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3502%-!#9#,!53%
Tha Cunstltutlun und Iadarul luws ura tha "surana Luw uI tha Lund" ( Art. V|, c|. 2[.
A. xpress preempt|cn
Whan u Iadarul luw axrassly stutas thut lt ls tha axcluslva raulutlun ln u Iald, uny stuta
uttant tu rauluta thut Iald ls lnvulld.
8. |mp||ed preempt|cn
Whan tha Iadarul luw ls sllant, tha stuta luw nuy nunathalass ba raantad.
. D|rect ccn|ct: lI tha Iadarul und stuta luw ura ln dlract cunIlct, than tha stuta luw ls
lnvulld.
2. 5tote |mpedes federo| cbject|ve: lI stuta luw lnadas tha uchlavanant uI u stutad
ubjactlva, than tha Iadarul luw raants tha stuta luw.
).4%2'/6%2.-%.4!,)--5.)49
A. Federo| |mmun|ty frcm stote toxot|cn
Stuta tuxutlun uI tha Iadarul uvarnnant ls ruhlbltad.
xomp|e: Stuta tuxutlun uI u Iadarul bunk ls ruhlbltad.
8. L|m|ted stote |mmun|ty frcm federo| toxot|cn
Tha Iadarul uvarnnant ls ruhlbltad Irun tuxln unly ruarty usad ln, ur lncuna Irun, u
stuta's arIurnunca uI lts buslc uvarnnantul Iunctluns.
xomp|e: Tha Iadarul uvarnnant cunnut lnstltuta u ruarty tux un stuta urks.
$/2-!.4#/--%2#%!.$
02)6),%'%3!.$)--5.)4)%3#,!53%3
A. Dcrmont Ccmmerce C|ouse prch|b|ts undue burdens
Tha Durnunt Cunnarca Cluusa ruhlblts stuta und lucul luws thut luca un undua burdan
un lntarstuta cunnarca.
. Determ|n|ng undue burden: A stuta raulutlun whlch uIIacts lntarstuta cunnarca ls
lnvulld unlass tha raulutlun naats tha Iulluwln stundurds.
o. Tha raulutlun ursuas u LEGITIMATESTATEEND,
b. Tha raulutlun ls RATIONALLYRELATEDTOTHATEND, und
c. 4HEBENElTSAREGREATERTHANTHEBURDENS.
2. D|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst cut-cf-stoters: A stuta raulutlun thut dlscrlnlnutas uulnst
uut-uI-stutars (ruvldas una sat uI luws Iur aula Irun uut uI stuta und una Iur ln-
stutars) ls unly vulld lI lt ls nacassury tu uchlava un lnurtunt uvarnnant urusa.
o. Prutactln tha ln-stuta acununy ls navar u vulld justlIcutlun Iur u luw thut dlscrlnl -
nutas uulnst uut-uI-stutars.
b. Prutactln tha ln-stuta anvlrunnant ls usuully u vulld justlIcutlun.
3. Morket port|c|pont except|cn: A stuta ur lucul uvarnnant nuy raIar lts uwn
cltlans ln racalvln banaIts Irun uvarnnant ruruns lI lt ls uctln us u buslnass ln
tha nurkat.
xomp|e: A stuta cullaa cun chura nura Iur uut-uI-stutars than lt churas Iur
ln-stutars.
8. Pr|v||eges ond |mmun|t|es C|ouse cf Art|c|e |V
A stuta ls ruhlbltad Irun danyln tha cltlans uI unuthar stuta tha Iundunantul rlvlllas
und lnnunltlas lt uIIurds lts uwn cltlans.
o. Fundomento| r|ghts dehned: Tha rlhts thut ura Iundunantul ura althar
Cunstltutlunul ur acununlc ln nutura.
xomp|e: A stututa raqulrln u $2,500 llcansa Iaa Irun nunrasldant cunnarclul
Isharnan but unly $25 Iur rasldants ls uncunstltutlunul.
xomp|e: A stututa astubllshln u rasldancy raqulranant Iur un uburtlun ls
uncunstltutlunul.
b. 5ubstont|o| reoscn test: A stuta nuy nunathalass dlscrlnlnuta uulnst un uut-uI-
stutar's Iundunantul rlhts lI.
i. Pecu||or scurce cf ev|| : Tha stuta astubllshas thut tha uut-uI-stutar ls u "acullur
suurca uI avll" thut tha stututa wus anuctad tu ractlIy ( 1ccmer v. W|tse|| [.
ii. 5ubstont|o||y re|oted: Tha raulutlun baurs u substuntlul ralutlunshl tu tha
stuta's ubjactlva.
C. Pr|v||eges cr |mmun|t|es C|ouse cf the Fcurteenth Amendment
A stuta ls ruhlbltad Irun danyln lts cltlans tha rlhts und rlvllaas uI nutlunul cltlan-
shl. Thls lssua usuully lnvulvas tha rlht tu truval.
xomp|e: A stuta luw llnltln u naw rasldant's walIura banaIts, us cunurad tu uldar
rasldants' banaIts, ls uncunstltutlunul ( 5oenz v. kce[ .
#/.'2%333!54(/2)494/!#4
Congrss hos lh oulhor|ly lo rgu|ol ony oro lhol lh Consl|lul|on xprss|y or
|mp||d|y rsrvs lo |l.
A. Necessory ond Prcper C|ouse
Cunrass hus tha uuthurlty tu axarclsa thusa axrass ur lnllad uwars lus ull uuxlllury uw-
ars nacassury und ruar tu curry uut tha uwars vastad tu uny brunch uI tha Iadarul uvarn-
nant ( Art. |, 8[.
xomp|e: Cunrass nuy anuct luws tu anubla tha rasldant tu curry uut hls dutlas.
8. 1he Ccmmerce C|ouse ( Art |., 8[
Cunrass hus tha uwar tu rauluta cunnarca "unun tha savarul stutas." Thls cluusa hus
baan hald tu naun thut Cunrass nuy rauluta.
. Tha chonne|s (a.., ROADS) uI lntarstuta cunnarca.
2. Tha |nstrumento||t|es (a.., TRUCKS) uI lntarstuta cunnarca.
3. Actlvltas thut huva u substont|o| effect un lntarstuta cunnarca.
o. Ccmmerc|o| oct|v|ty, oggregote effects: Canarully, Cunrass nuy rauluta avan snull
und lucul uctlvltlas thut, by thansalvas, du nut huva u substuntlul aIIact un lntarstuta
cunnarca su lun us tha uctlvlty ls cunnarclul und lt ls urt uI u anarul cluss uI uctlvl-
tlas thut, cullactlvaly, substuntlully aIIact lntarstuta cunnarca.
xomp|e: Ollla uwns u snull lucul rastuurunt but raIusas tu arnlt AIrlcun Anarlcuns
tu aut ut tha rastuurunt. Althuuh hls rastuurunt by ltsalI duas nut huva u substuntlul
aIIact un lntarstuta cunnarca, Cunrass nunathalass nuy ruhlblt dlscrlnlnutlun ut
rastuurunts, lncludln Ollla's, bacuusa rastuurunts huva un urauta aIIact un lntar-
stuta cunnarca ( Kotzenboch v. McC|ung[ .
b. Ncn-ccmmerc|o| oct|v|ty, nc oggregote effects: lI tha uctlvlty ls nut cunnarclul by
nutura, than thara nust ba u dlract cunnactlun batwaan tha uctlvlty und lntarstuta cun-
narca. Cunulutlva aIIacts uI tha uctlvlty ls lrralavunt.
xomp|e: Usln lts uwar tu rauluta lntarstuta cunnarca, Cunrass nukas lt u Iad-
arul crlna tu ussass u Iraurn naur u schuul. Huwavar, tha Surana Cuurt struck
duwn tha raulutlun bacuusa Iraurn ussasslun ls nunacununlc und, by ltsalI, duas
nut uIIact lntarstuta cunnarca ( U.5. v. Lcpez[.
C. 1ox ond spend|ng pcwer ( Art. |, 8[
. 1ox|ng pcwer: Cunrass hus tha uwar tu "luy und cullact tuxas."
o. kegu|otcry purpcse: Cunrass nuy usa lts tuxln uwar tu anuct tuxas thut huva nu
anulna nunay-rulsln urusa, but ura uraly raulutury.
b. Cunrass ls ruhlbltad Irun tuxln axurts.
2. 5pend|ng pcwer: Cunrass hus tha uwar tu "uy tha dabts und ruvlda Iur tha cunnun
daIansa und anarul walIura uI tha Unltad Stutas."
Cenero| we|fore dehned: Cunrass hus bruud uwar tu sand Iur tha anarul walIura,
us lun us tha axandltura duas nut vluluta uny uthar cunstltutlunul ruvlslun.
D. Dther pcwers express|y reserved tc Ccngress
Othar uwars rasarvad tu Cunrass lncluda tha uuthurlty tu daclura wur, rulsa und suurt u nlll-
tury, und rauluta tha urnad Iurcas, astubllsh lnnlrutlun, nuturullutlun, bunkrutcy, cuyrlht,
und utant luws, burruw nunay und culn nunay, und crauta tha luwar cuurts ( Art. |, 8[.
,)-)43/.#/.'2%333!54(/2)49
A. 1enth Amendment os o ||m|t cn Ccngress's outhcr|ty
Tha Tanth Anandnant rasarvas ull uwars nut runtad tu tha Iadarul uvarnnant tu tha
stutas ur aula.
. Ccngress |s prch|b|ted frcm ccmpe|||ng stote regu|otcry |eg|s|ot|ve oct|cn: Althuuh
Cunrass cun try tu lnduca u stuta tu uct by uttln raqulranants un Iundln ("currut und
stlck uruuch"), lt cunnut REQUIREu stuta tu anuct raulutluns.
xomp|e: Cunrass cunnut raqulra stuta und lucul luw anIurcanant uIIcluls tu cunduct
buckruund chacks un hundun urchusars. ( Pr|ntz v. Un|ted 5totes [
8. De|egot|cn cf pcwers
Cunrass cun dalauta lts lalslutlva uwar unlass tha uwar ls strlctly uI u lalslutlva nutura,
such us tha uwar tu daclura wur. Cunrass cunnut dalauta ur ratuln uwars Iur ltsalI thut
ura axacutlva ur judlclul ln nutura.
Must set gu|de||nes: ln dalautln lts uuthurlty, Cunrass nust ruvlda lntallllbla ulda-
llnas und stundurds tu tha arsun ur uancy tha uuthurlty ls dalautad.
xomp|e: Cunrass nuy dalauta lts uuthurlty tu rauluta lnnlrutlun tu tha Daurtnant
uI Hunalund Sacurlty su lun us lt lvas thls Daurtnant uldallnas Iur raulutlun.
Huwavar, Cunrass nuy nut dalauta uuthurlty tu nuka trautlas tu unuthar uancy bacuusa
thls uuthurlty ls rasarvad tu tha Exacutlva Brunch.
&/2%)'.!&&!)23
A. 1reoty
Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu sln trautlas und uraanants unun tha U.S. und Iuraln
nutluns, wlth tha cunsant uI Cunrass.
. xecut|ve ogreements: Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu nautluta und sln uraaanants
thut ura aIIactlva uun slnln by tha rasldant und tha haud uI tha Iuraln laudar (rutlIcu-
tlun by Cunrass ls nut raqulrad).
2. H|erorchy:
o. Trautlas und axacutlva uraanants ravull uvar cunIlctln stuta luws.
b. lI u trauty cunIlcts wlth u Iadarul stututa, tha una udutad lust ln tlna cuntruls.
c. lI un axacutlva uraanant cunIlcts wlth u Iadarul stututa, tha Iadarul stututa cuntruls.
d. Trautlas und axacutlva uraanants ura lnvulld lI thay cunIlct wlth tha Cunstltutlun.
8. Ccmmonder-|n-Ch|ef cf the ormed fcrces
As tha Cunnundar-ln-ChlaI, tha rasldant hus bruud uwars tu usa U.S. truus ubruud.
Tha rasldant nuy cunnlt truus ubruud wlthuut u Cunrasslunul daclurutlun uI wur lI duln
su ls nacassury tu rutact Anarlcuns ubruud ur Iur uthar nutlunul sacurlty lntarasts.
$/-%34)#!&&!)23
A. Appc|ntment ond remcvo| pcwers
Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu uulnt unbussudurs, Iadarul judas, und uIIcars uI tha
U.S. wlth tha cunsant uI tha Sanuta.
. Appc|ntment cf "|nfer|cr" cfhcers: Cunrass nuy vast tha uuthurlty tu uulnt lnIarlur
uIIcars (luwar Iadarul uulntaas) tu tha rasldant, tha judlclury, ur tu cublnat nanbars
(but Cunrass nuy nut lva ltsalI ur lts uIIcars thls uulntnant uwar) ( Art. ||, 2[.
2. kemcvo| pcwers: Unlass llnltad by stututa, tha rasldant nuy Ira uny uIIcar ln tha axacu-
tlva brunch ut wlll, axcat Iur lnstuncas ln whlch tha Cunstltutlun ruhlblts duln su (a..,
Irln Iur ruca-busad rausuns).
8. Pordcn pcwer
Tha rasldant nuy lssua urduns, but unly Iur Iadarul uIIansas.
C. Vetc pcwer
Tha rasldant nuy vatu uny luw ussad by Cunrass, ulthuuh hls vatu nuy ba uvarrlddan by
u twu-thlrds nujurlty uI auch huusa.
