obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

I9. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure


PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
DECODER
FS
PCM
DATA
CLK OUTPUT
TDM
OUTPUT2
GND
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

The sef-up in Figure b con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. The
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe modeIs bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI.

Figure

Z0. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf
confroI onfi-cIockwise.

Tip: Use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys fo moke fine odjusfmenf of fhis confroI.

ZI. Sfop fhe momenf fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf confoins fhe occosionoI error.

Question 1
Whof's cousing fhe errors on fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf7 Tip: If you're nof sure,
see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
If fhis were o communicofions sysfem fronsmiffing speech, whof wouId fhese errors
sound Iike when fhe messoge is reconsfrucfed7

"SfoIen" FS
IM
CLI
OUTPUT
To CH I
Messoge
To CH 0
"SfoIen" CLI
TuneobIe LPF
ZkH;
Z0H;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-8

ZZ. Peduce fhe chonneI's bondwidfh furfher fo observe fhe effecf of severe bondwidfh
Iimifing of fhe chonneI on fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf.

You hove jusf seen whof bondwidfh Iimifing hos done fo fhe sompIed signoI in fhe fime domoin
so now Ief's Iook of whof hoppens in fhe frequency domoin.

Z3. Increose fhe chonneI's bondwidfh jusf unfiI fhe PCM Decoder's oufpuf no-Ionger confoins
errors.

Z4. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

Zb. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Zo. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo I,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3




Z7. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors (by checking Cursors On box).

Z8. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo exomine fhe frequency of fhe sinewoves fhof moke
up fhe sompIed messoge.

Z9. Use fhe CI cursor fo Iocofe fhe sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge fhof hos fhe some fhe
frequency os fhe originoI messoge.

30. Peduce fhe chonneI's bondwidfh so fhof fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf confoins
occosionoI errors ond observe fhe effecf on fhe signoI's specfroI composifion.

Tip: Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's Iower dispIoy (which is bosicoIIy o scope) fo heIp you sef
fhe IeveI of errors.

3I. Peduce fhe chonneI's bondwidfh so fhof fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf is severeIy
bondwidfh Iimifed ond observe fhe effecf on fhe signoI's specfroI composifion.

Question 3
The signoI onoIy;er's froce shouId now be much smoofher fhon if wos before (fhof is,
fewer peoks ond froughs). Whof is fhis feIIing you obouf fhe specfroI composifion of fhe
PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf7

Question 4
These exfro sinewoves ore heord os noise. Why doesn'f fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer
moduIe remove fhem7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-I0

Purt - The effects of bundwidth Iimiting on u digituI signuI's shupe
You've seen how o chonneI's bondwidfh con upsef o receiver's operofion. Mow Ief's hove o Iook of
how if offecfs fhe shope of fhe digifoI signoI of fhe receiver's inpuf.

ImporfonfIy, digifoI signoIs fhof ore generofed by o messoge such os o sinewove, speech or
music connof be used for fhis porf of fhe experimenf. This is becouse fhe dofo sfreom is foo
irreguIor for fhe scope fo be obIe fo Iock onfo fhe signoI ond show o sfobIe sequence of Is ond
0s. To gef oround fhis probIem fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's 3Z-bif sequence is used fo
modeI o digifoI dofo signoI.

3Z. CIose fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI.

33. CompIefeIy dismonfIe fhe previous sef-up.

34. Sef fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

3b. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

3o. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff dip-swifches
fo 00.


Figure 7

Sequence 0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo
frigger fhe scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-II

Figure

38. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking ifs Pun confroI once.

39. Adjusf fhe foIIowing scope confroIs:

Trigger Type confroI fo DigifoI
Timebose confroI fo Ims/div

40. Mofe fhe effecfs of moking fhe chonneI's bondwidfh norrower by furning fhe TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise.

Question
Whof fwo fhings ore hoppening fo couse fhe digifoI signoI fo chonge shope7 Tip: If
you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.


CLI
8ondwidfh Iimifed
digifoI signoI
To CH I
ZkH;
SYMC
To TPI0
TuneobIe LPF
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
Sequence
0enerofor
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing 8W Iimifed chonneI

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-IZ

An obvious soIufion fo fhe probIem of bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI is fo use o fronsmission
medium fhof hos o sufficienfIy wide bondwidfh for fhe digifoI dofo. In principIe, fhis is o good
ideo fhof is used - cerfoin cobIe designs hove beffer bondwidfhs fhon ofhers. However, os
digifoI fechnoIogy spreods, fhere ore demonds fo push more ond more dofo down exisfing
chonneIs. To do so wifhouf sIowing fhings down requires fhof fhe fronsmission bif rofe be
increosed. This ends up hoving fhe some effecf os reducing fhe chonneI's bondwidfh. The nexf
porf of fhe experimenf demonsfrofes fhis.

4I. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise fo moke fhe chonneI's bondwidfh os wide os possibIe (obouf I3kH;).

4Z. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI.

43. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for o ZkH; oufpuf.


44. Check fhof fhe funcfion generofor's SignoI Poufe opfion (neor fhe boffom righf-hond
corner of fhe VI) is sef fo Profofyping 8oord.

Note: This musf be done fo prevenf fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf from being senf fo
fhe scope's TPI0 inpuf ond cousing o hordwore confIicf.

4b. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Note: As you hove sef up fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf for o signoI fhof's fhe some os
fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; DI0ITAL oufpuf, fhe signoIs on fhe scope shouIdn'f
chonge.

Figure 9

1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-I3

The sef-up in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. Mofice fhof
fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock is now provided by fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf ond
so if is voriobIe.

Figure 10

4o. To modeI increosing fhe fronsmission bif-rofe, increose fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf
frequency in b,000H; infervoIs unfiI fhe cIock is obouf b0kH;.

Tip: As you do fhis, you'II need fo odjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI os weII so fhof you
con properIy see fhe digifoI signoIs.

Question
Whof ofher chonge fo your communicofion sysfem disforfs fhe digifoI signoI in fhe some
woy os increosing ifs bif-rofe7

CLI
8ondwidfh Iimifed
digifoI signoI
To CH I
VoriobIe
frequency
SYMC
To TPI0
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
Funcfion
0enerofor
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing 8W Iimifed chonneI


Purt C - Pestoring digituI signuIs
As you hove seen, bondwidfh Iimifing disforfs digifoI signoIs. As you hove oIso seen, digifoI
receivers such os PCM decoders hove probIems frying fo inferpref bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI
signoIs. The froubIe is, bondwidfh Iimifing is oImosf inevifobIe ond ifs effecfs gef worse os fhe
digifoI signoI's bif-rofe increoses.

To monoge fhis probIem, fhe received digifoI signoI musf be cIeoned-up or "resfored" before if
is decoded. A device fhof is usefuI for fhis purpose is fhe comporofor. PecoII fhof fhe
comporofor ompIifies fhe difference befween fhe voIfoges on ifs fwo inpufs by on exfremeIy
Iorge omounf. This oIwoys produces o heoviIy cIipped or "squored-up" version of ony AC signoI
connecfed fo one inpuf if if swings obove ond beIow o DC voIfoge on fhe ofher inpuf.

As you know, ordinoriIy we ovoid cIipping buf in fhis cose if's very usefuI. The bondwidfh Iimifed
digifoI signoI is connecfed fo one of fhe comporofor's inpufs ond o voriobIe DC voIfoge is
connecfed fo fhe ofher. The bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI swings obove ond beIow fhe DC
voIfoge fo produce o digifoI signoI on fhe comporofor's oufpuf. Then, fhe voriobIe DC voIfoge is
odjusfed unfiI fhis hoppens of fhe righf poinfs in fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI for fhe
comporofor's oufpuf fo be o copy of fhe originoI digifoI signoI.

UnforfunofeIy, fhis simpIe yef cIever ideo hos ifs Iimifofions. Firsf, bondwidfh Iimifing con
disforf fhe digifoI signoI foo much for fhe comporofor fo resfore occurofeIy (fhof is, wifhouf
errors). Second, fhe chonneI con couse fhe received digifoI signoI (ond fhe hence fhe resfored
digifoI signoI) fo become phose shiffed. For reosons nof expIoined here fhis con couse ofher
probIems for receivers.

This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you resfore o bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI using o
comporofor ond observe fhese Iimifofions.


48. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf fo 0V.

49. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion.

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-Ib

b0. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fhen modify fhe sef-up os
shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure IZ beIow. The comporofor
on fhe UfiIifies moduIe is used fo resfore fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI.

Figure 1Z

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CLI
Pesfored
digifoI signoI
To CH I
SYMC
To TPI0
SYMC
DigifoI signoI
modeIIing
8W Iimifed
chonneI
PEF
IM
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
Pesforofion
ZkH;

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-Io

bI. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 7
AIfhough fhe resfored digifoI signoI is oImosf idenficoI fo fhe originoI digifoI signoI,
fhere is o difference. Con you see whof if is7 Tip: If you con'f, sef fhe scope's Timebose
confroI fo fhe I00ps/div posifion.

Question
Con fhis difference be ignored7 Why7


bZ. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion.

b3. Increose fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf in 0.ZV infervoIs ond observe fhe
effecf.

Question 9
Why do some DC voIfoges couse fhe comporofor fo oufpuf fhe wrong informofion7 Tip:
If you're nof sure, see fhe nofes on poge Io-I7.



b4. Pefurn fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf fo 0V.

bb. SIowIy moke fhe chonneI's bondwidfh norrower by furning fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer
moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise.

Note: As you do fhis, fhe phose difference befween fhe fwo digifoI signoIs wiII increose
buf ignore fhis.

Question 10
Why does fhe comporofor begin fo oufpuf fhe wrong informofion when fhis confroI is
furned for enough7

bo. Moke fhe chonneI's bondwidfh wider ond sfop when fhe comporofor's oufpuf is fhe some
os fhe originoI digifoI signoI (ignoring fhe phose shiff).

b7. Compore fhe resfored digifoI signoI wifh fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI by
modifying fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN


Question 11
How con fhe comporofor resfore fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI when if is so
disforfed7



Eye diugrums
PegordIess of whefher fhe digifoI dofo is received from o sofeIIife or fhe opficoI heod
of o CD drive, if's imporfonf fo be obIe fo inspecf ond fesf ifs disforfion (fhof is, fhe
chonneI bondwidfh & phose chorocferisfics) ond degrodofion (fhof is, fhe chonneI
noise). One mefhod of doing so invoIves using fhe received digifoI signoI fo deveIop on
Eye Diogrom.

Eye diogroms con be reodiIy sef-up using o sfond-oIone scope or on Eye Diogrom VirfuoI
Insfrumenf if fhe MI ELVIS II fesf equipmenf is being used. For bofh, muIfipIe sweeps
of fhe scope ore overIoyed one upon onofher producing o dispIoy much Iike Figure I
beIow.

Figure 1

As you con see, fhe spoces befween fhe Iogic-Is ond Iogic-0s produce "eyes" in fhe
cenfre of fhe dispIoy. ImporfonfIy, fhe greofer fhe effecf of bondwidfh Iimifing ond
phose disforfion, fhe Iess ideoI fhe Iogic IeveIs become ond so fhe eyes begin fo "cIose".
In oddifion, chonneI noise oppeors os errofic froces ocross fhe cenfre of fhe eye
fhough o scope wifh o very Iong persisfence is needed fo copfure fhem if fhe Eye
Diogrom VI is nof being used.