D. |mpeochment ond remcvo|
Tha rasldant, vlca-rasldant, Iadarul judas, und hlh uIIcars uI tha U.S. cun ba lnauchad
Iur trausun, brlbary, hlh crlnas, und nldanaunurs.
. |mpeochment: Tha Huusa uI Rarasantutlvas nust vuta tu lnauch by u nujurlty vuta.
2. kemcvo| : AItar lnauchnant, ranuvul uccurs unly lI tha Sanuta cunvlcts by u twu-thlrds
nujurlty vuta.
. |mmun|ty
Tha rasldant hus ubsuluta lnnunlty Irun clvll sults Iur nunay dunuas Iur uctluns whlla
ln uIIca, ulthuuh thls lnnunlty duas nut axtand tu uctluns thut uccurrad rlur tu hls tukln
uIIca.
F. xecut|ve pr|v||ege
Tha rasldant hus axacutlva rlvllaa Irun dlsclusln cunIdantlul lnIurnutlun, but such rlvl-
laa ls quullIad und nust ylald tu uthar lnurtunt lntarasts (a.., crlnlnul lnvastlutluns).
2. Cousot|cn ond redressob|||ty: A lulntlII nust ullaa und ruva thut tha lnjury wus
cuusad by tha daIandunt und tha cuurt ls cuubla uI radrassln thut lnjury.
3. Nc toxpoyer su|ts: A lulntlII nuy nut sua sulaly us u cltlan ur tuxuyar Iur u anarullad
rlavunca.
stob||shment C|ouse except|cn: A tuxuyar hus stundln tu sua tu uvarturn u tux ur
sandln rurun thut vlulutas tha Estubllshnant Cluusa.
4. Nc th|rd-porty stond|ng: A lulntlII nuy nut ussart tha rlhts uI unuthar arsun nut
baIura tha cuurt, except:
o. Assccot|cns: A ruu ur ussuclutlun nuy rulsa tha rlhts uI lts nanbars whu than-
salvas wuuld huva stundln.
b. F|rst omendment cverbreodth: A lulntlII whu cun astubllsh thut u stututa wuuld
uncunstltutlunully rastrlct tha Iraa axrasslun uI u thlrd urty hus stundln tu brln un
uctlun un thut arsun's bahulI.
c. koc|o| d|scr|m|not|cn |n grond jury se|ect|cn: A whlta arsun hus stundln tu
rulsa aquul rutactlun und dua rucass ubjactluns tu dlscrlnlnutlun uulnst AIrlcun
Anarlcuns ln tha salactlun uI rund jururs.

8. k|peness ( "tcc sccn"[
Raul ur lnnlnant thraut uI hurn nust axlst Iur u cuurt tu haur u cluln.
xomp|e: A urty nuy nut chullana u ruusad stututa.
C. Mcctness ( "tcc |ote"[
Tha cuntruvarsy nust axlst ut ull ulnts durln tha lltlutlun, axcat.
. Wrcng copob|e cf repet|t|cn but evod|ng rev|ew: Whan tha cuntruvarsy ur wrun ls nu
lunar rasant, but ls stlll cuubla uI raatltlun, u cuurt nuy haur tha nuttar.
xomp|e: A ranunt wunun uttucks tha cunstltutlunullty uI u stuta's ruhlbltlun un
uburtluns. By tha tlna tha cusa ls dacldad, sha ls nu lunar ranunt. Nunathalass,
bacuusa u ranuncy wlll ulnust ulwuys ba uvar baIura tha cusa ls dacldad, lt ls u wrun
cuubla uI raatltlun, yat avudln ravlaw ( kce v. Wode[.
2. Vc|untory cessot|cn: lI tha daIandunt vulunturlly causas tha uIIandln cunduct, but ls Iraa
tu rasuna ut uny tlna, tha cusa anarully wlll nut ba dlsnlssad us nuut.
D. Nc pc||t|co| quest|cns
A cuurt wlll nut haur cusas thut rulsa quastluns uI u ulltlcul nutura thut ura daanad battar
laIt Iur uthar brunchas uI uvarnnant. Tha undarlyln rlnclla uI thls raqulranant ls tha
saurutlun uI uwars ductrlna.
xomp|e: Chullanas tu tha rasldant's cunduct uI Iuraln ullcy.
xomp|e: Chullanas tu tha lnauchnant und ranuvul rucass.
. 5u|ts ogo|nst stotes |n federo| ccurt fcr domoges ( |eventh Amendment[
Tha Elavanth Anandnant saclIcully burs u Iadarul cuurt Irun haurln sults "uulnst uny
una uI tha stutas by cltlans uI unuthar stuta ur by cltlans ur subjacts uI uny Iuraln stuta"
Iur dunuas, axcat.
. 5tote cfhcers moy be sued: OIIcars uctln un bahulI uI u stuta nuy ba suad, but uny
dunuas uwurdad cunnut ba uld uut uI tha stuta's trausury.
2. |njunct|cns: A stuta uIIcar nuy ba suad Iur Iur lnjunctlva rallaI, but tha stuta nuy nut ba
nunad us u urty.
3. Ccngress's remed|o| pcwers under the 1h|rteenth, Fcurteenth, cr F|fteenth
Amendments: A stuta nuy ba suad Iur vlulutln uny stututa udutad ursuunt tu
Cunrass' ranadlul uwars undar tha Thlrtaanth, Fuurtaanth, ur FlItaanth Anandnants.
xomp|e: A stuta nuy ba suad Iur vlulutln Tltla vll (anluynant dlscrlnlnutlun), whlch
wus anuctad ursuunt tu tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant.
4. Wo|ver: A stuta nuy axrassly wulva lts Elavanth Anandnant rutactlun uulnst sults.
).'%.%2!,
A. 1he Ccnst|tut|cn's prctect|cns opp|y cn|y tc gcvernment oct|cn
Pructlcully ull uI tha lndlvlduul rlhts ln tha Cunstltutlun rutact uulnst unly uvarnnant
uctlun. Prlvuta cunduct naad nut cunly wlth tha Cunstltutlun, ulthuuh lt duas naad tu
cunly wlth Iadarul stututas.
. xcept|cns: Prlvuta cunduct nust cunly wlth tha Cunstltutlun.
o. 1h|rteenth Amendment: Tha Thlrtaanth-Anandnant ruhlbltlun uI sluvary ullas tu
rlvuta cunduct.
b. Pr|vote ent|ty serv|ng pub||c funct|cn: Whan u rlvuta antlty ls arIurnln u tusk
trudltlunully arIurnad by tha uvarnnant, tha Cunstltutlun's rutactluns uly tu
thut antlty.
xomp|e: Pulltlcul urtlas runnln alactluns ura rlvuta antltlas thut sarva u ubllc
Iunctlun.
c. ntong|ement: Cunstltutlunul rutactluns uly lI tha uvarnnant uuthurlas, ancuur-
uas, ur Iucllltutas uncunstltutlunul uctlvlty.
xomp|e: A rastuurunt thut lausas lts ruarty Irun tha uvarnnant ls buund by tha
Cunstltutlun's rutactluns uI lndlvlduul llbartlas.
d. 5totute: Cunrass, by stututa, nuy uly Cunstltutlunul nurns tu rlvuta cunduct.
xomp|e: Tha Cunnarca Cluusa nuy ba usad tu uly Cunstltutlunul rutactluns tu
rlvuta cunduct.

8. App||cob|||ty tc stotes
Tha rutactluns uIIurdad ln tha Blll uI Rlhts ura nut dlractly ullcubla tu tha stutas.
Huwavar, tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant's Due Prccess C|ouse (whlch duas uly tu tha
stutas) hus baan lntarratad tu nuka nust uI tha Blll uI Rlhts' rutactluns ullcubla tu
tha stutas (knuwn us SELECTIVEINCORPORATION). Tha unly rlhts nut lncururutad ura tha.
. Sacund-Anandnant rlht tu baur urns
2. Thlrd-Anandnant rlht tu nut huva suldlars quurtarad ln u arsun's huna
3. FlIth-Anandnant rlht tu rund jury lndlctnant ln crlnlnul cusas
4. Savanth-Anandnant rlht tu u jury trlul ln clvll cusas
5. Elhth-Anandnant rlht uulnst axcasslva Inas
3ECTIONCONTINUESONNEXTPAGE
CDN1|NUD DN D1Hk 5|D
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4(%,%')3,!452%!24)#,%)
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&%$%2!,*5$)#)!,0/7%23
A. 1ypes cf coses ( Art. |||, 2[
Fadarul cuurts huva tha uuthurlty tu haur.
. Cusas urlsln undar tha #ONSTITUTIONORUNDERAFEDERALSTATUTE,
2. Cusas uI ADMIRALTY,
3. Cusas batwaan TWOORMORESTATES,
4. Cusas batwaan CITIZENSOFDIFFERENTSTATES (dlvarslty jurlsdlctlun), und
5. Cusas batwaan ASTATEORITSCITIZENSANDAFOREIGNCOUNTRYORFOREIGNCITIZEN.
8. Ccngress's ccntrc| cf the jud|c|o| pcwers
Cunrass hus tha uuthurlty tu daclda whut tyas uI cusas tha Surana Cuurt und luwar Iad-
arul cuurts cun haur, su lun us lt duas nut axund tha Cuurts' jurlsdlctlun bayund tha Iadarul
uwars anunarutad ln Art. |||, 2 (llstad ubuva).
4(%3502%-%#/524
A. Morbury v. Mod|scn pr|nc|p|e
Only tha Surana Cuurt hus tha ultlnuta uuthurlty tu daclura tha cunstltutlunullty uI u stututa
ur uvarnnant uctlun.
8. 1ypes cf jur|sd|ct|cn
. Dr|g|no| ond exc|us|ve jur|sd|ct|cn: ln sults batwaan stutas ur lnvulvln un unbussudur
(ur uthar hlh ubllc uIIclul) uI tha Unltad Stutas, tha Surana Cuurt hus urllnul jurlsdlc-
tlun (nuy haur tha cusa Irst).
2. Appe||ote jur|sd|ct|cn: Tha Surana Cuurt hus tha jurlsdlctlun tu haur uauls uI Inul
daclsluns Irun stuta ur Iadarul cuurts.
o. Wr|t cf Cert|cror| : Tha nujurlty uI cusas ura haurd by #ERTIORARI, whlch nauns tha Cuurt
hus dlscratlun tu haur tha uaul (Iuur justlcas nust vuta tu haur tha cusa).
b. Mondotcry jur|sd|ct|cn: Tha Cuurt ls REQUIREDtu haur uauls unly whan tha daclslun
wus nuda by u thraa-juda Iadarul dlstrlct cuurt.
C. Nc |ndependent ond odequote stote |ow grcund
Fur tha Surana Cuurt tu ravlaw u stuta cuurt's daclslun, thara nust nut ba un lndaandant
und udaquuta stuta luw ruund uI tha daclslun.
xomp|e: A lulntlII wlns u judnant uulnst u ullca daurtnant Iur brutullty busad uun
buth stuta und Iadarul ruunds. Evan lI tha Surana Cuurt ravarsad un tha Iadarul luw
ruunds, tha lulntlII wuuld stlll wln busad uun tha stuta luw. Cunsaquantly, tha Surana
Cuurt wlll nut haur tha cusa.
*534)#)!"),)492%15)2%-%.4
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A. 5tond|ng
A lulntlII nust huva u SIGNIlCANTSTAKE ln tha lltlutlun tu huva tha stundln tu brln u sult.
Thls raqulras.
. Actuo| cr |mm|nent |njury: A lulntlII nust ullaa und ruva thut sha hus baan ur wlll ba
lnnlnantly lnjurad.
Nc odv|scry cp|n|cns: A Iadarul cuurt ls ruhlbltad Irun lssuln udvlsury ulnluns
whara thara ls nu "cusa ur cuntruvarsy" ( Art. |||, 2[.
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3502%-!#9#,!53%
Tha Cunstltutlun und Iadarul luws ura tha "surana Luw uI tha Lund" ( Art. V|, c|. 2[.
A. xpress preempt|cn
Whan u Iadarul luw axrassly stutas thut lt ls tha axcluslva raulutlun ln u Iald, uny stuta
uttant tu rauluta thut Iald ls lnvulld.
8. |mp||ed preempt|cn
Whan tha Iadarul luw ls sllant, tha stuta luw nuy nunathalass ba raantad.
. D|rect ccn|ct: lI tha Iadarul und stuta luw ura ln dlract cunIlct, than tha stuta luw ls
lnvulld.
2. 5tote |mpedes federo| cbject|ve: lI stuta luw lnadas tha uchlavanant uI u stutad
ubjactlva, than tha Iadarul luw raants tha stuta luw.
).4%2'/6%2.-%.4!,)--5.)49
A. Federo| |mmun|ty frcm stote toxot|cn
Stuta tuxutlun uI tha Iadarul uvarnnant ls ruhlbltad.
xomp|e: Stuta tuxutlun uI u Iadarul bunk ls ruhlbltad.
8. L|m|ted stote |mmun|ty frcm federo| toxot|cn
Tha Iadarul uvarnnant ls ruhlbltad Irun tuxln unly ruarty usad ln, ur lncuna Irun, u
stuta's arIurnunca uI lts buslc uvarnnantul Iunctluns.
xomp|e: Tha Iadarul uvarnnant cunnut lnstltuta u ruarty tux un stuta urks.