If fime permifs, fhis ocfivify gefs you fo deveIop on Eye Diogrom ond observe fhe
effecf of noise ond bondwidfh Iimifing on ifs eyes.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-Z0

I. CompIefeIy dismonfIe fhe exisfing sef-up.

Note: If you're offempfing fhis porf of fhe experimenf wifhouf hoving jusf compIefed
fhe previous porf, perform Sfeps I fo 7 on poge Io-4 ond Iounch fhe DATEx SFP.

Z. Check fhof fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's soff dip-swifches ore sef fo 00.


Figure Z


Figure 3
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CLI
8ondwidfh Iimifed
noisy digifoI signoI
8if-cIock
To CH I & TPI0
Funcfion
0enerofor
DigifoI signoI modeIIing Moisy & bondwidfh Iimifed chonneI
Sequence
0enerofor
8osebond
LPF
Moise
generofor
Adder
Moisy digifoI
signoI
To CH 0

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-ZI

The Sequence 0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs bif-cIock is provided
by fhe funcfion generofor so fhe dofo rofe con be voried. An Adder is used fo odd noise fo fhe
digifoI signoI fhof con be voried from -Z0d8 (Iowesf) fo 0d8 (highesf). The signoI is finoIIy
bondwidfh Iimifed by fhe 8osebond LPF.


b. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

Timebose confroI fo Ims/div insfeod of b00ps/div

o. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's bif-
cIock os weII os fhe digifoI dofo on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

7. Sef fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf frequency fo ZkH; using ifs soff confroIs.

Note: Once done, you shouId observe o digifoI signoI wifh on obvious noise componenf.

8. Increose fhe digifoI signoI's noise componenf fo -od8 ond observe fhe effecf.

9. Increose fhe digifoI signoI's noise componenf fo 0d8 ond observe fhe effecf.

I0. Pefurn fhe digifoI signoI's noise componenf fo -Z0d8.

II. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-ZZ

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow.

Figure

IZ. Pepeof Sfeps 9 ond I0 ond observe fhe effecf on fhe digifoI signoI.

Question 1
Why hos fhe noise disoppeored7

Note: AIfhough much of fhe noise hos been removed, fhis doesn'f meon fhof fhe digifoI signoI
is now unoffecfed. The remoining noise con sfiII disforf fhe digifoI signoI enough fo couse
errors of fhe receiver. You con see fhe errors for yourseIf if you compore fhe signoIs wifh -
Z0d8 ond 0d8 of noise.

CLI
8ondwidfh Iimifed
noisy digifoI signoI
To CH 0
8if-cIock
To CH I & TPI0
Funcfion
0enerofor
DigifoI signoI modeIIing Moisy & bondwidfh Iimifed chonneI
Sequence
0enerofor
8osebond
LPF
Moise
generofor
Adder

Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-Z3

I3. Sef fhe digifoI signoI's noise componenf fo -od8.

I4. CIose fhe scope's VI.

Ib. Lounch fhe DATEx Eye-0roph virfuoI insfrumenf per fhe insfrucfor's direcfions.

Note 1: The DATEx Eye-0roph VI wiII Iounch running.

Note Z: Wifhin o coupIe of seconds of fhe Eye-0roph VI sforfing, muIfipIe froces of fhe
scope's sweep for ChonneI 0 (fhe noisy bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI) ore wriffen on
fhe VI's screen. This wiII produce on eye groph simiIor fo fhe one shown in Figure I.

Note 3: If fhis doesn'f hoppen, you moy need fo seIecf o differenf device number fo fhe
defouIf. See fhe insfrucfor for heIp on fhis.

Io. Sfop fhe DATEx Eye-0roph VI by cIicking ifs STOP buffon.

I7. Increose digifoI signoI's noise componenf fo 0d8.

I8. Pun fhe Eye-0roph VI ogoin ond wofch if for o coupIe of minufes fo observe fhe effecf.

Question Z
Whof's fhe reIofionship befween fhe si;e of fhe eye ond fhe IeveI of noise fhof fhe
chonneI infroduces fo digifoI signoI7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Io-Z4

I9. Sfop fhe DATEx Eye-0roph VI.

Z0. Increose fhe digifoI signoI's dofo rofe by increosing fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's
bif-cIock fo 4kH;.

Note: 8y increosing fhe digifoI signoI's dofo rofe, you'II increose fhe effecf of bondwidfh
Iimifing.

ZI. Pun fhe Eye-0roph VI ogoin ond wofch if for o coupIe of minufes fo observe fhe effecf.

Question 3
Whof's fhe reIofionship befween fhe si;e of fhe eye ond fhe disforfion IeveI of fhe
received digifoI signoI7


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
7

-

A
m
p
I
i
f
u
d
e

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-Z

Eperiment 17 - AmpIitude Shift keying
An essenfioI porf of eIecfronic communicofions ond feIecommunicofions is fhe obiIify fo shore
fhe chonneI. This is frue regordIess of whefher fhe chonneI is copper wire, opficoI fibre or
free-spoce. If if's nof shored fhen fhere con onIy ever be one person fronsmiffing on if of o
fime. Think obouf fhe impIicofions of fhis for o momenf. Wifhouf fhe obiIify fo shore, fhere
couId onIy be one rodio or TV sfofion in eoch oreo. OnIy one mobiIe phone owner couId use fheir
phone in eoch ceII of ony one fime. And fhere wouId onIy be fhe some number of phone coIIs
befween ony fwo cifies os fhe number of copper wires or opficoI fibres fhof connecfed fhem.

So shoring fhe chonneI is essenfioI ond fhere ore severoI mefhods of doing so. One is coIIed
fime division muIfipIexing (TDM) ond invoIves giving fhe users excIusive occess fo fhe chonneI
for shorf periods of fime. On fhe foce of if, fhis fype of shoring mighf seem improcficoI.
Imogine giving oII mobiIe phone users in o ceII jusf o minufe or so fo moke fheir coII fhen hoving
fo woif unfiI fheir furn comes oround ogoin. However, TDM works weII when fhe occess fime is
exfremeIy shorf (Iess fhon o second) ond fhe rofe of fhe shoring is fosf. This oIIows muIfipIe
users fo oppeor fo hove occess oII of fhe some fime.

TDM is used for digifoI communicofions ond is ochieved by inferIeoving fhe users' dofo. Thof is,
o porfion of one user's dofo is fronsmiffed foIIowed by o porfion of fhe nexf user's dofo ond so
on. UnforfunofeIy, fhere's o cofch. If fhe messoge is reoI-fime informofion fhof connof offord
fo be deIoyed (Iike digifoIIy encoded speech) fhen, os fhe number of users increoses, so musf
fhe dofo's bif-rofe. However, Experimenf Io hos shown fhof doing so increoses fhe IikeIihood
of fhe chonneI's bondwidfh disforfing fhe signoI cousing errors of fhe receiver.

Anofher mefhod of shoring fhe chonneI is coIIed frequency division muIfipIexing (FDM) ond
invoIves giving fhe users excIusive ond uninferrupfed occess fo o porfion of fhe chonneI's rodio
frequency specfrum. To fronsmif fheir messoge fhe user musf superimpose if onfo o corrier
fhof sifs inside fheir oIIocofed bond of frequencies. This mefhod is used by broodcosf rodio
ond feIevision fo shore free-spoce.

FDM is oIso used for digifoI communicofions ond uses fhe some moduIofion schemes ovoiIobIe fo
onoIog communicofions incIuding: AM, DS8SC ond FM. When AM is used for muIfipIexing digifoI
dofo, if is known os ompIifude shiff keying (ASI). Ofher nomes incIude: on-off keying,
confinuous wove ond inferrupfed confinuous wove.

Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-3
Figure I beIow shows whof on ASI signoI Iooks Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof
hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof fhe ASI signoI's upper ond Iower Iimifs (fhe enveIopes) ore fhe some shope os fhe
dofo sfreom (fhough fhe Iower enveIope is inverfed). This is simuIfoneousIy on odvonfoge ond o
disodvonfoge of ASI. Pecovery of fhe dofo sfreom con be impIemenfed using o simpIe enveIope
defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf 8 for on expIonofion of fhe
enveIope defecfor's operofion). However, noise on fhe chonneI con chonge fhe enveIopes' shope
enough for fhe receiver fo inferpref fhe Iogic IeveIs incorrecfIy cousing errors (onoIog AM
communicofions hove fhe some probIem ond fhe errors ore heord os o hiss, crockIes ond pops).

ASI con be generofed by convenfionoI meons Iike fhe one modeIIed in Experimenf b. Here you'II
exomine fhe operofion of on oIfernofive mefhod fhof invoIves using fhe digifoI signoI fo swifch
fhe corrier's connecfion fo fhe chonneI on ond off.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe on ASI signoI using fhe swifching
mefhod. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe. You'II
fhen recover fhe dofo using o simpIe enveIope defecfor ond observe ifs disforfion. FinoIIy, you'II
use o comporofor fo resfore fhe dofo.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un ASk signuI









Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-b



Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The Sequence
0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo frigger fhe
scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe is used fo generofe fhe ASI
signoI.

Figure 3
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
ASI signoI
To CH I
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
SYMC
To TPI0
Sequence
0enerofor
CLI
ZkH;
CIock
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing
Mosfer
SignoIs
IM
COM
DuoI AnoIog
Swifch
ZkH;
corrier
ASI generofion
X

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-o


I0. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

ScoIe confroI for ChonneI 0 fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
Inpuf CoupIing confroIs for bofh chonneIs fo DC insfeod of AC
Timebose confroI fo Ims/div insfeod of b00ps/div

II. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf
ond fhe ASI signoI ouf of fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe.

IZ. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe digifoI signoI ond fhe presence of fhe corrier in
fhe ASI signoI7

Question Z
Whof is fhe ASI signoI's voIfoge when fhe digifoI signoI is Iogic-07



Mofice fhof fhe ASI signoI's corrier ond fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock ore fhe some
frequency (ZkH;). Moreover, nofice fhof fhey're from fhe some source - fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe.

This hos been done fo moke fhe ASI signoI eosy fo Iook of on fhe scope. However, if mokes fhe
sef-up improcficoI os o reoI ASI communicofions sysfem becouse fhe corrier ond fhe dofo
signoI's fundomenfoI ore foo cIose fogefher in frequency. For reosons expIoined in Experimenf
8 (see poges 8-II ond 8-IZ), fhis mokes recovering fhe digifoI dofo of fhe receiver difficuIf if
nof impossibIe.

IdeoIIy, fhe corrier frequency shouId be much higher fhon fhe bif-rofe of fhe digifoI signoI
(which is defermined by fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock frequency in fhis sef-up). The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo sef fhe corrier fo o more oppropriofe frequency. In
fhe process, fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's oufpuf wiII Iook more Iike o convenfionoI ASI
signoI.



Figure 4

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-8

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow.

Figure

I4. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 3
Whof feofure of fhe ASI signoI suggesfs fhof if's on AM signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure,
see fhe preIiminory discussion.


ASI signoI
To CH I
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
SYMC
To TPI0
CLI
ZkH;
CIock
SYMC
IM
COM
I00kH;
corrier
ASI generofion
X


Purt - DemoduIuting un ASk signuI using un enveIope detector
As ASI is reoIIy jusf AM (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of fhe AM demoduIofion schemes. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs
you do so using on enveIope defecfor.

Ib. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

Io. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin

I7. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

I8. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

The ASI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure 7 on fhe nexf poge. The recfifier on fhe UfiIifies moduIe ond fhe TuneobIe
Low-poss fiIfer moduIe ore used fo impIemenf on enveIope defecfor fo recover fhe digifoI dofo
from fhe ASI signoI.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-I0

Figure 7

I9. Compore fhe originoI ond recovered digifoI signoIs.

Tip: If necessory, odjusf fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI for o beffer comporison
befween fhe signoIs.

Question 4
Why is fhe recovered digifoI signoI nof o perfecf copy of fhe originoI7

Question
Whof con be used fo "cIeon-up" fhe recovered digifoI signoI7


To CH 0
IM
ASI generofion
Pecfifier
DemoduIofed
ASI signoI
To CH I
EnveIope defecfion
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
UfiIifies
moduIe
DigifoI
signoI
COM
I00kH;
corrier

Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-II

Purt C - Pestoring the recovered digituI signuI using u compurutor
Experimenf Io shows fhof fhe comporofor is o usefuI circuif for resforing disforfed digifoI
signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use o comporofor fo cIeon-up fhe
demoduIofed ASI signoI.

Z0. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II VoriobIe Power SuppIies VI.

ZI. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf fo 0V.


Figure

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-IZ

The ASI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be
represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

Z3. Compore fhe signoIs. If fhey're nof fhe some, odjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive
oufpuf soff VoIfoge confroI unfiI fhey ore.

Question
How does fhe comporofor furn fhe sIow rising voIfoges of fhe recovered digifoI signoI
info shorp fronsifions7


Pecfifier
Pesfored
digifoI signoI
To CH I
PEF
IM
Pesforofion
To CH 0
DigifoI
signoI
I00kH;
corrier
ASI generofion EnveIope defecfion
IM
COM

Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-I3

Noise
If's common for rodio frequency communicofions sysfems fo be upsef by unwonfed
eIecfromognefic rodiofion coIIed noise. Some of fhis rodiofion occurs nofuroIIy ond is
generofed by fhe Sun ond ofmospheric ocfivify such os Iighfning. Much of fhe rodiofion
is humon-mode - eifher uninfenfionoIIy (fhe eIecfromognefic rodiofion given off by
eIecfricoI mochines ond eIecfronics equipmenf) or infenfionoIIy (ofher peopIes'
communicofion fronsmissions fhof we don'f wonf fo receive).

Mosf noise gefs odded fo signoIs whiIe fhey're in fhe chonneI. This chonges fhe signoIs'
shope which in furn chonges how fhe signoIs sound when demoduIofed by fhe receiver.
If fhe noise is sufficienfIy Iorge (reIofive fo fhe si;e of fhe signoI) fhe signoI con be
chonged so much fhof if connof be demoduIofed.

If's possibIe fo modeI noise being odded fo o signoI in fhe chonneI of o communicofions
sysfem using fhe Emono DATEx. If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, fhis ocfivify gefs you fo do
so.

I. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow buf don't disconnecf ony of your
exisfing wiring.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge. If
modeIs fhe behoviour of o reoI chonneI by odding noise fo communicofions signoIs such
os ASI.

UsefuIIy, fhe omounf of noise con be voried by seIecfing eifher fhe -Z0d8 oufpuf (noise
is obouf one-fenfh fhe si;e of fhe signoI), fhe -od8 oufpuf (noise is obouf hoIf fhe si;e
of fhe signoI) or fhe 0d8 oufpuf (noise is obouf fhe some si;e os fhe signoI).

Output
Input
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying I7-I4

Figure Z

Z. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf fhe
noisy chonneI's inpuf fo if.

3. Connecf fhe noisy chonneI's oufpuf fo fhe recfifier's inpuf.

Note: Once done, fhe fronsmiffer's signoI (fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's
oufpuf) froveIs fo fhe receiver's inpuf (fhe recfifier's inpuf) vio fhe modeI of o
noisy chonneI.

4. Compore fhe originoI ond recovered dofo. If fhey're nof fhe some, odjusf fhe
VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf soff VoIfoge confroI unfiI fhey ore (wifh
fhe fewesf number of errors).

b. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe comporofor's oufpuf ond connecf if
fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo observe fhe noisy ASI signoI.

o. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's Moise inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8
oufpuf fo increose fhe noise in fhe chonneI.

7. Observe fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe ASI signoI.

8. Peconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe comporofor's oufpuf.

VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive oufpuf soff VoIfoge confroI unfiI fhey ore.

Note: If moy be impossibIe fo recover fhe dofo.

ChonneI 8PF
SignoI
Moise
ChonneI
oufpuf
Moise
generofor
Adder
ChonneI
inpuf

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
8

-

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-Z

Eperiment 1 - Frequency Shift keying
Frequency division muIfipIexing (FDM) oIIows o chonneI fo be shored omong o sef of users.
PecoII fhof fhis is ochieved by superimposing fhe messoge onfo o corrier signoI inside fhe user's
oIIocofed porfion of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum. PecoII oIso fhof ony of fhe onoIog
moduIofion schemes con be used fo fronsmif digifoI dofo in fhis woy. When frequency
moduIofion (FM) is used if is known os binory frequency shiff keying (8FSI or more commonIy
jusf FSI).

One of fhe reosons for using FSI is fo foke odvonfoge of fhe reIofive noise immunify fhof FM
enjoys over AM. PecoII fhof noise monifesfs ifseIf os voriofions in fhe fronsmiffed signoI's
ompIifude. These voriofions con be removed by FM/FSI receivers (by o circuif coIIed o Iimifer)
wifhouf odverseIy offecfing fhe recovered messoge.

Figure I beIow shows whof on FSI signoI Iooks Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof
hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof fhe FSI signoI swifches befween fwo frequencies. The frequency of fhe signoI
fhof corresponds wifh Iogic-0s in fhe digifoI dofo (coIIed fhe spoce frequency) is usuoIIy Iower
fhon fhe moduIofor's nominoI corrier frequency. The frequency of fhe signoI fhof corresponds
wifh Iogic-Is in fhe digifoI dofo (coIIed fhe mork frequency) is usuoIIy higher fhon fhe
moduIofor's nominoI corrier frequency. The moduIofor doesn'f oufpuf o signoI of fhe corrier
frequency, hence fhe reference here fo if os being fhe "nominoI" corrier frequency.

Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-3
FSI generofion con be hondIed by convenfionoI FM moduIofor circuifs ond fhe voIfoge-
confroIIed osciIIofor (VCO) is commonIy used. SimiIorIy, FSI demoduIofion con be hondIed by
convenfionoI FM demoduIofors such os fhe ;ero crossing defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory
discussion of Experimenf IZ for on expIonofion of fhis circuif's operofion) ond fhe phose-Iocked
Ioop. AIfernofiveIy, if fhe FSI signoI is possed fhrough o sufficienfIy seIecfive fiIfer, fhe fwo
sinewoves fhof moke if up con be individuoIIy picked ouf. Considered on fheir own, eoch signoI is
on ASI signoI ond so fhe dofo con be recovered by possing eifher one of fhem fhrough on
enveIope defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf 8 for on expIonofion of
fhe enveIope defecfor's operofion).

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo impIemenf fhe VCO mefhod of generofing
on FSI signoI. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe.
You'II fhen recover fhe dofo by using o fiIfer fo pick-ouf one of fhe sinewoves in fhe FSI signoI
ond demoduIofe if using on enveIope defecfor. FinoIIy, you'II observe fhe demoduIofed FSI
signoI's disforfion ond use o comporofor fo resfore fhe dofo.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-4

Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un FSk signuI










specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: I0kH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V
ModuIofion Type: FM

Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-b



Figure Z

0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo frigger fhe
scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The funcfion generofor's VCO fociIify is used fo generofe fhe
FSI signoI.

Figure 3

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
CLI
FSI signoI
To CH I
ZkH;
CIock
SYMC
To TPI0
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
Sequence
0enerofor
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
Func. 0en.
VCO
FSI generofion
I0kH; resf
frequency

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-o

II. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

IZ. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff dip-swifches
fo 00.


I4. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonge:


Ib. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf
ond fhe FSI signoI ouf of fhe VCO.

Note: Ensure fhof fhe scope's Timebose confroI is sef fo fhe b00ps/div posifion.

Io. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 1
Whof's fhe nome for fhe VCO oufpuf frequency fhof corresponds wifh Iogic-Is in fhe
digifoI dofo7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
Whof's fhe nome for fhe VCO oufpuf frequency fhof corresponds wifh Iogic-0s in fhe
digifoI dofo7

Question 3
8osed on your observofions of fhe FSI signoI, which of fhe fwo is fhe higher frequency7
ExpIoin your onswer.



Purt - DemoduIuting un FSk signuI using fiItering und un enveIope detector
As FSI is reoIIy jusf FM (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of fhe FM demoduIofion schemes. However, os fhe FSI signoI swifches
bock ond forfh befween jusf fwo frequencies we con use o mefhod of demoduIofing if fhof
connof be used fo demoduIofe speech-encoded FM signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf
Iefs you do fhis.

I7. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff Cuf-off
Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

I8. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.


Note: Pemember fhof fhe doffed Iines show Ieods oIreody in pIoce.

Figure 4

The FSI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge. The TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe is used fo pick ouf
one of fhe FSI signoI's fwo sinewoves ond fhe DIODE ond PC LPF on fhe UfiIifies moduIe form
fhe enveIope defecfor fo compIefe fhe FSI signoI's demoduIofion.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-8

Figure

Z0. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff 0oin confroI Cuf-off Frequency
Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise unfiI fhe higher (mork) frequency is reduced fo ;ero buf
wifh fhe Iower (spoce) frequency unoffecfed.

ZI. Compore fhe digifoI signoI ond fhe fiIfer's oufpuf.

Question 4
Which of fhe FSI signoI's fwo sinewoves is fhe fiIfer Ieffing fhrough7

Question
Whof does fhe fiIfered FSI signoI now Iook Iike7


FSI demoduIofion
I0kH;
DigifoI
signoI
To CH 0
FSI generofion
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
EnveIope
defecfor
UfiIifies
moduIe
To CH I
DemoduIofed
FSI signoI


ZZ. Modify fhe sef-up by connecfing fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe enveIope defecfor's
oufpuf os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

Z3. Compore fhe originoI digifoI signoI wifh fhe recovered digifoI signoI.

Question


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-I0
Purt C - Pestoring the recovered dutu using u compurutor
demoduIofed FSI signoI.


Zb. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf fo 0V.

Zo. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN

Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-II

The FSI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be

Figure

Z7. Compore fhe signoIs. If fhey're nof fhe some, odjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive

Note: This wiII require fine odjusfmenf of fhe reference voIfoge cIose fo ;ero voIfs.

Question 7
How does fhe comporofor furn fhe sIow-rising voIfoges of fhe recovered digifoI signoI
info shorp fronsifions7


FSI demoduIofion
I0kH;
DigifoI
signoI
To CH 0
FSI generofion
EnveIope
defecfor
Pesfored
digifoI signoI
To CH I
IM
PEF
Pesforofion

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Frequency Shiff Ieying I8-IZ

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
9

-

8
i
n
o
r
y

p
h
o
s
e

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-Z

Eperiment 19 - inury Phuse Shift keying
Experimenfs I7 ond I8 show fhof fhe AM ond FM moduIofion schemes con be used fo fronsmif
digifoI signoIs ond fhis oIIows for fhe chonneI fo be shored. As digifoI dofo forms fhe messoge
insfeod of speech ond music, if is preferred fhof fhese fwo sysfems ore coIIed ASI ond FSI
insfeod.