$/2-!.4#/--%2#%!.$
02)6),%'%3!.$)--5.)4)%3#,!53%3
A. Dcrmont Ccmmerce C|ouse prch|b|ts undue burdens
Tha Durnunt Cunnarca Cluusa ruhlblts stuta und lucul luws thut luca un undua burdan
un lntarstuta cunnarca.
. Determ|n|ng undue burden: A stuta raulutlun whlch uIIacts lntarstuta cunnarca ls
lnvulld unlass tha raulutlun naats tha Iulluwln stundurds.
o. Tha raulutlun ursuas u LEGITIMATESTATEEND,
b. Tha raulutlun ls RATIONALLYRELATEDTOTHATEND, und
c. 4HEBENElTSAREGREATERTHANTHEBURDENS.
2. D|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst cut-cf-stoters: A stuta raulutlun thut dlscrlnlnutas uulnst
uut-uI-stutars (ruvldas una sat uI luws Iur aula Irun uut uI stuta und una Iur ln-
stutars) ls unly vulld lI lt ls nacassury tu uchlava un lnurtunt uvarnnant urusa.
o. Prutactln tha ln-stuta acununy ls navar u vulld justlIcutlun Iur u luw thut dlscrlnl -
nutas uulnst uut-uI-stutars.
b. Prutactln tha ln-stuta anvlrunnant ls usuully u vulld justlIcutlun.
3. Morket port|c|pont except|cn: A stuta ur lucul uvarnnant nuy raIar lts uwn
cltlans ln racalvln banaIts Irun uvarnnant ruruns lI lt ls uctln us u buslnass ln
tha nurkat.
xomp|e: A stuta cullaa cun chura nura Iur uut-uI-stutars than lt churas Iur
ln-stutars.
8. Pr|v||eges ond |mmun|t|es C|ouse cf Art|c|e |V
A stuta ls ruhlbltad Irun danyln tha cltlans uI unuthar stuta tha Iundunantul rlvlllas
und lnnunltlas lt uIIurds lts uwn cltlans.
o. Fundomento| r|ghts dehned: Tha rlhts thut ura Iundunantul ura althar
Cunstltutlunul ur acununlc ln nutura.
xomp|e: A stututa raqulrln u $2,500 llcansa Iaa Irun nunrasldant cunnarclul
Isharnan but unly $25 Iur rasldants ls uncunstltutlunul.
xomp|e: A stututa astubllshln u rasldancy raqulranant Iur un uburtlun ls
uncunstltutlunul.
b. 5ubstont|o| reoscn test: A stuta nuy nunathalass dlscrlnlnuta uulnst un uut-uI-
stutar's Iundunantul rlhts lI.
i. Pecu||or scurce cf ev|| : Tha stuta astubllshas thut tha uut-uI-stutar ls u "acullur
suurca uI avll" thut tha stututa wus anuctad tu ractlIy ( 1ccmer v. W|tse|| [.
ii. 5ubstont|o||y re|oted: Tha raulutlun baurs u substuntlul ralutlunshl tu tha
stuta's ubjactlva.
C. Pr|v||eges cr |mmun|t|es C|ouse cf the Fcurteenth Amendment
A stuta ls ruhlbltad Irun danyln lts cltlans tha rlhts und rlvllaas uI nutlunul cltlan-
shl. Thls lssua usuully lnvulvas tha rlht tu truval.
xomp|e: A stuta luw llnltln u naw rasldant's walIura banaIts, us cunurad tu uldar
rasldants' banaIts, ls uncunstltutlunul ( 5oenz v. kce[ .
#/.'2%333!54(/2)494/!#4
Congrss hos lh oulhor|ly lo rgu|ol ony oro lhol lh Consl|lul|on xprss|y or
|mp||d|y rsrvs lo |l.
A. Necessory ond Prcper C|ouse
Cunrass hus tha uuthurlty tu axarclsa thusa axrass ur lnllad uwars lus ull uuxlllury uw-
ars nacassury und ruar tu curry uut tha uwars vastad tu uny brunch uI tha Iadarul uvarn-
nant ( Art. |, 8[.
xomp|e: Cunrass nuy anuct luws tu anubla tha rasldant tu curry uut hls dutlas.
8. 1he Ccmmerce C|ouse ( Art |., 8[
Cunrass hus tha uwar tu rauluta cunnarca "unun tha savarul stutas." Thls cluusa hus
baan hald tu naun thut Cunrass nuy rauluta.
. Tha chonne|s (a.., ROADS) uI lntarstuta cunnarca.
2. Tha |nstrumento||t|es (a.., TRUCKS) uI lntarstuta cunnarca.
3. Actlvltas thut huva u substont|o| effect un lntarstuta cunnarca.
o. Ccmmerc|o| oct|v|ty, oggregote effects: Canarully, Cunrass nuy rauluta avan snull
und lucul uctlvltlas thut, by thansalvas, du nut huva u substuntlul aIIact un lntarstuta
cunnarca su lun us tha uctlvlty ls cunnarclul und lt ls urt uI u anarul cluss uI uctlvl-
tlas thut, cullactlvaly, substuntlully aIIact lntarstuta cunnarca.
xomp|e: Ollla uwns u snull lucul rastuurunt but raIusas tu arnlt AIrlcun Anarlcuns
tu aut ut tha rastuurunt. Althuuh hls rastuurunt by ltsalI duas nut huva u substuntlul
aIIact un lntarstuta cunnarca, Cunrass nunathalass nuy ruhlblt dlscrlnlnutlun ut
rastuurunts, lncludln Ollla's, bacuusa rastuurunts huva un urauta aIIact un lntar-
stuta cunnarca ( Kotzenboch v. McC|ung[ .
b. Ncn-ccmmerc|o| oct|v|ty, nc oggregote effects: lI tha uctlvlty ls nut cunnarclul by
nutura, than thara nust ba u dlract cunnactlun batwaan tha uctlvlty und lntarstuta cun-
narca. Cunulutlva aIIacts uI tha uctlvlty ls lrralavunt.
xomp|e: Usln lts uwar tu rauluta lntarstuta cunnarca, Cunrass nukas lt u Iad-
arul crlna tu ussass u Iraurn naur u schuul. Huwavar, tha Surana Cuurt struck
duwn tha raulutlun bacuusa Iraurn ussasslun ls nunacununlc und, by ltsalI, duas
nut uIIact lntarstuta cunnarca ( U.5. v. Lcpez[.
C. 1ox ond spend|ng pcwer ( Art. |, 8[
. 1ox|ng pcwer: Cunrass hus tha uwar tu "luy und cullact tuxas."
o. kegu|otcry purpcse: Cunrass nuy usa lts tuxln uwar tu anuct tuxas thut huva nu
anulna nunay-rulsln urusa, but ura uraly raulutury.
b. Cunrass ls ruhlbltad Irun tuxln axurts.
2. 5pend|ng pcwer: Cunrass hus tha uwar tu "uy tha dabts und ruvlda Iur tha cunnun
daIansa und anarul walIura uI tha Unltad Stutas."
Cenero| we|fore dehned: Cunrass hus bruud uwar tu sand Iur tha anarul walIura,
us lun us tha axandltura duas nut vluluta uny uthar cunstltutlunul ruvlslun.
D. Dther pcwers express|y reserved tc Ccngress
Othar uwars rasarvad tu Cunrass lncluda tha uuthurlty tu daclura wur, rulsa und suurt u nlll-
tury, und rauluta tha urnad Iurcas, astubllsh lnnlrutlun, nuturullutlun, bunkrutcy, cuyrlht,
und utant luws, burruw nunay und culn nunay, und crauta tha luwar cuurts ( Art. |, 8[.
,)-)43/.#/.'2%333!54(/2)49
A. 1enth Amendment os o ||m|t cn Ccngress's outhcr|ty
Tha Tanth Anandnant rasarvas ull uwars nut runtad tu tha Iadarul uvarnnant tu tha
stutas ur aula.
. Ccngress |s prch|b|ted frcm ccmpe|||ng stote regu|otcry |eg|s|ot|ve oct|cn: Althuuh
Cunrass cun try tu lnduca u stuta tu uct by uttln raqulranants un Iundln ("currut und
stlck uruuch"), lt cunnut REQUIREu stuta tu anuct raulutluns.
xomp|e: Cunrass cunnut raqulra stuta und lucul luw anIurcanant uIIcluls tu cunduct
buckruund chacks un hundun urchusars. ( Pr|ntz v. Un|ted 5totes [
8. De|egot|cn cf pcwers
Cunrass cun dalauta lts lalslutlva uwar unlass tha uwar ls strlctly uI u lalslutlva nutura,
such us tha uwar tu daclura wur. Cunrass cunnut dalauta ur ratuln uwars Iur ltsalI thut
ura axacutlva ur judlclul ln nutura.
Must set gu|de||nes: ln dalautln lts uuthurlty, Cunrass nust ruvlda lntallllbla ulda-
llnas und stundurds tu tha arsun ur uancy tha uuthurlty ls dalautad.
xomp|e: Cunrass nuy dalauta lts uuthurlty tu rauluta lnnlrutlun tu tha Daurtnant
uI Hunalund Sacurlty su lun us lt lvas thls Daurtnant uldallnas Iur raulutlun.
Huwavar, Cunrass nuy nut dalauta uuthurlty tu nuka trautlas tu unuthar uancy bacuusa
thls uuthurlty ls rasarvad tu tha Exacutlva Brunch.
&/2%)'.!&&!)23
A. 1reoty
Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu sln trautlas und uraanants unun tha U.S. und Iuraln
nutluns, wlth tha cunsant uI Cunrass.
. xecut|ve ogreements: Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu nautluta und sln uraaanants
thut ura aIIactlva uun slnln by tha rasldant und tha haud uI tha Iuraln laudar (rutlIcu-
tlun by Cunrass ls nut raqulrad).
2. H|erorchy:
o. Trautlas und axacutlva uraanants ravull uvar cunIlctln stuta luws.
b. lI u trauty cunIlcts wlth u Iadarul stututa, tha una udutad lust ln tlna cuntruls.
c. lI un axacutlva uraanant cunIlcts wlth u Iadarul stututa, tha Iadarul stututa cuntruls.
d. Trautlas und axacutlva uraanants ura lnvulld lI thay cunIlct wlth tha Cunstltutlun.
8. Ccmmonder-|n-Ch|ef cf the ormed fcrces
As tha Cunnundar-ln-ChlaI, tha rasldant hus bruud uwars tu usa U.S. truus ubruud.
Tha rasldant nuy cunnlt truus ubruud wlthuut u Cunrasslunul daclurutlun uI wur lI duln
su ls nacassury tu rutact Anarlcuns ubruud ur Iur uthar nutlunul sacurlty lntarasts.
$/-%34)#!&&!)23
A. Appc|ntment ond remcvo| pcwers
Tha rasldant hus tha uuthurlty tu uulnt unbussudurs, Iadarul judas, und uIIcars uI tha
U.S. wlth tha cunsant uI tha Sanuta.
. Appc|ntment cf "|nfer|cr" cfhcers: Cunrass nuy vast tha uuthurlty tu uulnt lnIarlur
uIIcars (luwar Iadarul uulntaas) tu tha rasldant, tha judlclury, ur tu cublnat nanbars
(but Cunrass nuy nut lva ltsalI ur lts uIIcars thls uulntnant uwar) ( Art. ||, 2[.
2. kemcvo| pcwers: Unlass llnltad by stututa, tha rasldant nuy Ira uny uIIcar ln tha axacu-
tlva brunch ut wlll, axcat Iur lnstuncas ln whlch tha Cunstltutlun ruhlblts duln su (a..,
Irln Iur ruca-busad rausuns).
8. Pordcn pcwer
Tha rasldant nuy lssua urduns, but unly Iur Iadarul uIIansas.
C. Vetc pcwer
Tha rasldant nuy vatu uny luw ussad by Cunrass, ulthuuh hls vatu nuy ba uvarrlddan by
u twu-thlrds nujurlty uI auch huusa.
D. |mpeochment ond remcvo|
Tha rasldant, vlca-rasldant, Iadarul judas, und hlh uIIcars uI tha U.S. cun ba lnauchad
Iur trausun, brlbary, hlh crlnas, und nldanaunurs.
. |mpeochment: Tha Huusa uI Rarasantutlvas nust vuta tu lnauch by u nujurlty vuta.
2. kemcvo| : AItar lnauchnant, ranuvul uccurs unly lI tha Sanuta cunvlcts by u twu-thlrds
nujurlty vuta.
. |mmun|ty
Tha rasldant hus ubsuluta lnnunlty Irun clvll sults Iur nunay dunuas Iur uctluns whlla
ln uIIca, ulthuuh thls lnnunlty duas nut axtand tu uctluns thut uccurrad rlur tu hls tukln
uIIca.
F. xecut|ve pr|v||ege
Tha rasldant hus axacutlva rlvllaa Irun dlsclusln cunIdantlul lnIurnutlun, but such rlvl-
laa ls quullIad und nust ylald tu uthar lnurtunt lntarasts (a.., crlnlnul lnvastlutluns).
2. Cousot|cn ond redressob|||ty: A lulntlII nust ullaa und ruva thut tha lnjury wus
cuusad by tha daIandunt und tha cuurt ls cuubla uI radrassln thut lnjury.
3. Nc toxpoyer su|ts: A lulntlII nuy nut sua sulaly us u cltlan ur tuxuyar Iur u anarullad
rlavunca.
stob||shment C|ouse except|cn: A tuxuyar hus stundln tu sua tu uvarturn u tux ur
sandln rurun thut vlulutas tha Estubllshnant Cluusa.