PecoII fhof ASI uses fhe digifoI dofo's Is ond 0s fo swifch o corrier befween fwo ompIifudes.
FSI uses fhe Is ond 0s fo swifch o corrier befween fwo frequencies. An oIfernofive fo fhese
fwo mefhods is fo use fhe dofo sfreom's Is ond 0s fo swifch fhe corrier befween fwo phoses.
This is coIIed 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying (8PSI). Figure I beIow shows whof o 8PSI signoI Iooks
Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof, when fhe chonge in Iogic IeveI couses fhe 8PSI signoI's phose fo chonge, if does so
by I80". For exompIe, where fhe signoI is froveIIing fowords o posifive peok fhe chonge in Iogic
IeveI couses if fo reverse direcfion ond heod bock foword fhe negofive peok (ond vice verso).

You moy find if difficuIf fo see of firsf buf Iook cIoseIy ond you'II nofice fhof oIfernofing
hoIves of fhe 8PSI signoI's enveIopes hove fhe some shope os fhe messoge. This indicofes fhof
8PSI is ocfuoIIy doubIe-sidebond suppressed corrier (DS8SC) moduIofion. Thof being fhe cose,
8PSI generofion ond fhe recovery of fhe dofo con be hondIed by convenfionoI DS8SC
moduIofion ond demoduIofion fechniques (expIoined in Experimenfs o ond 9 respecfiveIy).

Wifh o choice of ASI, FSI ond 8PSI you mighf be wondering obouf which sysfem you'II mosf
IikeIy see. AII ofher fhings being equoI, 8PSI is fhe besf performing sysfem in ferms of ifs
obiIify fo ignore noise ond so if produces fhe fewesf errors of fhe receiver. FM is fhe nexf
besf ond AM is fhe worsf. On fhof bosis, you'd expecf fhof 8PSI is fhe preferred sysfem.
However, if's nof necessoriIy fhe eosiesf fo impIemenf ond so in some sifuofions FSI or ASI
mighf be used os fhey ore cheoper fo impIemenf. In focf, FSI wos used for cheoper dioI-up
modems.

Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-3

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o 8PSI signoI using fhe MuIfipIier
moduIe fo impIemenf ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is modeIIed by fhe
Sequence 0enerofor moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe dofo using onofher MuIfipIier moduIe ond
observe ifs disforfion. FinoIIy, you'II use o comporofor fo resfore fhe dofo.


Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u PSk signuI
A 8PSI signoI wiII be generofed by impIemenfing fhe mofhemoficoI modeI for DS8SC
moduIofion. For more informofion on fhis, refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf o.









Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-4

8. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

9. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff dip-swifches
fo 00.



Figure Z

Sequence 0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo
frigger fhe scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The MuIfipIier moduIe is used fo generofe fhe
8PSI signoI by impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-b

Figure 3


IZ. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

ScoIe confroI for ChonneI I fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
Inpuf CoupIing confroIs for bofh chonneIs fo DC insfeod of AC

I3. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf
ond fhe 8PSI signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe.

I4. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 1
Whof feofure of fhe 8PSI signoI suggesfs fhof if's o DS8SC signoI7 Tip: If you're nof
sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

CLI
8PSI signoI
To CH I
8kH;
CIock
SYMC
To TPI0
DigifoI signoI
To CH 0
Sequence
0enerofor
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing 8PSI generofion
Mosfer
SignoIs
X
Y
MuIfipIier
moduIe
I00kH;
corrier

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-o

If's cIeor fhof somefhing hoppens when fhe Sequence 0enerofor' moduIe's oufpuf chonges Iogic
IeveI buf if's difficuIf fo see exocfIy whof if is of fhis resoIufion. The nexf few sfeps oIIow you
fo gef o beffer Iook.

Ib. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4

Io. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe I0ps/div posifion.

Note: The MI ELVIS II is being operofed of cIose fo fhe Iimifs of ifs specificofions ond
so fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; COS oufpuf Iooks o IiffIe frionguIor. However,
fhe dispIoy is sufficienf fo see whof occurs when fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's
oufpuf chonges Iogic IeveI.

Question Z
Whof hoppens fo fhe 8PSI signoI on fhe dofo sfreom's Iogic fronsifions7


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Purt - DemoduIuting u PSk signuI using u product detector
As 8PSI is reoIIy jusf DS8SC (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of fhe DS8SC demoduIofion schemes. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf
Iefs you do so using o producf defecfor.

I7. Pefurn fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's CLI inpuf fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's 8kH;
DigifoI oufpuf.


I9. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff Cuf-off
Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Z0. Sef fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

ZI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

The 8PSI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure o on fhe nexf poge. The second MuIfipIier ond fhe TuneobIe Low-poss fiIfer
moduIe ore used fo impIemenf o producf defecfor fo recover fhe digifoI dofo from fhe 8PSI
signoI.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-8

Figure

ZZ. Compore fhe digifoI signoI wifh fhe recovered digifoI signoI.

Question 3
Why is fhe recovered digifoI signoI nof o perfecf copy of fhe originoI7

Question 4


8PSI generofion
X
Y
I00kH;
corrier
"SfoIen"
IocoI
corrier
To CH 0
DemoduIofed
8PSI signoI
To CH I
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
MuIfipIier
moduIe
DigifoI
signoI
X
Y
Producf defecfion


Purt C - Pestoring the recovered dutu using u compurutor
demoduIofed 8PSI signoI.


Z4. Sef fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies' posifive oufpuf fo 0V.


Figure 7

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RC LPF
UTILITIES
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-I0

The 8PSI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be

Figure

Zo. Compore fhe signoIs. If fhey're nof fhe some, odjusf fhe VoriobIe Power SuppIies posifive


8PSI generofion
X
Y
I00kH;
corrier
"SfoIen"
IocoI
corrier
To CH 0
DigifoI
signoI
X
Y
Producf defecfion
Pesfored
digifoI signoI
To CH I
Pesforofion

Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-II

Noise
If's common for rodio frequency communicofions sysfems fo be upsef by unwonfed
eIecfromognefic rodiofion coIIed noise. Some of fhis rodiofion occurs nofuroIIy ond is
generofed by fhe Sun ond ofmospheric ocfivify such os Iighfning. Much of fhe rodiofion
is humon-mode - eifher uninfenfionoIIy (fhe eIecfromognefic rodiofion given off by
eIecfricoI mochines ond eIecfronics equipmenf) or infenfionoIIy (ofher peopIes'
communicofion fronsmissions fhof we don'f wonf fo receive).

Mosf noise gefs odded fo signoIs whiIe fhey're in fhe chonneI. This chonges fhe signoIs'
shope which in furn chonges how fhe signoIs sound when demoduIofed by fhe receiver.
If fhe noise is sufficienfIy Iorge (reIofive fo fhe si;e of fhe signoI) fhe signoI con be
chonged so much fhof if connof be demoduIofed.

If's possibIe fo modeI noise being odded fo o signoI in fhe chonneI of o communicofions
sysfem using fhe Emono DATEx. If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, fhis ocfivify gefs you fo do
so.

I. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow buf don't disconnecf ony of your
exisfing wiring.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge. If
modeIs fhe behoviour of o reoI chonneI by odding noise fo communicofions signoIs such
os 8PSI.

UsefuIIy, fhe omounf of noise con be voried by seIecfing eifher fhe -Z0d8 oufpuf (noise
is obouf one-fenfh fhe si;e of fhe signoI), fhe -od8 oufpuf (noise is obouf hoIf fhe si;e
of fhe signoI) or fhe 0d8 oufpuf (noise is obouf fhe some si;e os fhe signoI).

Output
Input
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I9-IZ

Figure Z

Z. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe oufpuf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe on fhe upper-hoIf of
fhe DATEx ond connecf fhe noisy chonneI's inpuf fo if.

3. Connecf fhe noisy chonneI's oufpuf fo fhe inpuf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe in fhe
Iower-hoIf of fhe DATEx.

Note: Once done, fhe fronsmiffer's signoI (fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf)
froveIs fo fhe receiver's inpuf (fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's inpuf) vio fhe modeI
of o noisy chonneI.


b. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe comporofor's oufpuf ond connecf if
fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo observe fhe noisy 8PSI signoI.

o. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's Moise inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8
oufpuf fo increose fhe noise in fhe chonneI.

7. Observe fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe 8PSI signoI.

8. Peconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe comporofor's oufpuf.


I0. Pepeof for fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

Note: If moy be impossibIe fo recover fhe dofo.

ChonneI 8PF
SignoI
Moise
ChonneI
oufpuf
Moise
generofor
Adder
ChonneI
inpuf

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

Z
0

-

Q
u
o
d
r
o
f
u
r
e

p
h
o
s
e

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-Z

Eperiment Z0 - Quudruture Phuse Shift keying
As ifs nome impIies, quodrofure phose shiff keying (QPSI) is o voriofion of binory phose shiff
keying (8PSI). PecoII fhof 8PSI is bosicoIIy o DS8SC moduIofion scheme wifh digifoI
informofion for fhe messoge. ImporfonfIy fhough, fhe digifoI informofion is senf one bif of o
fime. QPSI is o DS8SC moduIofion scheme oIso buf if sends fwo bifs of digifoI informofion o
fime (wifhouf fhe use of onofher corrier frequency).

As QPSI sends fwo bifs of dofo of o fime, if's fempfing fo fhink fhof QPSI is fwice os fosf os
8PSI buf fhis is nof so. Converfing fhe digifoI dofo from o series of individuoI bifs fo o series
of bif-poirs necessoriIy hoIves fhe dofo's bif-rofe. This conceIs fhe speed odvonfoge of sending
fwo bifs of o fime.

So why bofher wifh QPSI7 WeII, hoIving fhe dofo bif rofe does hove one significonf odvonfoge.
The omounf of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum required fo fronsmif QPSI reIiobIy is hoIf fhof
required for 8PSI signoIs. This in furn mokes room for more users on fhe chonneI.

Figure I beIow shows fhe bIock diogrom of fhe mofhemoficoI impIemenfofion of QPSI.

Figure 1

Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-3

Af fhe inpuf fo fhe moduIofor, fhe digifoI dofo's even bifs (fhof is, bifs 0, Z, 4 ond so on) ore
sfripped from fhe dofo sfreom by o "bif-spIiffer" ond ore muIfipIied wifh o corrier fo generofe
o 8PSI signoI (coIIed PSI
I
). Af fhe some fime, fhe dofo's odd bifs (fhof is, bifs I, 3, b ond so
on) ore sfripped from fhe dofo sfreom ond ore muIfipIied wifh fhe some corrier fo generofe o
second 8PSI signoI (coIIed PSI
Q
). However, fhe PSI
Q
signoI's corrier is phose-shiffed by 90"
before being moduIofed. This is fhe secref fo QPSI operofion.

The fwo 8PSI signoIs ore fhen simpIy odded fogefher for fronsmission ond, os fhey hove fhe
some corrier frequency, fhey occupy fhe some porfion of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum. WhiIe
fhis suggesfs fhof fhe fwo sefs of signoIs wouId be irrefrievobIy mixed, fhe required 90" of
phose seporofion befween fhe corriers oIIows fhe sidebonds fo be seporofed by fhe receiver
using phose discriminofion (infroduced in Experimenf 8).

Figure Z beIow shows fhe bIock diogrom of fhe mofhemoficoI impIemenfofion of QPSI
demoduIofion.