4. Nc th|rd-porty stond|ng: A lulntlII nuy nut ussart tha rlhts uI unuthar arsun nut
baIura tha cuurt, except:
o. Assccot|cns: A ruu ur ussuclutlun nuy rulsa tha rlhts uI lts nanbars whu than-
salvas wuuld huva stundln.
b. F|rst omendment cverbreodth: A lulntlII whu cun astubllsh thut u stututa wuuld
uncunstltutlunully rastrlct tha Iraa axrasslun uI u thlrd urty hus stundln tu brln un
uctlun un thut arsun's bahulI.
c. koc|o| d|scr|m|not|cn |n grond jury se|ect|cn: A whlta arsun hus stundln tu
rulsa aquul rutactlun und dua rucass ubjactluns tu dlscrlnlnutlun uulnst AIrlcun
Anarlcuns ln tha salactlun uI rund jururs.

8. k|peness ( "tcc sccn"[
Raul ur lnnlnant thraut uI hurn nust axlst Iur u cuurt tu haur u cluln.
xomp|e: A urty nuy nut chullana u ruusad stututa.
C. Mcctness ( "tcc |ote"[
Tha cuntruvarsy nust axlst ut ull ulnts durln tha lltlutlun, axcat.
. Wrcng copob|e cf repet|t|cn but evod|ng rev|ew: Whan tha cuntruvarsy ur wrun ls nu
lunar rasant, but ls stlll cuubla uI raatltlun, u cuurt nuy haur tha nuttar.
xomp|e: A ranunt wunun uttucks tha cunstltutlunullty uI u stuta's ruhlbltlun un
uburtluns. By tha tlna tha cusa ls dacldad, sha ls nu lunar ranunt. Nunathalass,
bacuusa u ranuncy wlll ulnust ulwuys ba uvar baIura tha cusa ls dacldad, lt ls u wrun
cuubla uI raatltlun, yat avudln ravlaw ( kce v. Wode[.
2. Vc|untory cessot|cn: lI tha daIandunt vulunturlly causas tha uIIandln cunduct, but ls Iraa
tu rasuna ut uny tlna, tha cusa anarully wlll nut ba dlsnlssad us nuut.
D. Nc pc||t|co| quest|cns
A cuurt wlll nut haur cusas thut rulsa quastluns uI u ulltlcul nutura thut ura daanad battar
laIt Iur uthar brunchas uI uvarnnant. Tha undarlyln rlnclla uI thls raqulranant ls tha
saurutlun uI uwars ductrlna.
xomp|e: Chullanas tu tha rasldant's cunduct uI Iuraln ullcy.
xomp|e: Chullanas tu tha lnauchnant und ranuvul rucass.
. 5u|ts ogo|nst stotes |n federo| ccurt fcr domoges ( |eventh Amendment[
Tha Elavanth Anandnant saclIcully burs u Iadarul cuurt Irun haurln sults "uulnst uny
una uI tha stutas by cltlans uI unuthar stuta ur by cltlans ur subjacts uI uny Iuraln stuta"
Iur dunuas, axcat.
. 5tote cfhcers moy be sued: OIIcars uctln un bahulI uI u stuta nuy ba suad, but uny
dunuas uwurdad cunnut ba uld uut uI tha stuta's trausury.
2. |njunct|cns: A stuta uIIcar nuy ba suad Iur Iur lnjunctlva rallaI, but tha stuta nuy nut ba
nunad us u urty.
3. Ccngress's remed|o| pcwers under the 1h|rteenth, Fcurteenth, cr F|fteenth
Amendments: A stuta nuy ba suad Iur vlulutln uny stututa udutad ursuunt tu
Cunrass' ranadlul uwars undar tha Thlrtaanth, Fuurtaanth, ur FlItaanth Anandnants.
xomp|e: A stuta nuy ba suad Iur vlulutln Tltla vll (anluynant dlscrlnlnutlun), whlch
wus anuctad ursuunt tu tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant.
4. Wo|ver: A stuta nuy axrassly wulva lts Elavanth Anandnant rutactlun uulnst sults.
).'%.%2!,
A. 1he Ccnst|tut|cn's prctect|cns opp|y cn|y tc gcvernment oct|cn
Pructlcully ull uI tha lndlvlduul rlhts ln tha Cunstltutlun rutact uulnst unly uvarnnant
uctlun. Prlvuta cunduct naad nut cunly wlth tha Cunstltutlun, ulthuuh lt duas naad tu
cunly wlth Iadarul stututas.
. xcept|cns: Prlvuta cunduct nust cunly wlth tha Cunstltutlun.
o. 1h|rteenth Amendment: Tha Thlrtaanth-Anandnant ruhlbltlun uI sluvary ullas tu
rlvuta cunduct.
b. Pr|vote ent|ty serv|ng pub||c funct|cn: Whan u rlvuta antlty ls arIurnln u tusk
trudltlunully arIurnad by tha uvarnnant, tha Cunstltutlun's rutactluns uly tu
thut antlty.
xomp|e: Pulltlcul urtlas runnln alactluns ura rlvuta antltlas thut sarva u ubllc
Iunctlun.
c. ntong|ement: Cunstltutlunul rutactluns uly lI tha uvarnnant uuthurlas, ancuur-
uas, ur Iucllltutas uncunstltutlunul uctlvlty.
xomp|e: A rastuurunt thut lausas lts ruarty Irun tha uvarnnant ls buund by tha
Cunstltutlun's rutactluns uI lndlvlduul llbartlas.
d. 5totute: Cunrass, by stututa, nuy uly Cunstltutlunul nurns tu rlvuta cunduct.
xomp|e: Tha Cunnarca Cluusa nuy ba usad tu uly Cunstltutlunul rutactluns tu
rlvuta cunduct.

8. App||cob|||ty tc stotes
Tha rutactluns uIIurdad ln tha Blll uI Rlhts ura nut dlractly ullcubla tu tha stutas.
Huwavar, tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant's Due Prccess C|ouse (whlch duas uly tu tha
stutas) hus baan lntarratad tu nuka nust uI tha Blll uI Rlhts' rutactluns ullcubla tu
tha stutas (knuwn us SELECTIVEINCORPORATION). Tha unly rlhts nut lncururutad ura tha.
. Sacund-Anandnant rlht tu baur urns
2. Thlrd-Anandnant rlht tu nut huva suldlars quurtarad ln u arsun's huna
3. FlIth-Anandnant rlht tu rund jury lndlctnant ln crlnlnul cusas
4. Savanth-Anandnant rlht tu u jury trlul ln clvll cusas
5. Elhth-Anandnant rlht uulnst axcasslva Inas
3ECTIONCONTINUESONNEXTPAGE
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A. 1ypes cf coses ( Art. |||, 2[
Fadarul cuurts huva tha uuthurlty tu haur.
. Cusas urlsln undar tha #ONSTITUTIONORUNDERAFEDERALSTATUTE,
2. Cusas uI ADMIRALTY,
3. Cusas batwaan TWOORMORESTATES,
4. Cusas batwaan CITIZENSOFDIFFERENTSTATES (dlvarslty jurlsdlctlun), und
5. Cusas batwaan ASTATEORITSCITIZENSANDAFOREIGNCOUNTRYORFOREIGNCITIZEN.
8. Ccngress's ccntrc| cf the jud|c|o| pcwers
Cunrass hus tha uuthurlty tu daclda whut tyas uI cusas tha Surana Cuurt und luwar Iad-
arul cuurts cun haur, su lun us lt duas nut axund tha Cuurts' jurlsdlctlun bayund tha Iadarul
uwars anunarutad ln Art. |||, 2 (llstad ubuva).
4(%3502%-%#/524
A. Morbury v. Mod|scn pr|nc|p|e
Only tha Surana Cuurt hus tha ultlnuta uuthurlty tu daclura tha cunstltutlunullty uI u stututa
ur uvarnnant uctlun.
8. 1ypes cf jur|sd|ct|cn
. Dr|g|no| ond exc|us|ve jur|sd|ct|cn: ln sults batwaan stutas ur lnvulvln un unbussudur
(ur uthar hlh ubllc uIIclul) uI tha Unltad Stutas, tha Surana Cuurt hus urllnul jurlsdlc-
tlun (nuy haur tha cusa Irst).
2. Appe||ote jur|sd|ct|cn: Tha Surana Cuurt hus tha jurlsdlctlun tu haur uauls uI Inul
daclsluns Irun stuta ur Iadarul cuurts.
o. Wr|t cf Cert|cror| : Tha nujurlty uI cusas ura haurd by #ERTIORARI, whlch nauns tha Cuurt
hus dlscratlun tu haur tha uaul (Iuur justlcas nust vuta tu haur tha cusa).
b. Mondotcry jur|sd|ct|cn: Tha Cuurt ls REQUIREDtu haur uauls unly whan tha daclslun
wus nuda by u thraa-juda Iadarul dlstrlct cuurt.
C. Nc |ndependent ond odequote stote |ow grcund
Fur tha Surana Cuurt tu ravlaw u stuta cuurt's daclslun, thara nust nut ba un lndaandant
und udaquuta stuta luw ruund uI tha daclslun.
xomp|e: A lulntlII wlns u judnant uulnst u ullca daurtnant Iur brutullty busad uun
buth stuta und Iadarul ruunds. Evan lI tha Surana Cuurt ravarsad un tha Iadarul luw
ruunds, tha lulntlII wuuld stlll wln busad uun tha stuta luw. Cunsaquantly, tha Surana
Cuurt wlll nut haur tha cusa.
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A. 5tond|ng
A lulntlII nust huva u SIGNIlCANTSTAKE ln tha lltlutlun tu huva tha stundln tu brln u sult.
Thls raqulras.
. Actuo| cr |mm|nent |njury: A lulntlII nust ullaa und ruva thut sha hus baan ur wlll ba
lnnlnantly lnjurad.
Nc odv|scry cp|n|cns: A Iadarul cuurt ls ruhlbltad Irun lssuln udvlsury ulnluns
whara thara ls nu "cusa ur cuntruvarsy" ( Art. |||, 2[.
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kLA1|DN 1D PUkPD5 PUkPD5 LA51 k51k|C1|V AL1kNA1|V7 8UkDN DF PkDDF
51k|C1 5CkU1|N Nacassury Cunallln Actuul Purusa Yas Cuvarnnant
|N1kMD|A1 5CkU1|N Substuntlully Ralutad lnurtunt Actuul Purusa Prububly Nut Cuvarnnant
kA1|DNAL 8A5|5 151 Rutlunully Ralutad Laltlnuta Cuncalvubla Cuvarnnant Purusa Nu Chullanar
,%6%,3/&3#254).9
Oovrnmnl rgu|ol|ons or ocl|ons lhol rslr|cl |nd|v|duo| ||brl|s or rv|wd
undr vor|ous slondords, dpnd|ng upon lh ||brly ol slo|.
A. 5tr|ct scrunt|ny
A luw wlll ba uhald unly lI lt ls nacassury tu uchlava u cunallln uvarnnant urusa und lI
thara ls nu laust rastrlctlva ultarnutlva. Leost restr|ct|ve o|ternot|ve: daandln un tha laval
uI scrutlny, tha cuurt wlll cunsldar whathar thara ls u lass burdansuna nunnar by whlch tha
lalslutura nuy uchlava lts uul.
4HEGOVERNMENT hus tha burdan uI ruuI.
8. |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
A luw ls uhald unly lI tha luw ls substuntlully ralutad tu un lnurtunt uvarnnant urusa.
4HEGOVERNMENT hus tha burdan uI ruuI.
Tha cuurt rububly duas nut cunsldar tha laust rastrlctlva ultarnutlva.
C. kot|cno| bos|s
A luw ls uhald lI lt ls rutlunully ralutad tu u laltlnuta ur cuncalvubla uvarnnant urusa.
4HE CHALLENGER hus tha burdan uI ruvln nu laltlnuta uvarnnant urusa ur thut tha
luw hus nu rutlunul ralutlun tu thut urusa.
Congrss sho|| mo| no |ow obr|dg|ng lh lrdom ol spch, or ol lh prss, or
lh r|ghl ol lh pop| pocob|y lo ossmb|, ond lo pl|l|on lh Oovrnmnl lor o
rdrss ol gr|voncs.
| ||rsl /mndmnl|
&2%%30%%#(!.$%802%33)/.
A. Ccntent-bosed v. ccntent-neutro| restr|ct|cns
. Ccntent-bosed restr|ct|cns: A luw whusa ullcutlun daands uun tha subjact nuttar
ur vlawulnt uI tha saach ur axrasslun ls cuntant-busad und subjact tu strlct scrutlny.
2. Ccntent-neutro| |ows: A luw whusa ullcutlun ls unlvarsul und duas nut daand uun
tha subjact nuttar ur vlawulnt uI tha saach ur axrasslun ls cuntant-nautrul und
subjact tu lntarnadluta scrutlny. Tha raulutlun ls unly vulld lI lt sarvas u slnlIcunt uv-
arnnantul lntarast thut ls nurruwly tullarad und lauvas uan ultarnutlva chunnals Iur cun-
nunlcutln tha lnIurnutlun.
8. Dverbreodth
A luw thut buns u bruud runa uI saach ur nura saach thun ls nacassury nuy ba uncun-
stltutlunul.
C. Vogueness
A luw ls uncunstltutlunully vuua lI tha cunduct ruhlbltad by lt ls su unclaurly daInad thut
u rausunubla arsun wuuld nut ba ubla tu tall whut saach ls ruhlbltad und whut saach
ls arnlttad.
D. Pr|cr restro|nt
A luw ur cuurt urdar thut stus cunnunlcutlun rlur tu lt baln sukan nuy ba uncunstltu-
tlunul.
. Ccurt crders ura ravlawad undar strlct scrutlny stundurd.
2. L|cens|ng requ|rements ura ravlawad undar u quusl-lntarnadluta scrutlny stundurd. A
luw ur raulutlun raqulrln u llcansa Iur saach ls vulld unly lI thara ls un lnurtunt rausun
Iur tha llcansln und claur crltarlu lauvln ulnust nu dlscratlun tu tha llcansln uuthurlty.
xomp|e: A luw raqulrln u llcansa tu huld u rutast ls vulld su lun us tha crltarlu Iur
attln tha llcansa ura claur und lauva nu dlscratlun und su lun us tha ullcunt naats
thasa crltarlu ( 5chne|der v. 5tote[.
. 5ymbc||c speech
Tha raulutlun uI nunvarbul uctluns ls uncunstltutlunul unlass tha uvarnnant hus un lnur-
tunt lntarast unralutad tu tha surasslun uI tha nassua, und tha lnuct un tha cunnunl-
cutlun ls nu rautar thun nacassurytu uchlava lts urusa.
xomp|e: Tha uvarnnant cunnut rauluta Iu burnln Iur tha urusa uI surassln tha
nassua.
5.02/4%#4%$!.$,%3302/4%#4%$30%%#(
/|lhough |ows lhol rslr|cl conlnl-bosd spch gnro||y musl ml slr|cl scrul|ny,
lh lo||ow|ng oros rc|v |lhr |ss prolcl|on or no prolcl|on ol o||.
A. |nc|tement cf |ow|ess oct|v|ty
Luws cun rauluta saach lI tha Iulluwln ura shuwn.
. |ntent: Tha saukar lntands tu ruduca lnnlnant luwlass uctlun.
2. L|ke||hccd: Tha saach nust ba llkaly tu lnclta ur ruduca tha luwlass uctlun.
8. Dbscen|ty ond sexuo||y-cr|ented speech
Saach thut ls daanad ubscana ls unrutactad, und thus stutas cun rauluta wlthuut vlulut-
ln tha Flrst Anandnant ( M|||er v. Co||fcrn|o[ .
. 1hree-port test: Saach ls ubscana lI.
o. Appeo|s tc the prur|ent |nterest: Tha nutarlul nust uaul tu shunaIul ur nurbld
lntarast ln sax. Whut ls rurlant ls u cunnunlty stundurd,
b. Potent|y cffens|ve: Tha nutarlul ls utantly uIIanslva, und
c. Nc ort|st|c vo|ue: Tha nutarlul nust luck sarluus lltarury, urtlstlc, ulltlcul, ur sclantlIc
vulua. Thls ls u nutlunul stundurd.
2. Pr|vote pcssess|cn connct be regu|oted: A luw cunnut rauluta tha rlvuta ussasslun
uI ubscana nutarlul.
3. Ch||d pcrncgrophy |s unprctected: Tha uvarnnant nuy bun chlld unuruhy (lncludln
lts rlvuta ussasslun), avan lI lt duas nut naat tha daInltlun uI ubscana.
4. Prcfon|ty |s prctected: PruIuna und lndacant saach ls nut cunsldarad ubscana und ls
anarully rutactad by tha Flrst Anandnant.
C. Ccmmerc|o| speech
Saach Iur udvartlsln u ruduct ur ruusln cunnarclul trunsuctluns ura rutactad by tha
Flrst Anandnant, but tha rutactlun ls llnltad.
. 1ruthfu| ccmmerc|o| speech |s prctected: TruthIul cunnarclul saach nuy unly ba rau-
lutad lI tha raulutlun naats tha lntarnadluta scrutlny tast.
2. Fo|se, decept|ve, cr |||ego| odvert|sements ore unprctected: Advartlsanants thut ura
Iulsa, dacatlva, ur ruusa lllaul uctlvlty nuy ba ruhlbltad.
D. Defomot|cn ond ||be|
Tha raulutlun uI daIunutury und llbaluus lunuua daands uun tha subjact (arsun) und
subjact nuttar uI tha saach.
. Pub||c cfhc|o| cr hgure requ|res o fo|se stotement ond octuo| mo||ce: A ubllc uIIcul
ur uthar ubllc Iura cun racuvar Iur daIunutlun unly lI ha ur sha ruvas thut tha stuta-
nant wus Iulsa, und tha arsun whu nuda tha stutanant uctad wlth uctuul nullca ( New
crk 1|mes v. 5u|||von[.
2. Pr|vote hgure requ|res o fo|se stotement ond neg||gence. lI tha lulntlII ls u rlvuta I-
ura, than tha lndlvlduul wlll unly ba ubla tu racuvar lI sha astubllshas thut tha stutanant
wus Iulsa und tha arsun whu nuda tha stutanant uctad wlth nallanca.
L|m|ted reccvery fcr o pr|vote hgure, pub||c ccncern: lI tha lulntlII ls u rlvuta I-
ura, but tha subjact nuttar uI tha saach ls uI ubllc cuncarn, than sha cun nut racuvar
unltlva dunuas unlass thara wus uctuul nullca.
4)-%0,!#%!.$-!..%22%342)#4)/.3
A. Pub||c fcrums
Tha uvarnnant nuy anuct tlna, luca, und nunnar rastrlctluns un saach un ruarty thut
tha uvarnnant nust nuka uvullubla Iur axrasslun (such us sldawulks und urks) unly lI.
. Tha raulutluns ura CONTENTNEUTRAL,
2. Tha raulutluns ura NARROWLYTAILOREDFORASIGNIlCANTGOVERNMENTINTEREST, und
3. Tha raulutluns lauva uan ADEQUATEALTERNATIVEPLACES Iur cunnunlcutlun.
8. L|m|ted des|gnoted pub||c fcrums
Tha uvarnnant nuy anuct tlna, luca, und nunnar rastrlctluns un ruarty thut tha uv-
arnnant cun clusa tu saach but chuusas tu lauva uan tu tha ubllc unly lI lt naats tha
suna stundurd us Iur ubllc Iuruns.
xomp|e: A clty thut uans u nunlclul thautar tu tha ubllc cunnut rastrlct saach ut thut
thautar unlass lt naats tha ubuva raqulranants.
C. Ncn-pub||c fcrums
Saach un uvarnnant ruartlas thut tha uvarnnant cunstltutlunully cun und duas clusa tu
saach cun ba raulutad su lun us lt naats tha rutlunul busls tast und ls vlawulnt nautrul.
xomp|e: Tha uvarnnant cun rauluta saach un nllltury busas.
D. Pr|vote prcperty
Thara ls nu Flrst-Anandnant rlht tu uccass rlvuta ruarty Iur saach urusas.
&2%%$/-/&!33/#)!4)/.
A. Pruhlbltluns un ruu nanbarshl nust naat strlct scrutlny.
8. Luws thut ruhlblt u ruu Irun dlscrlnlnutln ura vulld unlass tha ruu ls un "lntlnuta
ussuclutlun" (snull ruu) ur lI dlscrlnlnutlun ls lntarul tu tha urusa uI tha ruu ( kctory
|nternot|cno| v. kctory C|ub cf Duorte[.
&2%%$/-/&2%,)')/.
Ihr or lwo sporol ond d|sl|ncl c|ouss |n lh ||rsl /mndmnl prlo|n|ng lo
r||g|on.
A. Free xerc|se
. |ntent|cno| burden: Luws thut lntantlunully lntarIara wlth ur burdan tha Iraa axarclsa uI
ralllun nust naat scrlct scrutlny.
2. Un|ntent|cno| burden: Luws thut unlntantlunully lntaraIara wlth ur burdan tha Iraa axar-
clsa uI ralllun whan tha uvarnnant ls ursuln uthar ubjactlvas usuully hus tu naat u
buluncln uI tha lntarasts tast.
xomp|e: A nllltury urdlnunca ruhlblts uny suldlar Irun waurln u hut. Thls urdl -
nunca ravants Orthudux Jawlsh suldlars Irun waurln yurnulkas, whlch thalr ralllun
raqulras than tu waur. Thls urdlnunca ls vulld bacuusa tha rlht tu Iraa axarclsa wus
uutwalhad by tha naad tu daIar tu tha nllltury's judnant thut dlsclllna und unlIur-
nlty raqulra tha bun un ull nun-stundurd haudaur ( Cc|dmon v. We|nberger [.
8. stob||shment
Tha uvarull urusa uI tha Estubllshnant Cluusa ls tu nulntuln u saurutlun batwaan church
und stuta.
. 1est: Cuvarnnant uctlun thut ralutas tu ralllun nust naat u thraa-urt tast tu ba vulld.
o. 5ecu|or purpcse: Tha raulutlun nust huva suna uthar antlraly nunrallluus urusa.
b. ffect: Tha raulutlun's rlnury aIIact nust nut ba tu udvunca ralllun.
c. ntong|ement: Tha uvarnnant uctlun nust nut Iustar axcasslva uvarnnant antun-
lanant wlth ralllun.
2. 5pec|hc sett|ed oreos:
o. ke||g|cn |n pub||c schcc|s: lI tha uvarnnant uttants tu lntruduca ralllun lntu ub-
llc schuuls, lt wlll nust llkaly vluluta tha Estubllshnant Cluusa, ulthuuh u schuul nuy
ruvlda uccass tu schuul Iucllltlas tu rallluus ruus, su lun us nunrallluus ruus
huva aquul uccass.
b. 5undoy c|cs|ng |ows: Luws raqulrln narchunts tu ba clusad un Sunduys anarully du
nut vluluta tha Estubllshnant cluusa ( McCcwon v. Mory|ond[.
c. ke||g|cus d|sp|oys: Dlsluys uI rallluus thanas (such us Eustar ur Chrlstnus dlsluys)
ura arnlsslbla su lun us tha rallluus synbuls ura surruundad by rlnurlly saculur
synbuls ( Lynch v. Dcnne||y[.
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Oovrnmnl ocl|on lhol dpr|vs o prson ol ||l, ||brly, or proprly musl comp|y
w|lh bolh procduro| ond subslonl|v rqu|rmnls.
02/#%$52!,$5%02/#%33
A. Dehned
Cuvarnnant uctlun nust ruvlda udaquuta und Iulr rucaduras whan lt lntantlunully ur rack-
lassly darlvas u arsun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty. Thls ls u twu-urt unulysls.
. Wus thara u darlvutlun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty?
2. Whut rucaduras ura nacassury?
8. Depr|vot|cn
. Df L|berty: A darlvutlun uI llbarty uccurs lI u arsun hus baan lnrlsunad, darlvad uI
hyslcul Iraadun uI nuvanant, ur luss uI uthar slnlIcunt Iraadun.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu drlva ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu ructlca una's ruIasslun ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu rulsa una's chlldran ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
2. Df Prcperty: A darlvutlun uI ruarty uccurs lI thara ls u rausunubla axactutlun uI cun-
tlnuad racalt uI u banaIt (un antltlanant) und thut antltlanant ls unIulIllad.
xomp|e: A tanurad uvarnnant anluyaa whu ls Irad hud un antltlanant (cuntlnuad
anluynant) thut wus unIulIllad.
C. Prccedures necessory
Tha rucaduras tha uvarnnant nust anluy lI lt ls darlvln u arsun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ru-
arty ura datarnlnad by buluncln tha lntarasts ( Mothews v. |dr|dge[ .
. 8o|onc|ng test:
o. lntarast thut tha lndlvlduul ls tryln tu rutact.
b. lntarast thut tha uvarnnant ls saakln tu Iurthar.
c. Adnlnlstrutlva und Iscul burdansun tha uvarnnant uI ultarnutlva rucaduras.
2. 5pec|hc sett|ed oreos:
o. Tarnlnutln walIura banaIts raqulras u haurln ( Cc|dberg v. Ke||y[.
b. Tarnlnutln uvarnnant anluynant raqulras nutlca und un uurtunlty tu rasund tu
churas ( C|eve|ond 8cord cf d. v. Lcuderm||| [.
c. Ravucutlun uI ruIasslunul llcansa raqulras u haurln ( |n re kuffo|c[.
d. Tarnlnutln urantul custudy uI u chlld raqulras nutlca und ruuI uI unItnass ut u haur-
ln by claur und cunvlncln avldanca ( 5ontcsky v. Kromer [.
35"34!.4)6%$5%02/#%33
A. Dehned
Cuvarnnant uctlun raqulras udaquuta substuntlva justlIcutluns Iur tukln uwuy u arsun's
llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty. Tha FlIth Anandnant Dua Prucass Cluusa ullas tu tha Iadarul
uvarnnant und tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant Dua Prucass Cluusa ullas tu stuta und lucul
uvarnnants.
8. Fundomento| r|ghts
Tha uvarnnant nust naat tha strlct scrutlny tast tu darlva un lndlvuul uI Iundunantul
rlhts. Usuully, Iundunantul rlhts Iull undar tha anarul rubrlc uI tha rlht tu rlvucy.
. xomp|es:
o. Rlht tu nurry ( Lcv|ng v. V|rg|n|o[.
b. Rlht tu urchusa und usa cuntrucatlun ( Cr|swc|d v. Ccnnect|cut [.
c. Rlht tu datarnlna huw una's chlldran ura aducutad ( P|erce v. 5cc|ety cf 5|sters [.