Figure Z

Mofice fhe orrongemenf uses fwo producf defecfors fo simuIfoneousIy demoduIofe fhe fwo
8PSI signoIs. This simuIfoneousIy recovers fhe poirs of bifs in fhe originoI dofo. The fwo
signoIs ore cIeoned-up using o comporofor or some ofher signoI condifioner fhen fhe bifs ore
puf bock in order using o Z-bif poroIIeI-fo-serioI converfer.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-4

To undersfond how eoch defecfor picks ouf onIy one of fhe 8PSI signoIs ond nof bofh of fhem,
recoII fhof fhe producf defecfion of DS8SC signoIs is "phose sensifive". Thof is, recovery of
fhe messoge is opfimoI if fhe fronsmiffed ond IocoI corriers ore in phose wifh eoch onofher.
8uf fhe recovered messoge is offenuofed if fhe fwo corriers ore nof exocfIy in phose.
ImporfonfIy, if fhe phose error is 90" fhe ompIifude of fhe recovered messoge is ;ero. In
ofher words, fhe messoge is compIefeIy rejecfed (fhis issue is discussed in Porf E of
Experimenf 9).

The QPSI demoduIofor fokes odvonfoge of fhis focf. Mofice fhof fhe producf defecfors in
Figure Z shore fhe corrier buf one of fhem is phose shiffed 90". Thof being fhe cose, once fhe
phose of fhe IocoI corrier for one of fhe producf defecfors mofches fhe phose of fhe
fronsmission corrier for one of fhe 8PSI signoIs, fhere is oufomoficoIIy o 90" phose error
befween fhof defecfor's IocoI corrier ond fhe fronsmission corrier of fhe ofher 8PSI signoI.
So, fhe defecfor recovers fhe dofo on fhe 8PSI signoI fhof if's mofched fo ond rejecfs fhe
ofher 8PSI signoI.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o QPSI signoI by impIemenfing
fhe mofhemoficoI modeI of QPSI. Once generofed, you'II exomine fhe QPSI signoI using fhe
scope. Then, you'II exomine how phose discriminofion using o producf defecfor con be used fo
pick-ouf fhe dofo on one 8PSI signoI or fhe ofher.


Equipment


Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-b
Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u QPSk signuI









Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-o



Figure 3

0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI digifoI dofo. The Z-bif SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe
is used fo spIif fhe dofo bifs up info o sfreom of even bif ond odd bifs.

Figure 4

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
X DC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CLI
Odd bifs
To CH I
8kH;
SYMC
To TPI0
Even bifs
To CH 0
Sequence
0enerofor
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing 8if-spIiffer
IM
CLI
Z-bif SerioI-fo-
PoroIIeI Converfer
S/ P
XI
XZ



I0. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonge:


II. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's
fwo oufpufs.

IZ. Compore fhe signoIs. You shouId see fwo digifoI signoIs fhof ore differenf fo eoch ofher.

Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe bif rofe of fhese fwo digifoI signoIs ond fhe bif
rofe of fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-8

I3. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.


Figure

ExcIuding fhe digifoI dofo modeIIing, fhis sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in
Figure o on fhe nexf poge. Mofice fhof fhe bif-spIiffer's fwo oufpufs ore connecfed fo
independenf MuIfipIier moduIes. The ofher inpuf fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIes is o I00kH;
sinewove. However, fhe signoIs ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher by 90" which is o requiremenf
of QPSI.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


Figure


Ib. Compore fhe even bifs of dofo wifh fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf (PSI
I
).

Tip: You moy find fhis eosier fo do if you sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe
ZV/div posifion.

Io. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Type confroI fo fhe Edge posifion.

I7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b0ps/div posifion.

I8. Exomine fhe corrier ond Iook cIoseIy of fhe woy if chonges of fhe sequence's fronsifions.

Question Z
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's o 8PSI signoI7

Mosfer
SignoIs
PSI
Q
8
i
f
-
s
p
I
i
f
f
e
r
DigifoI
dofo
Odd
bifs
Even
bifs
Z-bif SerioI-fo-
PoroIIeI Converfer
X
Y
X
Y
MuIfipIier
MuIfipIier
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
XI
XZ
Even bifs
To CH 0
PSI
To CH I
I

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-I0

I9. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b00ps/div posifion ond fhe Trigger Type fo
fhe DigifoI posifion.

Z0. Move fhe scope's connecfions os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

This chonge con be shown on fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 on fhe nexf poge.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-II

Figure

ZI. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Z00ps/div posifion.

ZZ. Compore fhe even bifs of dofo wifh fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf (PSI
I
).

Z3. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Type confroI fo fhe Edge posifion.

Z4. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b0ps/div posifion.

Zb. Exomine fhe corrier ond Iook cIoseIy of fhe woy if chonges of fhe sequence's fronsifion.

Question 3
Whof fype of signoI is presenf on fhe MuIfipIier's oufpuf7

Mosfer
SignoIs
8
i
f
-
s
p
I
i
f
f
e
r
DigifoI
dofo
Odd
bifs
Even
bifs
Z-bif SerioI-fo-
PoroIIeI Converfer
X
Y
X
Y
MuIfipIier
MuIfipIier
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
XI
XZ
Odd bifs
To CH 0
PSI
I
PSI
To CH I
Q

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-IZ

Zo. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b00ps/div posifion ond fhe Trigger Type fo
fhe DigifoI posifion.

Z7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 on fhe nexf poge. The Adder
moduIe is used fo odd fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs. This furns fhe sef-up info o compIefe QPSI
moduIofor.


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-I3

Figure 10

Z8. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

Z9. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

Note: This removes fhe 8PSI
I
signoI from fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

30. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond odjusf ifs soff g confroI fo obfoin o
4Vp-p oufpuf.

3I. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

3Z. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

Q
signoI from fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

33. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

34. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

QPSI
signoI
To CH 0
PSI
I
PSI
Q
8
i
f
-
s
p
I
i
f
f
e
r
DigifoI
dofo
Odd
bifs
Even
bifs
Z-bif SerioI-fo-
PoroIIeI Converfer
X
X
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
Y
Y
XI
XZ
Adder A
8


Question 4
According fo fhe fheory, whof fype of digifoI signoI fronsmission is now presenf on fhe
Adder moduIe's oufpuf7

QPSk or OQPSk: Whut's the difference?
QPSI moduIofion is normoIIy generofed from o singIe dofo sfreom converfed fo
fwo poroIIeI dofo sfreoms. In fhis porficuIor experimenf, fhe serioI/poroIIeI
converfer oufpufs fhe poroIIeI sfreoms such fhof fhe bifs ore offsef from eoch
ofher by one cIock period. Therefore, in fhis experimenf we ore ocfuoIIy
impIemenfing o form of QPSI known os Offsef QPSI (OQPSI).


Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-Ib

Purt - Observutions of QPSk bundwidth in the frequency domuin
One of fhe odvonfoges of QPSI over 8PSI is ifs higher dofo rofe for fhe some bondwidfh. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see fhis for yourseIf using fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic
SignoI AnoIy;er.

3b. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

I
signoI from fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf,
effecfiveIy furning fhe signoI info simpIe 8PSI.

3o. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

Note: This shouId free;e fhe dispIoy.

37. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

38. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo Z00,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3

Cursors On box unchecked

39. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf whiIe wofching fhe signoI
onoI;er's dispIoy corefuIIy.

Note: Doing fhis furns fhe sysfem bock info o QPSI moduIofor ond so doubIes fhe dofo
rofe.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-Io

Question
Whof effecf did doubIing fhe dofo rofe hove on fhe signoI's bondwidfh7

Question
Did odding fhe 8PSI
I
signoI hove ony effecf on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf7 If so, whof7



Purt C - Using phuse discriminution to pick-out one of the QPSk signuI's PSk signuIs
If's nof possibIe fo impIemenf bofh o QPSI moduIofor ond o fuII demoduIofor wifh jusf one
Emono DATEx moduIe. However, if is possibIe fo demonsfrofe how phose discriminofion is used
by o QPSI demoduIofor fo pick-ouf one or ofher of fhe fwo 8PSI signoIs fhof moke up fhe
QPSI signoI. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.

40. CIose signoI onoIy;er's VI.

4I. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff Phose Chonge
confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

4Z. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin

43. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

44. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Note: As fhere ore o Iof of connecfions, you moy find if heIpfuI fo fick fhem off os you
odd fhem.

Figure 11

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax


The oddifions fo fhe sef-up in Figure II con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure IZ
beIow. If you compore fhe bIock diogrom fo Figure Z in fhe preIiminory discussion, you'II nofice
fhof if impIemenfs mosf of one orm of o QPSI demoduIofor (eifher I or Q).

Figure 1Z

4b. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking ifs Pun confroI once.

4o. Compore fhe even dofo bifs on fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI oufpuf wifh
fhe dofo on fhe oufpuf of fhe 8osebond LPF.

47. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe
fhe effecf on fhe demoduIofed signoI.

48. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion ond
repeof sfep 47.

Question 7
Why does fhe recovered signoI hove 3 or 4 voIfoge IeveIs insfeod of Z IeveIs os you wouId
expecf for o digifoI signoI7

"SfoIen" IocoI
corrier
Even or
odd bifs
To CH I
QPSI
inpuf
O
Mosfer
SignoIs
Phose
Shiffer
MuIfipIier
moduIe
8osebond
LPF
I00kH;


49. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13

The oddifion of fhe Comporofor on fhe UfiIifies moduIe con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure I4 on fhe nexf poge. If you compore fhis bIock diogrom wifh Figure Z in fhe
preIiminory discussion, you'II nofice fhof fhis chonge compIefes one orm of o QPSI
demoduIofor.


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MULTIPLIER
X DC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
5VTTL
TRIG
FGEN
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-Z0

Figure 14

b0. Pefurn fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

bI. Compore fhe even dofo bifs on fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI oufpuf wifh
fhe dofo on fhe oufpuf of fhe 8osebond LPF.

bZ. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI you hove recovered
fhe even dofo bifs (ignoring ony phose shiff).

Question
Whof is fhe presenf phose reIofionship befween fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe corrier signoIs
used fo generofe fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs7


"SfoIen" IocoI
corrier
Even or
odd bifs
To CH I
QPSI
inpuf
O
I00kH;
UfiIifies

Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-ZI

b3. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI 0 inpuf from fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI
oufpuf ond connecf if fo ifs XZ oufpuf fo view fhe odd dofo bifs.

b4. Compore fhe odd dofo bifs wifh fhe recovered dofo. They shouId be differenf.

bb. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

bo. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's soff Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI you hove recovered
fhe odd dofo bifs (ignoring ony phose shiff).

Question 9
Whof is fhe new phose reIofionship befween fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe corrier signoIs
used fo generofe fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs7

Question 10
Why is your demoduIofor considered fo be onIy one hoIf of o fuII QPSI receiver7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z0-ZZ

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

Z
I

-

D
S
S
S

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

o
n
d

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-Z

Eperiment Z1 - DSSS moduIution und demoduIution
PecoII fhof when o sinusoidoI corrier is DS8SC moduIofed by o messoge, fhe fwo signoIs ore
muIfipIied fogefher. PecoII oIso fhof fhe resuIfing DS8SC signoI consisfs of fwo sefs of
sidebonds buf no corrier (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf o for o discussion
of fhis).

When fhe DS8SC signoI is demoduIofed using producf defecfion, bofh sidebonds ore muIfipIied
wifh o IocoI corrier fhof musf be synchronised fo fhe fronsmiffer's corrier (fhof is, if hos fhe
some frequency ond phose). Doing so produces fwo messoges fhof ore in-phose wifh eoch ofher
ond so odd fo form o singIe bigger messoge (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf
9 for o discussion of fhis).