2. k|ght tc on obcrt|cn ( kce v. Wode[: Althuuh thara ls u Iundunantul rlht tu un uburtlun,
thara ura savarul saclul rulas raurdln thls rlht.
o. Pr|cr tc v|ob|||ty: A wunun hus u cunstltutlunully rutactad rlvucy rlht tu un uburtlun
ra-vlublllty. Durln thls tlna, u stuta cun luca nu undua burdan un thls rlht.
i. Wo|t|ng per|cd: A 24-huur wultln arlud ls nut un undua burdan ( P|onned
Porenthccd v. Cosey[.
ii. Porento| ccnsent: Raqulrln u wunun undar 18 tu ubtuln urantul cunsant ls nut un
undua burdan ( |d. [.
iii.5pcuso| ccnsent: Raqulrln u wunun tu ubtuln suusul cuntant ls un undua bur-
dan ( |d. [.
b. After v|ob|||ty: Thara ls nu Iundunantul rlht tu un uburtlun uItar vlublllty, und thus,
stutas nuy ruhlblt uburtluns unlass nacassury tu rutact tha wunun's llIa ur haulth.
C. Ncn-fundomento| r|ghts
Tha rutlunul busls tast ullas Iur darlvutluns uI nun-Iundunantul rlhts. Naurly ull acu-
nunlc llbartlas und suclul walIura banaIts ura nun-Iundunantul rlhts.
xomp|es.
. Rlht tu ructlca u truda ur ruIasslun
2. Rlht tu anua ln hyslclun-usslstad sulclda
3. Rlht tu walIura banaIts
4. Rlht tu lultar
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Ih |quo| rolcl|on C|ous ol lh |ourlnlh /mndmnl proh|b|ls govrnmnl
c|oss|lcol|on ol crlo|n |nd|v|duo|s lor purposs ol pun|sh|ng, proh|b|l|ng, rgu|ol|ng,
or rc|v|ng bnlls. |n olhr words, lh C|ous guoronls lhol pop| s|m||or|y
s|luold w||| b lrold s|m||or|y.
App||cot|cn: Tha taxt uI tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant unly ullas tu stutas. Huwavar, tha
Equul Prutactlun Cluusa ls ullad tu tha Iadarul uvarnnant thruuh tha FlIth Anandnant's
Dua Prucass Cluusa.
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A. 5uspect c|osses
Any clusslIcutlun thut lnvulvas ruca, nutlunul urlln, ur athnlclty lnvulvas u susact cluss.
8. 5tr|ct scrut|ny
Tha uvarnnant nust naat tha strlct scrutlny stundurd ln urdar Iur u ruca-busad, nutlun
urlln, ur athnlclty clusslIcutlun tu ba cunstltutlunul.
Foto| : Usuully, unca u cuurt datarnlnas thut u susact cluss ls lnvulvad, tha ullcutlun uI
tha strlct scrutlny tast wlll ba Iutul tu tha clusslIcutlun schana.
C. stob||sh|ng d|scr|m|not|cn
Tu astubllsh thut tha stututa dlscrlnlnutas un tha busls uI u susact cluss, lt nust Irst ba
astubllshad thut althar.
. Foc|o| c|oss|hcot|cn: Tha clusslIcutlun axlsts un tha Iuca uI tha luw.
xomp|e: A luw thut ruhlblts lntarruclul nurrluas ls u Iuclul clusslIcutlun.
2. D|scr|m|notcry |ntent ond |nv|d|cus |mpoct: lI u luw ls Iuclully nautrul, tha luw nuy nuna-
thalass dlscrlnlnuta lI tha lntant uI tha luw wus tu clusslIy u susact cluss, und tha luw's
aIIact hus u dlscrlnlnutury lnuct.
D. Afhrmot|ve oct|cn
ln suna lnstuncas, ruca nuy ba usad us u Iuctur ln ranadyln ust dlscrlnlnutlun.
. 5tr|ct scrut|ny: Any uIIrnutlva uctlun rurun thut clusslIas un tha busls uI ruca wlll huva
tu naat tha strlct scrutlny tast ( k|chmcnd v. Crcscn[ .
2. Post d|scr|m|not|cn: Tha unly lntarast thut ls avar cunallln anuuh tu naat tha strlct
scrutlny tast ls tu ranady ust dlscrlnlnutlun. Cuvarnnant daslras Iur u buluncad wurk
Iurca ur ruclul dlvarslty ura lnsuIIclant justlIcutluns Iur uIIrnutlva uctlun ruruns.
3. Quctos: Nunarlcul sat-usldas (un lnIaxlbla nunbar uI sluts tu ba Illad by nlnurltlas) ura
ulnust ulwuys uncunstltutlunul ( Co||fcrn|o v. 8okke[ .
4. Preferent|o| odm|ss|cns: A cullaa nuy usa ruca us u Iuctur ln cullaa udnlssluns, huw-
avar, u cuurt wlll scrutlnla tha Iurnulu tu ansura thut tha udnlssluns rucass duas nut
uct llka u quutu ( Crotz v. 8c|||nger [ .
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/||nog |s o sm| -suspcl colgory, ond, dpnd|ng on lh c|rcumslonc,
o||nog c|oss|lcol|ons w||| b subjcl |lhr slr|cl scrul|ny or rol|ono| bos|s rv|w.
A. kot|cno| bos|s fcr c|oss|hcot|cns thot ccncern "representot|ve gcvernment"
Whan tha uvarnnant dlscrlnlnutas uulnst ullans ralutln tu u "Iunctlun ut tha haurt uI tha
rarasantutlva uvarnnant," tha rutlunul busls tast ullas. ln assanca, thls ulluws tha uv-
arnnant tu dlscrlnlnuta uulnst ullans wlth raurds tu vutln, sarvln un u jury, baln u ullca
uIIca, u tauchar, ur u rubutlun uIIcar ( Amboch v. Ncrw|ck[ .
8. kot|cno| bos|s test fcr Ccngress|cno| d|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst o||ens
Bacuusa Cunrass hus lanury uuthurlty tu rauluta lnnlrutlun und nuturullutlun, uny
Cunrasslunul datarnlnutluns raurdln ullans ls subjact tu rutlunul busls ravlaw.
C. 5tr|ct scrut|ny fcr o|| cther s|tuot|cns
xomp|e: A stuta nuy nut dany walIura banaIts tu ullans, bacuusa such u clusslIcutlun
ls nut nacassury tu uchlava u cunallln stuta lntarast ( Crohom v. k|chordscn[ .
xomp|e: A stuta nuy nut ravant rasldant ullans Irun ructlcln luw bacuusa duln su
Iulls tha strlct scrutlny tast ( |n re Cr|fhths[ .
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A. |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
Candar clusslIcutluns wlll unly ba ulluwad lI thara ls "un axcaadlnly arsuuslva" justlIcu-
tlun ( U.5. v. V|rg|n|o, Cro|g v. 8cren[ .
8. stob||sh|ng gender c|oss|hcot|cn
Tu astubllsh thut tha stututa dlscrlnlnutas un tha busls uI andar, lt nust Irst ba astubllshad
thut althar.
. Foc|o| c|oss|hcot|cn: Tha clusslIcutlun axlsts un tha Iuca uI tha luw.
2. D|scr|m|notcry |ntent ond d|scr|m|notcry |mpoct: lI u luw ls Iuclully nautrul, tha luw nuy
nunathalass dlscrlnlnuta lI tha lntant uI tha luw wus tu clusslIy u susact cluss, und tha
luw's aIIact hus u dlscrlnlnutury lnuct.
xomp|e: A luw thut Iurblds tha sula uI baar tu nulas undar tha ua uI 21 und tu Ianulas
undar tha ua uI 18 ls vlulutlva uI tha Equul Prutactlun Cluusa ( Cro|g v. 8cren[ .
xomp|e: A luw thut lvas raIaranca ln hlrln Iur clvll sarvlcas jubs tu vataruns
duas nut vluluta tha Equul Prutactlun Cluusa avan thuuh 8 arcant uI ull vataruns
ura nula bacuusa thara wus nu dlscrlnlnutury lntant ( Perscnne| Adm|n|strot|cn cf
Mossochusetts v. Feeney[ .
3. 8en|gn d|scr|m|not|cn: ClusslIcutluns lntandln tu banaIt wunan nust stlll naat tha
lntaranadluta scrutlny tast, but u luw lntandln tu ranady ust dlscrlnlnutlun ls u suII-
clant justlIcutlun tu uss thls tast.
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A. k|ght tc trove|
Luws thut ravant aula Irun nuvln Irun stuta tu stuta und thut lnstltuta durutlunul rasl -
dancy raqulranants nust naat strlct scrutlny.
Ncte: Tha rlht tu truval ls ulsu rutactad by tha Prlvllaas und lnnuntlas Cluusa.
8. k|ght tc vcte
Luws thut rastrlct tha rlht tu vuta nust naat tha strlct scrutlny. Tha sattlad uraus uI luw ura.
. F|fteenth Amendment: Pruhlblts dlscrlnlnutlun un tha busls uI ruca.
2. Dne perscn, cne vcte must o|woys be mo|nto|ned: Fur uny alactad budy, ull dlstrlcts,
tha nunbar uI rarasantutlvas nust ba uurtlunad uruxlnutaly ln ruurtlun tu uu-
lutlun.
3. Use cf roce |n drow|ng d|str|cts: Must naat strlct scrutlny.
4. Un|fcrm prccess fcr ccunt|ng vctes: Cuuntln uncuuntad vutas wlthuut stundurds ln u
rasldantlul alactlun vlulutas aquul rutactlun ( 8ush v. Ccre[ .
C. D|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst ncnmor|to| ch||dren must meet |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
ClusslIcutlun uI chlldran busad un tha nunnurltul stutus uI thalr urants nust uss tha lntar-
nadluta scrutlny tast.
D. A|| cther c|oss|hcot|cns must meet rot|cno| bos|s
. Dlscrlnlnutlun un tha busls uI ua, dlsublllty, aducutlun, ur waulth unly naad tu naat tha
rutlunul busls stundurd.
7
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Ih ||llh /mndmnl proh|b|ls lo||ng ol pr|vol proprly lor pub||c us w|lhoul jusl
compnsol|on.
A. 1ok|ng v. regu|ot|cn
Tha uvarnnant naads tu uy cunansutlun Iur ruarty lt TAKES but duas nut naad tu uy
Iur ruarty lt naraly REGULATES.
8. Determ|n|ng whether o tok|ng hos cccurred
. Pcssesscry tok|ng: Cuvarnnant cunIscutlun ur hyslcul uccuutlun cunstltutas u tukln
thut raqulras cunansutlun.
2. kegu|otcry tok|ng: Cuvarnnant raulutlun cunstltutas u tukln lI lt duas nut substuntlully
udvunca u laltlnuta stuta lntarast ur lauvas nu rausunubla, acununlc, vlubla usa uI tha lund.
Cuvarnnant raulutlun thut slnly cuusas u raductlun ln tha vulua uI tha ruarty
(avan lI drustlc) duas nut cunstltuta u tukln.
C. Just ccmpensot|cn
lI u tukln hus uccurrad, just cunansutlun nust ba uld, whlch ls nausurad ln tarns uI tha
rausunubla nurkat vulua uI tha luss tu tha uwnar.
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kLA1|DN 1D PUkPD5 PUkPD5 LA51 k51k|C1|V AL1kNA1|V7 8UkDN DF PkDDF
51k|C1 5CkU1|N Nacassury Cunallln Actuul Purusa Yas Cuvarnnant
|N1kMD|A1 5CkU1|N Substuntlully Ralutad lnurtunt Actuul Purusa Prububly Nut Cuvarnnant
kA1|DNAL 8A5|5 151 Rutlunully Ralutad Laltlnuta Cuncalvubla Cuvarnnant Purusa Nu Chullanar
,%6%,3/&3#254).9
Oovrnmnl rgu|ol|ons or ocl|ons lhol rslr|cl |nd|v|duo| ||brl|s or rv|wd
undr vor|ous slondords, dpnd|ng upon lh ||brly ol slo|.
A. 5tr|ct scrunt|ny
A luw wlll ba uhald unly lI lt ls nacassury tu uchlava u cunallln uvarnnant urusa und lI
thara ls nu laust rastrlctlva ultarnutlva. Leost restr|ct|ve o|ternot|ve: daandln un tha laval
uI scrutlny, tha cuurt wlll cunsldar whathar thara ls u lass burdansuna nunnar by whlch tha
lalslutura nuy uchlava lts uul.
4HEGOVERNMENT hus tha burdan uI ruuI.
8. |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
A luw ls uhald unly lI tha luw ls substuntlully ralutad tu un lnurtunt uvarnnant urusa.
4HEGOVERNMENT hus tha burdan uI ruuI.
Tha cuurt rububly duas nut cunsldar tha laust rastrlctlva ultarnutlva.
C. kot|cno| bos|s
A luw ls uhald lI lt ls rutlunully ralutad tu u laltlnuta ur cuncalvubla uvarnnant urusa.
4HE CHALLENGER hus tha burdan uI ruvln nu laltlnuta uvarnnant urusa ur thut tha
luw hus nu rutlunul ralutlun tu thut urusa.