Direcf sequence spreod specfrum (DSSS or offen jusf "spreod specfrum") is o voriofion of fhe
DS8SC moduIofion scheme wifh o puIse froin (coIIed o pseudo-noise sequence or jusf PM
sequence) for fhe corrier insfeod of o simpIe sinewove. This moy sound rodicoI unfiI you
remember fhof puIse froins ore ocfuoIIy mode up of o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of
sinewoves (fhe fundomenfoI ond hormonics). Thof being fhe cose, spreod specfrum is reoIIy fhe
DS8SC moduIofion of o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of sinusoidoI corrier signoIs. The resuIf is
o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of poirs of finy sidebonds obouf o suppressed corrier.

In procfice, nof oII of fhese sidebonds hove ony energy of significonce. However, fhe focf fhof
fhe messoge informofion is disfribufed ocross so mony of fhem mokes spreod specfrum signoIs
difficuIf fo deIiberofeIy inferfere wifh or "jom". To do so, you wouId hove fo upsef o significonf
number of fhe sidebonds which is difficuIf considering fheir number.

Spreod specfrum signoIs ore demoduIofed in fhe some woy os DS8SC signoIs using o producf
defecfor. ImporfonfIy, fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier signoI musf confoin oII fhe
sinewoves fhof moke up fronsmiffer's puIse froin of fhe some frequency ond phose. If fhis is
nof done, fhe finy demoduIofed signoIs wiII be of fhe wrong frequency ond phose ond so fhey
won'f odd up fo reproduce fhe originoI messoge. Insfeod, fhey'II produce o gorboge signoI fhof
Iooks Iike noise.

The onIy woy for fhe receiver fo generofe fhe righf number of sinewoves of fhe righf
frequency is fo use o puIse froin wifh on idenficoI sequence fo fhof used by fhe fronsmiffer.
Moreover, if musf be synchronised. This issue gives spreod specfrum onofher of ifs odvonfoges
over ofher moduIofion schemes. The fronsmiffed signoI is effecfiveIy encrypfed.

Of course, wifh frioI ond error if's possibIe for on unoufhorised person fo guess fhe correcf PM
sequence fo use for fheir receiver. However, fhis con be mode difficuIf by moking fhe
sequence Ionger before if repeofs ifseIf (fhof is, by moking if consisf of more bifs or chips).
Longer sequences con produce more combinofions of unique codes which wouId foke Ionger fo
guess using o frioI ond error opprooch. To iIIusfrofe fhis poinf, on 8-bif code hos Zbo
combinofions whiIe o Z0-bif code hos I,048,b7b combinofions. A Zbo-bif code hos I.Ib79I0
77

combinofions. Thof's IIb79 wifh 73 ;eros offer ifl

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-3

Increosing fhe sequence's chip-Iengfh hos onofher odvonfoge. To expIoin, fhe fofoI energy in o
spreod specfrum signoI is disfribufed befween oII of fhe finy DS8SC fhof moke if up (fhough
nof evenIy becouse nof oII of fhe sinewoves fhof moke up fhe corrier's puIse froin ore fhe some
ompIifude). A mofhemoficoI fechnique coIIed Fourier AnoIysis shows fhof fhe greofer fhe
number of chips in o sequence before repeofing, fhe greofer fhe number of sinewoves of
significonce needed fo moke if.

Thof being fhe cose, using more chips in fhe fronsmiffer's PM sequence produces more DS8SC
signoIs ond so fhe signoI's fofoI energy is disfribufed more fhinIy befween fhem. This in furn
meons fhof fhe individuoI signoIs ore mony ond exfremeIy smoII. In focf, if fhe PM sequence is
Iong enough, oII of fhese DS8SC signoIs ore smoIIer fhon fhe bockground eIecfricoI noise fhof's
oIwoys presenf in free-spoce. This focf gives spreod specfrum yef onofher imporfonf
odvonfoge. The signoI is difficuIf fo defecf.

Spreod specfrum finds use in severoI digifoI oppIicofions incIuding: CDMA mobiIe phone
fechnoIogy, cordIess phones, fhe gIoboI posifioning sysfem (0PS) ond fwo of fhe 80Z.II wi-fi
sfondords.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo generofe o DSSS signoI by impIemenfing ifs
mofhemoficoI modeI. You'II fhen use o producf defecfor (wifh o sfoIen corrier) fo reproduce
fhe messoge. Once done, you'II exomine fhe imporfonce of using fhe correcf PM sequence for
fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe difficuIfy of jomming DSSS signoIs.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-4

Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u DSSS signuI using u simpIe messuge
As DSSS is bosicoIIy jusf DS8SC wifh o puIse froin for fhe corrier insfeod of o simpIe sinusoid,
if con be generofed by impIemenfing fhe mofhemoficoI modeI for DS8SC.









8. Lounch fhe DATEx soff fronf-poneI (SFP) ond check fhof you hove soff confroI over fhe
DATEx boord.

9. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff dip-swifches
fo 00.

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-b

I0. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.


Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow. If muIfipIies fhe ZkH;
sinewove messoge wifh o PM sequence modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor's 3Z-bif puIse froin
oufpuf.

Figure Z

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max
Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
Mosfer
SignoIs
DSSS signoI
To CH I
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe
I00kH;
CLI
Sequence
0enerofor
PM sequence

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-o


IZ. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div

I3. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo observe fhe DSSS signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier


Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe DSSS signoI in fhe
middIe fhird.

Question 1
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's bosicoIIy o DS8SC
signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure, reod fhe preIiminory discussion for Experimenf o.

Question Z
Why is fhe DSSS signoI so Iorge when if's supposed fo be smoII ond indisfinguishobIe
from noise7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion for fhis experimenf.



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-8
Purt - Observutions of DSSS signuIs in the frequency domuin
One of fhe feofures of DSSS is fhof if produces o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of poirs of
finy sidebonds wifh eoch poir sfroddIing o suppressed corrier. This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs
you exomine fhis.

Ib. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI.

Io. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor using ifs soff confroIs for on oufpuf wifh fhe foIIowing
specificofions:

Woveshope: Squore
Frequency: 30kH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

I7. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's LIME CODE oufpuf ond modify
fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

I8. Exomine fhe new DSSS signoI on fhe scope.

Note: You shouId nofice fhof if Iooks simiIor fo fhe DSSS signoI you obfoined eorIier.
Thof soid, if'II be differenf in fhof fhe spocing befween fhe corrier's fronsifions ore
reguIor.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


The sef-up in Figure 3 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. Mofice fhof
fhe corrier signoI is o 30kH; squorewove.

Figure 4

PecoII fhof o squorewove consisfs of o fundomenfoI of fhe some frequency os fhe squorewove
ifseIf ond o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of odd hormonics (eoch wifh proporfionoIIy smoIIer
ompIifude fo fhe ompIifude of fhe frequency before if). So, our 30kH; squorewove corrier
consisfs of sinewoves of 30kH;, 90kH;, Ib0kH;, ZI0kH; ond so on.

TheoreficoIIy fhen, fhe DSSS signoI consisfs of o 30kH; suppressed corrier wifh Z8kH; ond
3ZkH; Iower ond upper sidebonds, o 90kH; suppressed corrier wifh 88kH; ond 9ZkH; Iower
ond upper sidebonds, o Ib0kH; suppressed corrier wifh I48kH; ond IbZkH; Iower ond upper
sidebonds, ond so on. Lef's exomine fhese using fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er
virfuoI insfrumenf.

Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
DSSS signoI
To CH I ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe
Funcfion
0enerofor
30kH; squorewove

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-I0

I9. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs Sfop confroI once.

Note: The scope's dispIoy shouId free;e.

Z0. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

ZI. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo Z00,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3


The dispIoy shouId now be showing obouf fen poirs of whof oppeor fo be significonf sinewoves.
This is decepfive os you'II see.

ZZ. Acfivofe fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors by checking fhe Cursors On box.

Z3. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo meosure fhe frequency in fhe middIe of eoch poir
of fhe sinewoves.

Note: You'II find fhof fhe signoI consisfs of poirs of sidebonds obouf o suppressed
corrier of frequencies Iisfed in fhe second Iosf porogroph of fhe previous poge.

You'II oIso find fhof if consisfs of sidebonds obouf suppressed corriers of ofher
frequencies. However, oIfhough fhese signoIs ore presenf, fhe dispIoy is o IiffIe
misIeoding becouse fhe verficoI oxis is Iogorifhmic (i.e. non-Iineor).

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-II

Z4. Chonge fhe signoI onoIy;er's Unifs confroI (under fhe Frequency DispIoy heoding) from
d8 fo Lineor.

Note: This dispIoy shows you fhe Iineor reIofionship befween fhe sinewoves' ompIifude.

Zb. Use fhe signoI onoIy;er's CI cursor fo meosure fhe frequency of fhese significonf
sinewoves.

Note: The frequencies shouId be idenficoI fo fhose Iisfed on fhe boffom of poge ZI-9.

Zo. Pefurn fhe signoI onoIy;er's Unifs confroI fo fhe d8 posifion.

Z7. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod from fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf ond refurn if fo fhe
Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's LIME Code oufpuf.

Note: This refurns fhe sef-up fo fhof shown in Figures I ond Z wifh o PM Sequence for
fhe corrier insfeod of o squorewove.

Z8. Exomine fhe specfroI composifion of fhe originoI DSSS signoI wifh fhe SignoI AnoIy;er's
Unifs confroI in bofh fhe d8 ond Lineor posifions.

Question 3
Why is fhe specfroI composifion of fhe DSSS signoI much more compIex when fhe
corrier is o PM Sequence insfeod of o squorewove7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-IZ

Purt C - Using the product detector to recover the messuge

Z9. CIose fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI.

30. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking ifs PUM confroI once.

Note: If you cIosed fhe scope's VI insfeod of suspending if, sef if up per fhe
insfrucfions in Experimenf I wifh fhe foIIowing chonges:

ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo ZV/div insfeod of IV/div
Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf

3I. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond sef ifs soff 0oin
confroI fo obouf o quorfer of ifs froveI.

3Z. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
onfi-cIockwise.

33. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Note: Mofice fhof fhe Ieods connecf fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's AC inpufs ond nof ifs DC
inpufs.

Figure

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-I3

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up in Figure b con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o
beIow. The MuIfipIier moduIe ond fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe impIemenf o producf
defecfor which recovers fhe originoI messoge from fhe DSSS signoI. To fociIifofe fhis, fhe PM
sequence used for fhe moduIofor's corrier is "sfoIen" for fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier
(fhough if's sfoIen from fhe moduIe's X oufpuf buf fhe bif poffern is fhe some).

Figure

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7
DSSS
signoI
Y
X
DemoduIofed
DSSS signoI
To CH I
MuIfipIier
moduIe
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
Sequence
0enerofor
"SfoIen"
PM sequence
Messoge
To CH 0
DemoduIofed
DSSS signoI
To CH I
ZkH;
I00kH;
CLI
PM sequence
"SfoIen"
PM sequence
DSSS moduIofor Producf defecfor


34. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency confroI
cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Pemember: You con use fhe keyboord's TA8 ond orrow keys for fine odjusfmenfs of
DATEx confroIs.

3b. Sfop when fhe messoge signoI hos been recovered ond is obouf in phose wifh fhe originoI.

3o. Drow fhe demoduIofed DSSS signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph
poper.