Congrss sho|| mo| no |ow obr|dg|ng lh lrdom ol spch, or ol lh prss, or
lh r|ghl ol lh pop| pocob|y lo ossmb|, ond lo pl|l|on lh Oovrnmnl lor o
rdrss ol gr|voncs.
| ||rsl /mndmnl|
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A. Ccntent-bosed v. ccntent-neutro| restr|ct|cns
. Ccntent-bosed restr|ct|cns: A luw whusa ullcutlun daands uun tha subjact nuttar
ur vlawulnt uI tha saach ur axrasslun ls cuntant-busad und subjact tu strlct scrutlny.
2. Ccntent-neutro| |ows: A luw whusa ullcutlun ls unlvarsul und duas nut daand uun
tha subjact nuttar ur vlawulnt uI tha saach ur axrasslun ls cuntant-nautrul und
subjact tu lntarnadluta scrutlny. Tha raulutlun ls unly vulld lI lt sarvas u slnlIcunt uv-
arnnantul lntarast thut ls nurruwly tullarad und lauvas uan ultarnutlva chunnals Iur cun-
nunlcutln tha lnIurnutlun.
8. Dverbreodth
A luw thut buns u bruud runa uI saach ur nura saach thun ls nacassury nuy ba uncun-
stltutlunul.
C. Vogueness
A luw ls uncunstltutlunully vuua lI tha cunduct ruhlbltad by lt ls su unclaurly daInad thut
u rausunubla arsun wuuld nut ba ubla tu tall whut saach ls ruhlbltad und whut saach
ls arnlttad.
D. Pr|cr restro|nt
A luw ur cuurt urdar thut stus cunnunlcutlun rlur tu lt baln sukan nuy ba uncunstltu-
tlunul.
. Ccurt crders ura ravlawad undar strlct scrutlny stundurd.
2. L|cens|ng requ|rements ura ravlawad undar u quusl-lntarnadluta scrutlny stundurd. A
luw ur raulutlun raqulrln u llcansa Iur saach ls vulld unly lI thara ls un lnurtunt rausun
Iur tha llcansln und claur crltarlu lauvln ulnust nu dlscratlun tu tha llcansln uuthurlty.
xomp|e: A luw raqulrln u llcansa tu huld u rutast ls vulld su lun us tha crltarlu Iur
attln tha llcansa ura claur und lauva nu dlscratlun und su lun us tha ullcunt naats
thasa crltarlu ( 5chne|der v. 5tote[.
. 5ymbc||c speech
Tha raulutlun uI nunvarbul uctluns ls uncunstltutlunul unlass tha uvarnnant hus un lnur-
tunt lntarast unralutad tu tha surasslun uI tha nassua, und tha lnuct un tha cunnunl-
cutlun ls nu rautar thun nacassurytu uchlava lts urusa.
xomp|e: Tha uvarnnant cunnut rauluta Iu burnln Iur tha urusa uI surassln tha
nassua.
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/|lhough |ows lhol rslr|cl conlnl-bosd spch gnro||y musl ml slr|cl scrul|ny,
lh lo||ow|ng oros rc|v |lhr |ss prolcl|on or no prolcl|on ol o||.
A. |nc|tement cf |ow|ess oct|v|ty
Luws cun rauluta saach lI tha Iulluwln ura shuwn.
. |ntent: Tha saukar lntands tu ruduca lnnlnant luwlass uctlun.
2. L|ke||hccd: Tha saach nust ba llkaly tu lnclta ur ruduca tha luwlass uctlun.
8. Dbscen|ty ond sexuo||y-cr|ented speech
Saach thut ls daanad ubscana ls unrutactad, und thus stutas cun rauluta wlthuut vlulut-
ln tha Flrst Anandnant ( M|||er v. Co||fcrn|o[ .
. 1hree-port test: Saach ls ubscana lI.
o. Appeo|s tc the prur|ent |nterest: Tha nutarlul nust uaul tu shunaIul ur nurbld
lntarast ln sax. Whut ls rurlant ls u cunnunlty stundurd,
b. Potent|y cffens|ve: Tha nutarlul ls utantly uIIanslva, und
c. Nc ort|st|c vo|ue: Tha nutarlul nust luck sarluus lltarury, urtlstlc, ulltlcul, ur sclantlIc
vulua. Thls ls u nutlunul stundurd.
2. Pr|vote pcssess|cn connct be regu|oted: A luw cunnut rauluta tha rlvuta ussasslun
uI ubscana nutarlul.
3. Ch||d pcrncgrophy |s unprctected: Tha uvarnnant nuy bun chlld unuruhy (lncludln
lts rlvuta ussasslun), avan lI lt duas nut naat tha daInltlun uI ubscana.
4. Prcfon|ty |s prctected: PruIuna und lndacant saach ls nut cunsldarad ubscana und ls
anarully rutactad by tha Flrst Anandnant.
C. Ccmmerc|o| speech
Saach Iur udvartlsln u ruduct ur ruusln cunnarclul trunsuctluns ura rutactad by tha
Flrst Anandnant, but tha rutactlun ls llnltad.
. 1ruthfu| ccmmerc|o| speech |s prctected: TruthIul cunnarclul saach nuy unly ba rau-
lutad lI tha raulutlun naats tha lntarnadluta scrutlny tast.
2. Fo|se, decept|ve, cr |||ego| odvert|sements ore unprctected: Advartlsanants thut ura
Iulsa, dacatlva, ur ruusa lllaul uctlvlty nuy ba ruhlbltad.
D. Defomot|cn ond ||be|
Tha raulutlun uI daIunutury und llbaluus lunuua daands uun tha subjact (arsun) und
subjact nuttar uI tha saach.
. Pub||c cfhc|o| cr hgure requ|res o fo|se stotement ond octuo| mo||ce: A ubllc uIIcul
ur uthar ubllc Iura cun racuvar Iur daIunutlun unly lI ha ur sha ruvas thut tha stuta-
nant wus Iulsa, und tha arsun whu nuda tha stutanant uctad wlth uctuul nullca ( New
crk 1|mes v. 5u|||von[.
2. Pr|vote hgure requ|res o fo|se stotement ond neg||gence. lI tha lulntlII ls u rlvuta I-
ura, than tha lndlvlduul wlll unly ba ubla tu racuvar lI sha astubllshas thut tha stutanant
wus Iulsa und tha arsun whu nuda tha stutanant uctad wlth nallanca.
L|m|ted reccvery fcr o pr|vote hgure, pub||c ccncern: lI tha lulntlII ls u rlvuta I-
ura, but tha subjact nuttar uI tha saach ls uI ubllc cuncarn, than sha cun nut racuvar
unltlva dunuas unlass thara wus uctuul nullca.
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A. Pub||c fcrums
Tha uvarnnant nuy anuct tlna, luca, und nunnar rastrlctluns un saach un ruarty thut
tha uvarnnant nust nuka uvullubla Iur axrasslun (such us sldawulks und urks) unly lI.
. Tha raulutluns ura CONTENTNEUTRAL,
2. Tha raulutluns ura NARROWLYTAILOREDFORASIGNIlCANTGOVERNMENTINTEREST, und
3. Tha raulutluns lauva uan ADEQUATEALTERNATIVEPLACES Iur cunnunlcutlun.
8. L|m|ted des|gnoted pub||c fcrums
Tha uvarnnant nuy anuct tlna, luca, und nunnar rastrlctluns un ruarty thut tha uv-
arnnant cun clusa tu saach but chuusas tu lauva uan tu tha ubllc unly lI lt naats tha
suna stundurd us Iur ubllc Iuruns.
xomp|e: A clty thut uans u nunlclul thautar tu tha ubllc cunnut rastrlct saach ut thut
thautar unlass lt naats tha ubuva raqulranants.
C. Ncn-pub||c fcrums
Saach un uvarnnant ruartlas thut tha uvarnnant cunstltutlunully cun und duas clusa tu
saach cun ba raulutad su lun us lt naats tha rutlunul busls tast und ls vlawulnt nautrul.
xomp|e: Tha uvarnnant cun rauluta saach un nllltury busas.
D. Pr|vote prcperty
Thara ls nu Flrst-Anandnant rlht tu uccass rlvuta ruarty Iur saach urusas.
&2%%$/-/&!33/#)!4)/.
A. Pruhlbltluns un ruu nanbarshl nust naat strlct scrutlny.
8. Luws thut ruhlblt u ruu Irun dlscrlnlnutln ura vulld unlass tha ruu ls un "lntlnuta
ussuclutlun" (snull ruu) ur lI dlscrlnlnutlun ls lntarul tu tha urusa uI tha ruu ( kctory
|nternot|cno| v. kctory C|ub cf Duorte[.
&2%%$/-/&2%,)')/.
Ihr or lwo sporol ond d|sl|ncl c|ouss |n lh ||rsl /mndmnl prlo|n|ng lo
r||g|on.
A. Free xerc|se
. |ntent|cno| burden: Luws thut lntantlunully lntarIara wlth ur burdan tha Iraa axarclsa uI
ralllun nust naat scrlct scrutlny.
2. Un|ntent|cno| burden: Luws thut unlntantlunully lntaraIara wlth ur burdan tha Iraa axar-
clsa uI ralllun whan tha uvarnnant ls ursuln uthar ubjactlvas usuully hus tu naat u
buluncln uI tha lntarasts tast.
xomp|e: A nllltury urdlnunca ruhlblts uny suldlar Irun waurln u hut. Thls urdl -
nunca ravants Orthudux Jawlsh suldlars Irun waurln yurnulkas, whlch thalr ralllun
raqulras than tu waur. Thls urdlnunca ls vulld bacuusa tha rlht tu Iraa axarclsa wus
uutwalhad by tha naad tu daIar tu tha nllltury's judnant thut dlsclllna und unlIur-
nlty raqulra tha bun un ull nun-stundurd haudaur ( Cc|dmon v. We|nberger [.
8. stob||shment
Tha uvarull urusa uI tha Estubllshnant Cluusa ls tu nulntuln u saurutlun batwaan church
und stuta.
. 1est: Cuvarnnant uctlun thut ralutas tu ralllun nust naat u thraa-urt tast tu ba vulld.
o. 5ecu|or purpcse: Tha raulutlun nust huva suna uthar antlraly nunrallluus urusa.
b. ffect: Tha raulutlun's rlnury aIIact nust nut ba tu udvunca ralllun.
c. ntong|ement: Tha uvarnnant uctlun nust nut Iustar axcasslva uvarnnant antun-
lanant wlth ralllun.
2. 5pec|hc sett|ed oreos:
o. ke||g|cn |n pub||c schcc|s: lI tha uvarnnant uttants tu lntruduca ralllun lntu ub-
llc schuuls, lt wlll nust llkaly vluluta tha Estubllshnant Cluusa, ulthuuh u schuul nuy
ruvlda uccass tu schuul Iucllltlas tu rallluus ruus, su lun us nunrallluus ruus
huva aquul uccass.
b. 5undoy c|cs|ng |ows: Luws raqulrln narchunts tu ba clusad un Sunduys anarully du
nut vluluta tha Estubllshnant cluusa ( McCcwon v. Mory|ond[.
c. ke||g|cus d|sp|oys: Dlsluys uI rallluus thanas (such us Eustar ur Chrlstnus dlsluys)
ura arnlsslbla su lun us tha rallluus synbuls ura surruundad by rlnurlly saculur
synbuls ( Lynch v. Dcnne||y[.
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Oovrnmnl ocl|on lhol dpr|vs o prson ol ||l, ||brly, or proprly musl comp|y
w|lh bolh procduro| ond subslonl|v rqu|rmnls.
02/#%$52!,$5%02/#%33
A. Dehned
Cuvarnnant uctlun nust ruvlda udaquuta und Iulr rucaduras whan lt lntantlunully ur rack-
lassly darlvas u arsun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty. Thls ls u twu-urt unulysls.
. Wus thara u darlvutlun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty?
2. Whut rucaduras ura nacassury?
8. Depr|vot|cn
. Df L|berty: A darlvutlun uI llbarty uccurs lI u arsun hus baan lnrlsunad, darlvad uI
hyslcul Iraadun uI nuvanant, ur luss uI uthar slnlIcunt Iraadun.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu drlva ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu ructlca una's ruIasslun ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
xomp|e: Luss uI tha rlht tu rulsa una's chlldran ls u darlvutlun uI llbarty.
2. Df Prcperty: A darlvutlun uI ruarty uccurs lI thara ls u rausunubla axactutlun uI cun-
tlnuad racalt uI u banaIt (un antltlanant) und thut antltlanant ls unIulIllad.
xomp|e: A tanurad uvarnnant anluyaa whu ls Irad hud un antltlanant (cuntlnuad
anluynant) thut wus unIulIllad.
C. Prccedures necessory
Tha rucaduras tha uvarnnant nust anluy lI lt ls darlvln u arsun uI llIa, llbarty, ur ru-
arty ura datarnlnad by buluncln tha lntarasts ( Mothews v. |dr|dge[ .
. 8o|onc|ng test:
o. lntarast thut tha lndlvlduul ls tryln tu rutact.
b. lntarast thut tha uvarnnant ls saakln tu Iurthar.
c. Adnlnlstrutlva und Iscul burdansun tha uvarnnant uI ultarnutlva rucaduras.
2. 5pec|hc sett|ed oreos:
o. Tarnlnutln walIura banaIts raqulras u haurln ( Cc|dberg v. Ke||y[.
b. Tarnlnutln uvarnnant anluynant raqulras nutlca und un uurtunlty tu rasund tu
churas ( C|eve|ond 8cord cf d. v. Lcuderm||| [.
c. Ravucutlun uI ruIasslunul llcansa raqulras u haurln ( |n re kuffo|c[.
d. Tarnlnutln urantul custudy uI u chlld raqulras nutlca und ruuI uI unItnass ut u haur-
ln by claur und cunvlncln avldanca ( 5ontcsky v. Kromer [.