PecoII fhof fhe messoge con onIy be recovered by fhe producf defecfor if on idenficoI PM
sequence fo fhe DSSS moduIofor's corrier is used. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf
demonsfrofes fhis.

37. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow fo moke fhe demoduIofor's IocoI corrier o
differenf PM sequence fo fhe fronsmiffer's corrier.

Figure

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
X DC
Y DC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-Ib

38. Compore fhe messoge wifh fhe producf defecfor's new oufpuf.

Question 4
Whof does fhe signoI ouf of fhe Iow-poss fiIfer Iook Iike7

Question
Why does using fhe wrong PM sequence for fhe IocoI corrier couse fhe producf
defecfor's oufpuf fo Iook Iike fhis7

Purt D - DSSS und deIiberute interference {jumming}
Inferference occurs when on unwonfed eIecfricoI signoI gefs odded fo fhe fronsmiffed signoI
(fypicoIIy in fhe chonneI) ond chonges if enough fo chonge fhe recovered messoge. EIecfricoI
noise is o significonf source of uninfenfionoI inferference.

However, somefimes noise is deIiberofeIy odded fo fhe fronsmiffed signoI for fhe purpose of
inferfering or "jomming" if. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf modeIs deIiberofe inferference
fo show how spreod specfrum signoIs ore highIy resisfonf fo if.

39. Move fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence 0enerofor's Y oufpuf bock fo ifs X oufpuf.

Note: The producf defecfor shouId now be recovering fhe messoge ogoin.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-Io

specificofions:

Woveshope: Sine
Frequency: b0kH;
AmpIifude: 4Vpp
DC Offsef: 0V

4I. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CH I posifion.

4Z. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff g confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

43. Sef fhe Adder moduIe's soff 0 confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.


Figure 9
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


The sef-up in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. The
funcfion generofor is used fo generofe o voriobIe frequency jomming signoI fhof is odded fo
fhe DSSS signoI in fhe chonneI using fhe Adder moduIe.

Figure 10

4b. Add fhe jomming signoI fo fhe DSSS signoI by sIowIy furning fhe Adder moduIe's g
confroI cIockwise. Sfop when if's of obouf hoIf ifs froveI.

4o. As you increose fhe ompIifude of fhe jomming signoI nofe fhe effecf if hos on fhe DSSS
signoI ond fhe recovered messoge.

47. Vory fhe jomming signoI's frequency by vorying fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf
frequency.

48. Mofe fhe effecf fhis hos on fhe DSSS signoI ond on fhe recovered messoge.

49. Increose fhe si;e of fhe jomming signoI fo moximum by furning fhe Adder moduIe's g

b0. Mofe fhe effecf fhis hos on fhe DSSS signoI ond on fhe recovered messoge.

Question
Why doesn'f fhe jomming signoI inferfere wifh fhe recovery of fhe messoge7

DSSS wifh
inferference
To CH 0
Pecovered
messoge
To CH I
ZkH;
I00kH;
CLI
PM sequence "SfoIen"
PM sequence
DSSS moduIofor Producf defecfor
A
8
Adder
moduIe
ChonneI
Jomming
signoI
Func.
gen.


A more sophisficofed opprooch fo jomming invoIves oufomoficoIIy sweeping fhe jomming signoI
fhrough o wide ronge of frequencies fo increose fhe chonces of upseffing fhe fronsmiffed
signoI. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see how spreod specfrum hondIes fhis.

bI. Pefurn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

bZ. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor by seffing ifs ModuIofion Type fo FM.

b3. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max


This modificofion forces fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo sweep confinuousIy fhrough o wide
ronge of frequencies.


bb. Increose fhe si;e of fhe jomming signoI fo moximum by furning fhe Adder moduIe's g

bo. Mofe fhe effecf fhis hos on fhe DSSS signoI ond on fhe recovered messoge.

Question 7
Why doesn'f fhe sweeping jomming signoI inferfere wifh fhe recovery of fhe messoge7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-Z0

An even more sophisficofed opprooch fo jomming invoIves using mony jomming signoIs of once
(broodbond jomming) fo increose fhe chonces of upseffing fhe fronsmiffed signoI. The nexf
porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see how spreod specfrum hondIes fhis.

b7. Pefurn fhe Adder moduIe's soff g confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

b8. Disconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe funcfion generofor ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure
IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

This modificofion uses fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe fo modeI o jomming signoI fhof consisfs of
fhousonds of frequencies.


MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
1
O
SPEECH
SEQUENCE
GENERATOR
GND
GND
SYNC
CLK
LINE
CODE
X
Y
OONRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
1ORZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
AMPLIFIER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZI-ZI

o0. Increose fhe sfrengfh of fhe broodbond jomming signoI by connecfing fhe Adder
moduIe's 8 inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8 oufpuf.

oI. Mofe fhe effecf fhis hos on fhe DSSS signoI ond on fhe recovered messoge.

oZ. Increose fhe sfrengfh of fhe broodbond jomming signoI even more by connecfing fhe
Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

o3. Mofe fhe effecf fhis hos on fhe DSSS signoI ond on fhe recovered messoge.

Question
Why doesn'f fhis broodbond jomming signoI inferfere wifh fhe recovery of fhe messoge7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZI - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion ZI-ZZ

If time permits,
If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, Iisfen fo how DSSS performs when being jommed by foIIowing
fhese insfrucfions. You'II need o sef of sfereo heodphones for fhis ocfivify.

I. Pemove fhe jomming signoI by disconnecfing fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf from fhe
Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

Z. Connecf fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf fo fhe AmpIifier moduIe's
inpuf.

3. Locofe fhe AmpIifier moduIe on fhe DATEx SFP ond furn ifs soff 0oin confroI
fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

4. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe AmpIifier moduIe's
heodphone sockef.

b. Puf fhe heodphones on.

o. Adjusf fhe AmpIifier moduIe's soff 0oin confroI unfiI fhe ZkH; fone is o

7. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when fhe wrong PM sequence is used fo demoduIofe fhe
DSSS signoI (Iike you did in Porf C) by moving fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence
0enerofor's X oufpuf fo ifs Y oufpuf.

8. Pefurn fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence 0enerofor's Y oufpuf bock fo ifs X
oufpuf.

9. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when o singIe sinewove is used fo jom fhe DSSS signoI
(Iike you did in Porf D) by connecfing fhe funcfion generofor's oufpuf fo fhe
Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

I0. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when o brood-bond signoI is used fo jom fhe DSSS
signoI (Iike you did in Porf D) by connecfing fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -Z0d8
oufpuf fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

II. Pepeof fhe sfep obove for higher IeveIs of jomming/noise by connecfing fhe
Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8 oufpuf fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf fhen fhe
0d8 oufpuf.

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

Z
Z

-

U
n
d
e
r
s
o
m
p
I
i
n
g

i
n

s
o
f
f
w
o
r
e

d
e
f
i
n
e
d

r
o
d
i
o

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-Z

Eperiment ZZ - UndersumpIing in SDP {Softwure Defined Pudio}

Softwure defined rudio
A sfriking feofure of fhe reIofiveIy shorf hisfory of eIecfronic communicofions is fhe
significonf improvemenf in performonce wifh eoch innovofion (usuoIIy in ferms of bondwidfh
requiremenfs ond/or noise immunify). This hos offen meonf fhof, os beffer communicofions
sysfems hove been infroduced, fhey hove quickIy repIoced exisfing fechnoIogies. For o recenf
exompIe of fhis, consider fhe swifch from onoIog fo digifoI ceII phones.

However, where fhe exisfing fechnoIogy hos been foo weII esfobIished fo be obondoned, fhe
new sysfem hos run in poroIIeI wifh fhe oId. For o Iong-sfonding exompIe of fhis, consider fhe
commercioI AM ond FM rodio sysfems.

Despife fhe benefifs of new communicofions fechniques, fhe disodvonfoges con'f be ignored.
Hordwore is eifher rendered useIess or if musf be dupIicofed. These probIems hove Ieod fo fhe
deveIopmenf of fhe Iofesf communicofions concepf coIIed soffwore defined rodio (SDP). SDP is
o singIe funer fhof con receive ond decode ony of fhe exisfing communicofions formofs (AM,
FM, DS8SC, ASI, FSI, DSSS, efc). Moreover, if's is oIso copobIe of decoding ony
communicofions formof fhof wiII be deveIoped in fhe foreseeobIe fufure.

As ifs nome impIies, fhe osfounding fIexibiIify of SDP is ochieved using soffwore. Insfeod of
impIemenfing o hordwore receiver fhof is necessoriIy bond ond moduIofion-scheme specific,
SDP is o widebond receiver fhof converfs rodio signoIs fo digifoI fhen decodes fhem using fhe
soffwore oppropriofe fo fhe moduIofion scheme of fhe fronsmission signoI. For o differenf
moduIofion scheme, simpIy chonge fhe progrom. 8effer sfiII, for o new moduIofion scheme,
simpIy insfoII fhe new progrom fhof's copobIe of decoding if.

UndersumpIing
An SDP receiver copobIe of receiving (ond decoding) fhe mojorify of eIecfronic communicofions
wouId need fo operofe of frequencies up fo ond beyond Z.40H; (o fypicoI ceII phone frequency).
PecoIIing fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe, you mighf be fempfed fo imogine fhe SDP receiver's
AnoIog-fo-DigifoI Converfer (ADC) needing fo sompIe ceII phone signoIs of over 4.80H;l
However, fhe Myquisf requiremenf fo sompIe of fwo or more fimes fhe highesf frequency of
fhe inpuf signoI is for ovoiding oIiosing of bosebond signoIs.

8ondwidfh Iimifed signoIs (Iike rodio signoIs in communicofions) don'f hove frequency
componenfs neor DC. Thof being fhe cose, fhe fype of oIiosing fhof fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe
offempfs fo ovoid isn'f o probIem. In focf, Shonnon's Informofion Theorem sfofes fhof oII of
fhe informofion in o bondwidfh Iimifed signoI con be copfured wifh o sompIing rofe os Iow os
fwice fhe signoI's bondwidfh.

Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZZ-3

In ofher words, o Z.40H; corrier signoI wifh o 30kH; bondwidfh con be sompIed of o
frequency os Iow os o0kH; ond sfiII copfure oII of fhe signoI's informofion. Thof soid, fhere ore
cerfoin sompIing frequencies fhof wiII sfiII couse oIiosing ond fhere is o mofhemoficoI process
for idenfifying fhem.

SompIing of bondwidfh Iimifed signoIs of Iess fhon fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe is known os
undersompIing, bond-poss sompIing ond super-Myquisf sompIing. ImporfonfIy, os weII os oIIowing
for communicofions signoIs up fo very high frequencies fo be sompIed, undersompIing hos
onofher significonf odvonfoge fhof mokes if ideoI for SDP. When fhe undersompIing frequency
is fwice fhe signoI's bondwidfh, one of fhe sompIed signoI's oIioses occurs of fhe some
frequency os fhe originoI messoge used fo moduIofe if. In ofher words, undersompIing
demoduIofes fhe sompIed signoI. AII fhof need be done fo recover fhe originoI messoge is fo
poss if fhrough o Iow-poss fiIfer fo fiIfer ouf fhe higher frequency oIioses.

The eperiment
For fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono DATEx fo sef up o bondwidfh Iimifed signoI fhen use
if fo expIore fhe difference in fhe specfroI composifion of o sompIed signoI produced using o
voriefy of sompIing frequencies obove ond beIow fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe. You'II fhen use
undersompIing fo demoduIofe fhe bondwidfh Iimifed signoI ond recover fhe messoge. FinoIIy,
you'II expIore fhe effecfs on fhe recovered messoge of mismofches befween fhe moduIofed
corrier's bondwidfh ond fhe frequency used for undersompIing.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-4

Purt A - Setting up u bundwidth Iimited signuI
To experimenf wifh undersompIing you need o bondwidfh Iimifed signoI. Any of fhe moduIofion
schemes con be used for fhis purpose, buf for simpIicify of wiring, we'II use o DS8SC signoI.
The firsf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo sef one up.

Procedure










9. Sef up fhe scope per fhe procedure in Experimenf I ensuring fhof fhe Trigger Source

Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZZ-b

I0. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow. If generofes o I00kH;
corrier fhof is DS8SC moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove messoge.

Figure Z

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrmsmax
Messoge
To CH 0
Mosfer
SignoIs
I00kH;
corrier
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
Mosfer
SignoIs
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-o


IZ. Acfivofe fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo view fhe DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier

I3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI 0 ScoIe confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion ond fhe ChonneI I ScoIe
confroI fo fhe ZV/div posifion.

Note: The MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf shouId be DS8SC signoI wifh oIfernofing hoIves of
ifs enveIope forming fhe some shope os fhe messoge.

Question 1
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, whof ore fhe frequencies of fhe fwo
sinewoves fhof moke up fhe DS8SC signoI7

Question Z
Whof's fhe bondwidfh of fhe DS8SC signoI7

I4. Suspend fhe scope VI's operofion by cIicking on ifs STOP confroI once.

Ib. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Dynomic SignoI AnoIy;er VI.

Io. Adjusf fhe signoI onoIy;er's confroIs os foIIows:

Input Settings

FFT Settings
Frequency Spon fo Ib0,000
PesoIufion fo 400

Trigger Settings
Type fo Edge

Frequency DispIuy
Unifs fo d8
Mode fo PMS
ScoIe fo Aufo


Averuging
Mode fo PMS
# of Averoges fo 3



I7. Verify your onswers fo Quesfions I ond Z by using fhe signoI onoIy;er's cursors fo
defermine fhe frequency of fhe DS8SC signoI's fwo sidebonds.

Purt - Direct down-conversion using undersumpIing
If you hove successfuIIy compIefed fhe experimenf on sompIing ond reconsfrucfion (Experimenf
I3) you hove seen fhof fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe sompIed signoI is:

SompIed signoI ~ fhe sompIing signoI fhe messoge

As fhe sompIing signoI is o digifoI signoI, fhe expression con be rewriffen os:

SompIed signoI ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) messoge

When fhe messoge signoI is moduIofed corrier Iike fhe DS8SC signoI fhof you hove sef up, fhe
expression con be rewriffen os:

SompIed signoI ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) (LS8 + US8)

SoIving fhe expression (which necessoriIy invoIves frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) gives:

DupIicofes of fhe LS8 ond US8 (due fo fheir muIfipIicofion wifh sompIing signoI's DC
componenf)
AIioses of fhe LS8 ond US8 of frequencies equoI fo fhe sum ond difference of fheir
frequencies ond fhe sompIing signoI's fundomenfoI frequency
Mumerous ofher oIioses of fhe LS8 ond US8 of frequencies equoI fo fhe sum ond
difference of fheir frequencies ond fhe sompIing signoI's hormonic frequencies

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-8

PecoII fhof fhe mofh oIso proves fhof, where o Iow-poss fiIfer is being used fo reproduce fhe
originoI signoI by pIucking ifs equivoIenf ouf of fhe sompIed signoI, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of
Ieosf fwice fhe highesf frequency in fhe originoI signoI. If fhe sompIing rofe is Iess fhon fhis,
oIiosing occurs.

Af firsf gIonce fhen, fhis suggesfs fhof if fhe DS8SC signoI fhof you hove generofed is fo be
sompIed, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of Ieosf Z04kH; becouse of fhe upper sidebond is o
Z04kH; sinewove.

However, os fhe DS8SC signoI is bondwidfh Iimifed (fhof is, ifs specfroI composifion doesn'f
exfend down fo DC), if's possibIe fo sompIe of rofes Iower fhon Z04kH; wifhouf necessoriIy
cousing oIiosing. For proof, TobIe I shows some of fhe oIioses produced by sompIing fhe DS8SC
signoI of Ib0kH;.

TubIe 1
Components due
to DC
Components due
to fs
Components due
to Zfs
Components due
to 3fs
98k & I0Zk
Diff: 48k & bZk
Sum: Z48k & ZbZk
Diff: I98k & Z0Zk
Sum: 398k & 40Zk
Diff: 348k & 3bZk
Sum: b48k & bbZk

Mofice fhof none of fhe oIioses overIop fhe 98kH; ond I0ZkH; componenfs in fhe sompIed
signoI's specfroI composifion. The oIioses ore eifher beIow or obove fhem. So, in fhis insfonce,
oIiosing wouIdn'f occur if o bond-poss fiIfer (wifh sufficienfIy sfeep skirfs) is used fo pIuck fhe
dupIicofe of fhe originoI DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe sompIed signoI. Thof soid, oIiosing is sfiII
possibIe by choosing o sompIing rofe fhof produces oIioses of frequencies fhof foII inside fhe
bond-poss fiIfer's poss-bond.

ObviousIy, os fhe sompIing rofe decreoses, so foo do oII of fhe componenfs in fhe sompIed
signoI's specfrum. If mokes sense fhen fhof, if fhe righf undersompIing frequency is used, if
musf be possibIe fo produce oIioses fhof cenfre on DC. This is crucioI becouse if meons fhof,
when o moduIofed corrier is undersompIed, one of ifs sidebonds con be direcfIy down-
converfed bock fo o bosebond signoI wifhouf needing fo use on infermediofe frequency firsf.
AII fhof is needed is o Iow-poss fiIfer fo rejecf fhe ofher oIioses.

A more sophisficofed woy of undersfonding direcf down-conversion using undersompIing
invoIves fhinking of fhe sompIing ocfion os producf defecfion. This is enfireIy oppropriofe fo do
becouse fhe mofh is oImosf idenficoI - if you're nof sure obouf fhof, compore fhe nofes here
wifh fhe nofes in fhe preIiminory discussion on producf defecfion in Experimenf 9. The
difference is however, insfeod of muIfipIying fhe moduIofed corrier wifh o singIe IocoI
sinusoidoI corrier, sompIing invoIves muIfipIying if wifh do;ens of sinewoves (fhe sompIing
signoI's fundomenfoI ond hormonics). ImporfonfIy, os Iong os one of fhe hormonics is fhe some
frequency os fhe moduIofed corrier, fhe expIonofion for o producf defecfor oppIies equoIIy fo
undersompIing os o form of demoduIofion.


To ensure fhof one of fhe sompIing signoI's hormonics is fhe some frequency os fhe moduIofed
corrier, fhe sompIing rofe musf be o whoIe infeger sub-muIfipIe of fhe moduIofed signoI's
corrier frequency. Thof soid, fo ovoid oIiosing, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of Ieosf fwice fhe
bondwidfh Iimifed signoI's bondwidfh.

The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you demoduIofe your DS8SC signoI fo recover fhe ZkH;
messoge using undersompIing insfeod of using o producf defecfor.

I8. CIose fhe signoI onoIy;er's VI.

I9. Pesforf fhe scope's VI by cIicking ifs Pun confroI once.

Z0. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ScoIe confroI fo fhe b00mV/div posifion.

ZI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

MuIfipIier moduIe is used fo generofe o moduIofed corrier (DS8SC). The SompIe-ond-HoId
circuif fogefher wifh fhe 8osebond LPF is used demoduIofe if using undersompIing.

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
CH0
CH1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-I0

Figure 4

ZZ. Compore fhe undersompIed DS8SC signoI wifh fhe originoI messoge.

Note: If you Iook cIoseIy, fhe undersompIed DS8SC signoI Iooks o IiffIe Iike on inverfed
version of fhe originoI messoge.

Z3. Modify fhe scope's ChonneI I connecfion fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

Messoge
To CH 0
I00kH;
corrier
Y
X
ZkH;
IM
COMTPOL
Under -sompIed
DS8SC signoI
To CH I
S/ H
Mosfer
SignoIs
8kH;
8osebond
LPF
Pecovered
messoge
DS8SC moduIofor DemoduIofion
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
CH 0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZZ-II

Question 3
Whof's fhe significonce of fhe signoI on fhe 8osebond LPF's oufpuf7

Question 4
0iven fhe sompIing frequency is 8.333kH; (fhe signoI's specified voIue of 8kH; is
rounded down for simpIicify), which hormonic in fhe sompIing signoI is demoduIofing fhe
DS8SC signoI7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-IZ

Purt C - Synchronisution
PecoII fhof fronsmiffer ond receiver corrier synchronisofion is essenfioI fo successfuI
demoduIofion using producf defecfion. If fhe IocoI corrier of o producf defecfor hos even fhe
sIighfesf frequency or phose error (reIofive fo fhe moduIofed corrier), fhe demoduIofed signoI
is offecfed.

Phose errors con reduce fhe mognifude of fhe recovered messoge ond even resuIf ifs compIefe
conceIIofion. The effecf of frequency errors depends on si;e. If fhe error is smoII (soy 0.IH;)
fhe messoge is periodicoIIy inoudibIe buf ofherwise infeIIigibIe. If fhe frequency error is Iorger
(soy bH;) fhe messoge is reosonobIy infeIIigibIe buf fideIify is poor. When frequency errors ore
Iorge, infeIIigibiIify is seriousIy offecfed. (For o brief expIonofion of why fhese effecfs occur,
refer fo Porf E in Experimenf 9.)

As direcf down-conversion using undersompIing is o form of producf defecfion, fhe sompIing
signoI musf be synchronised fo fhe moduIofed corrier if fhese effecfs ore fo be ovoided. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see fhese effecfs for yourseIf.

Z4. Lounch ond run fhe MI ELVIS II Funcfion 0enerofor VI.

Zb. Adjusf fhe funcfion generofor for on 8.333kH; oufpuf.


Zo. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Mosfer SignoI moduIe's 8kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf.

Z7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
VARIABLEDC
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
+
ANALOGI/ O
ACH1 DAC1
ACH0 DAC0
CH0
CH 1
SCOPE
10VDC
7Vrms max

Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs ZZ-I3

This modificofion subsfifufes fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's 8kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf for on
8.333kH; digifoI signoI from fhe funcfion generofor. This oIIows you fo infroduce o phose ond
frequency error befween fhe moduIofed corrier ond fhe "IocoI corrier" (fhof is, fhe sompIing
frequency's IZ
fh
hormonic).

Z8. Observe fhe effecf of fhis chonge on fhe recovered messoge.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf ZZ - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio ZZ-I4

Emonu DATE" TeIecommunicutions Truiner Lub MunuuI VoIume 1 -
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog und DigituI TeIecommunicutions
For NI" ELVIS II,
Aufhor: 8orry Duncon

Emonu Instruments Pty Ltd
8o Porromoffo Pood web: www,tims,com,uu
Comperdown MSW Z0b0 feIephone: +oI-Z-9bI9-3933
AUSTPALIA fox: +oI-Z-9bb0-I378

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(PRQD'$7([ (PRQD'$7([ (PRQD'$7([ (PRQD'$7([

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Purt C - Spectrum unuIysis of un AM signuI

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