35"34!.4)6%$5%02/#%33
A. Dehned
Cuvarnnant uctlun raqulras udaquuta substuntlva justlIcutluns Iur tukln uwuy u arsun's
llIa, llbarty, ur ruarty. Tha FlIth Anandnant Dua Prucass Cluusa ullas tu tha Iadarul
uvarnnant und tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant Dua Prucass Cluusa ullas tu stuta und lucul
uvarnnants.
8. Fundomento| r|ghts
Tha uvarnnant nust naat tha strlct scrutlny tast tu darlva un lndlvuul uI Iundunantul
rlhts. Usuully, Iundunantul rlhts Iull undar tha anarul rubrlc uI tha rlht tu rlvucy.
. xomp|es:
o. Rlht tu nurry ( Lcv|ng v. V|rg|n|o[.
b. Rlht tu urchusa und usa cuntrucatlun ( Cr|swc|d v. Ccnnect|cut [.
c. Rlht tu datarnlna huw una's chlldran ura aducutad ( P|erce v. 5cc|ety cf 5|sters [.
2. k|ght tc on obcrt|cn ( kce v. Wode[: Althuuh thara ls u Iundunantul rlht tu un uburtlun,
thara ura savarul saclul rulas raurdln thls rlht.
o. Pr|cr tc v|ob|||ty: A wunun hus u cunstltutlunully rutactad rlvucy rlht tu un uburtlun
ra-vlublllty. Durln thls tlna, u stuta cun luca nu undua burdan un thls rlht.
i. Wo|t|ng per|cd: A 24-huur wultln arlud ls nut un undua burdan ( P|onned
Porenthccd v. Cosey[.
ii. Porento| ccnsent: Raqulrln u wunun undar 18 tu ubtuln urantul cunsant ls nut un
undua burdan ( |d. [.
iii.5pcuso| ccnsent: Raqulrln u wunun tu ubtuln suusul cuntant ls un undua bur-
dan ( |d. [.
b. After v|ob|||ty: Thara ls nu Iundunantul rlht tu un uburtlun uItar vlublllty, und thus,
stutas nuy ruhlblt uburtluns unlass nacassury tu rutact tha wunun's llIa ur haulth.
C. Ncn-fundomento| r|ghts
Tha rutlunul busls tast ullas Iur darlvutluns uI nun-Iundunantul rlhts. Naurly ull acu-
nunlc llbartlas und suclul walIura banaIts ura nun-Iundunantul rlhts.
xomp|es.
. Rlht tu ructlca u truda ur ruIasslun
2. Rlht tu anua ln hyslclun-usslstad sulclda
3. Rlht tu walIura banaIts
4. Rlht tu lultar
PRO1LC1lOl Ol llLlVlLLAL LlBLR1lLS: 4(%&)234!-%.$-%.4
PRO1LC1lOl Ol llLlVlLLAL LlBLR1lLS:%15!,02/4%#4)/.
Ih |quo| rolcl|on C|ous ol lh |ourlnlh /mndmnl proh|b|ls govrnmnl
c|oss|lcol|on ol crlo|n |nd|v|duo|s lor purposs ol pun|sh|ng, proh|b|l|ng, rgu|ol|ng,
or rc|v|ng bnlls. |n olhr words, lh C|ous guoronls lhol pop| s|m||or|y
s|luold w||| b lrold s|m||or|y.
App||cot|cn: Tha taxt uI tha Fuurtaanth Anandnant unly ullas tu stutas. Huwavar, tha
Equul Prutactlun Cluusa ls ullad tu tha Iadarul uvarnnant thruuh tha FlIth Anandnant's
Dua Prucass Cluusa.
3530%#4#,!33$)3#2)-).!4)/.
A. 5uspect c|osses
Any clusslIcutlun thut lnvulvas ruca, nutlunul urlln, ur athnlclty lnvulvas u susact cluss.
8. 5tr|ct scrut|ny
Tha uvarnnant nust naat tha strlct scrutlny stundurd ln urdar Iur u ruca-busad, nutlun
urlln, ur athnlclty clusslIcutlun tu ba cunstltutlunul.
Foto| : Usuully, unca u cuurt datarnlnas thut u susact cluss ls lnvulvad, tha ullcutlun uI
tha strlct scrutlny tast wlll ba Iutul tu tha clusslIcutlun schana.
C. stob||sh|ng d|scr|m|not|cn
Tu astubllsh thut tha stututa dlscrlnlnutas un tha busls uI u susact cluss, lt nust Irst ba
astubllshad thut althar.
. Foc|o| c|oss|hcot|cn: Tha clusslIcutlun axlsts un tha Iuca uI tha luw.
xomp|e: A luw thut ruhlblts lntarruclul nurrluas ls u Iuclul clusslIcutlun.
2. D|scr|m|notcry |ntent ond |nv|d|cus |mpoct: lI u luw ls Iuclully nautrul, tha luw nuy nuna-
thalass dlscrlnlnuta lI tha lntant uI tha luw wus tu clusslIy u susact cluss, und tha luw's
aIIact hus u dlscrlnlnutury lnuct.
D. Afhrmot|ve oct|cn
ln suna lnstuncas, ruca nuy ba usad us u Iuctur ln ranadyln ust dlscrlnlnutlun.
. 5tr|ct scrut|ny: Any uIIrnutlva uctlun rurun thut clusslIas un tha busls uI ruca wlll huva
tu naat tha strlct scrutlny tast ( k|chmcnd v. Crcscn[ .
2. Post d|scr|m|not|cn: Tha unly lntarast thut ls avar cunallln anuuh tu naat tha strlct
scrutlny tast ls tu ranady ust dlscrlnlnutlun. Cuvarnnant daslras Iur u buluncad wurk
Iurca ur ruclul dlvarslty ura lnsuIIclant justlIcutluns Iur uIIrnutlva uctlun ruruns.
3. Quctos: Nunarlcul sat-usldas (un lnIaxlbla nunbar uI sluts tu ba Illad by nlnurltlas) ura
ulnust ulwuys uncunstltutlunul ( Co||fcrn|o v. 8okke[ .
4. Preferent|o| odm|ss|cns: A cullaa nuy usa ruca us u Iuctur ln cullaa udnlssluns, huw-
avar, u cuurt wlll scrutlnla tha Iurnulu tu ansura thut tha udnlssluns rucass duas nut
uct llka u quutu ( Crotz v. 8c|||nger [ .
!,)%.!'%#,!33)&)#!4)/.3
/||nog |s o sm| -suspcl colgory, ond, dpnd|ng on lh c|rcumslonc,
o||nog c|oss|lcol|ons w||| b subjcl |lhr slr|cl scrul|ny or rol|ono| bos|s rv|w.
A. kot|cno| bos|s fcr c|oss|hcot|cns thot ccncern "representot|ve gcvernment"
Whan tha uvarnnant dlscrlnlnutas uulnst ullans ralutln tu u "Iunctlun ut tha haurt uI tha
rarasantutlva uvarnnant," tha rutlunul busls tast ullas. ln assanca, thls ulluws tha uv-
arnnant tu dlscrlnlnuta uulnst ullans wlth raurds tu vutln, sarvln un u jury, baln u ullca
uIIca, u tauchar, ur u rubutlun uIIcar ( Amboch v. Ncrw|ck[ .
8. kot|cno| bos|s test fcr Ccngress|cno| d|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst o||ens
Bacuusa Cunrass hus lanury uuthurlty tu rauluta lnnlrutlun und nuturullutlun, uny
Cunrasslunul datarnlnutluns raurdln ullans ls subjact tu rutlunul busls ravlaw.
C. 5tr|ct scrut|ny fcr o|| cther s|tuot|cns
xomp|e: A stuta nuy nut dany walIura banaIts tu ullans, bacuusa such u clusslIcutlun
ls nut nacassury tu uchlava u cunallln stuta lntarast ( Crohom v. k|chordscn[ .
xomp|e: A stuta nuy nut ravant rasldant ullans Irun ructlcln luw bacuusa duln su
Iulls tha strlct scrutlny tast ( |n re Cr|fhths[ .
'%.$%2#,!33)&)#!4)/.3
A. |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
Candar clusslIcutluns wlll unly ba ulluwad lI thara ls "un axcaadlnly arsuuslva" justlIcu-
tlun ( U.5. v. V|rg|n|o, Cro|g v. 8cren[ .
8. stob||sh|ng gender c|oss|hcot|cn
Tu astubllsh thut tha stututa dlscrlnlnutas un tha busls uI andar, lt nust Irst ba astubllshad
thut althar.
. Foc|o| c|oss|hcot|cn: Tha clusslIcutlun axlsts un tha Iuca uI tha luw.
2. D|scr|m|notcry |ntent ond d|scr|m|notcry |mpoct: lI u luw ls Iuclully nautrul, tha luw nuy
nunathalass dlscrlnlnuta lI tha lntant uI tha luw wus tu clusslIy u susact cluss, und tha
luw's aIIact hus u dlscrlnlnutury lnuct.
xomp|e: A luw thut Iurblds tha sula uI baar tu nulas undar tha ua uI 21 und tu Ianulas
undar tha ua uI 18 ls vlulutlva uI tha Equul Prutactlun Cluusa ( Cro|g v. 8cren[ .
xomp|e: A luw thut lvas raIaranca ln hlrln Iur clvll sarvlcas jubs tu vataruns
duas nut vluluta tha Equul Prutactlun Cluusa avan thuuh 8 arcant uI ull vataruns
ura nula bacuusa thara wus nu dlscrlnlnutury lntant ( Perscnne| Adm|n|strot|cn cf
Mossochusetts v. Feeney[ .
3. 8en|gn d|scr|m|not|cn: ClusslIcutluns lntandln tu banaIt wunan nust stlll naat tha
lntaranadluta scrutlny tast, but u luw lntandln tu ranady ust dlscrlnlnutlun ls u suII-
clant justlIcutlun tu uss thls tast.
/4(%2#,!33)&)#!4)/.3
A. k|ght tc trove|
Luws thut ravant aula Irun nuvln Irun stuta tu stuta und thut lnstltuta durutlunul rasl -
dancy raqulranants nust naat strlct scrutlny.
Ncte: Tha rlht tu truval ls ulsu rutactad by tha Prlvllaas und lnnuntlas Cluusa.
8. k|ght tc vcte
Luws thut rastrlct tha rlht tu vuta nust naat tha strlct scrutlny. Tha sattlad uraus uI luw ura.
. F|fteenth Amendment: Pruhlblts dlscrlnlnutlun un tha busls uI ruca.
2. Dne perscn, cne vcte must o|woys be mo|nto|ned: Fur uny alactad budy, ull dlstrlcts,
tha nunbar uI rarasantutlvas nust ba uurtlunad uruxlnutaly ln ruurtlun tu uu-
lutlun.
3. Use cf roce |n drow|ng d|str|cts: Must naat strlct scrutlny.
4. Un|fcrm prccess fcr ccunt|ng vctes: Cuuntln uncuuntad vutas wlthuut stundurds ln u
rasldantlul alactlun vlulutas aquul rutactlun ( 8ush v. Ccre[ .
C. D|scr|m|not|cn ogo|nst ncnmor|to| ch||dren must meet |ntermed|ote scrut|ny
ClusslIcutlun uI chlldran busad un tha nunnurltul stutus uI thalr urants nust uss tha lntar-
nadluta scrutlny tast.
D. A|| cther c|oss|hcot|cns must meet rot|cno| bos|s
. Dlscrlnlnutlun un tha busls uI ua, dlsublllty, aducutlun, ur waulth unly naad tu naat tha
rutlunul busls stundurd.
7
2
0
5
9
3
0
0
5
7
7
9
PRO1LC1lOl Ol llLlVlLLAL LlBLR1lLS: 4(%4!+).'3#,!53%
Ih ||llh /mndmnl proh|b|ls lo||ng ol pr|vol proprly lor pub||c us w|lhoul jusl
compnsol|on.
A. 1ok|ng v. regu|ot|cn
Tha uvarnnant naads tu uy cunansutlun Iur ruarty lt TAKES but duas nut naad tu uy
Iur ruarty lt naraly REGULATES.
8. Determ|n|ng whether o tok|ng hos cccurred
. Pcssesscry tok|ng: Cuvarnnant cunIscutlun ur hyslcul uccuutlun cunstltutas u tukln
thut raqulras cunansutlun.
2. kegu|otcry tok|ng: Cuvarnnant raulutlun cunstltutas u tukln lI lt duas nut substuntlully
udvunca u laltlnuta stuta lntarast ur lauvas nu rausunubla, acununlc, vlubla usa uI tha lund.
Cuvarnnant raulutlun thut slnly cuusas u raductlun ln tha vulua uI tha ruarty
(avan lI drustlc) duas nut cunstltuta u tukln.
C. Just ccmpensot|cn
lI u tukln hus uccurrad, just cunansutlun nust ba uld, whlch ls nausurad ln tarns uI tha
rausunubla nurkat vulua uI tha luss tu tha uwnar.
PRO1LC1lOl Ol llLlVlLLAL LlBLR1lLS:$5%02/#%33
PRO1LC1lOl Ol llLlVlLLAL LlBLR1lLS: 34!4%!#4)/.2%15)2%$[COl1llLLL]