AP US History Ch 39 The American Pageant Test Study Guide When he became Attorney General, Robert Kennedy (RFK) wanted

to focus attention of the FBI on organized crime & civil rights (violations were virtually ignored) p.916 John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) had connections w/mafia certainly Joseph did bootlegger Not too big on protecting civil rights Ex. RFK wiretapping MLK jrs phone b/c of commie connections supposedly J. Edgar Hoover would not admit existence of organized crime & bigot, yet thought Japanese-American internment was a violation of civil rights (Dont get me started on Hoover!) When he took office in 1961, JFK chose to try to stimulate the sluggish economy through a tax cut In the early 1960s, French President Charles DeGaulle resisted US dominance in W Europe & NATO by developing an independent French nuclear force (farce) The 1962 Trade Expansion Act reduced American tariffs (cuts of up to 50% - to help Euro trade) [* Berlin Wall p.919 1961-1989 {11-9-1989} Details tunnels, defections, risky, etc] JFKs strategy of flexible response called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope & importance of the crisis ***** Build up of conventional military forces (tanks, jets, etc) & special forces (Ex. Green Berets) While it seemed sane enough, JFKs doctrine of flexible response contained hidden dangers b/c it potentially lowered the level at which diplomacy would give way to shooting [Therefore, more chance of conventional fighting Ex. 1960s & 1970s] US military forces entered Vietnam in order to prevent Ngo Dinh Diems regime from falling to the communists Alliance for Progress was intended to improve economic growth & democratic reforms in Latin America p.921 (Like Marshall Plan for Latin America but failed little impact on reforming region {corruption}) Related: Gulf of Tonkin (1964), (US air base attacked in 1965 at) Pleiku, Operation Rolling Thunder (1965), Tet (Offensive) (1968), What about the Bay of Pigs (1961 Cuba)? When USSR attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, JFK ordered a naval quarantine of the island * Details October 14th 28th, 1962, U-2s spot missile components & missiles, RF-8 Crusaders, JFK, Khrushchev, Castro, range of missiles, Turkey, options, invasion, quarantine, etc, alert, brinksmanship, blinked, promise not to invade, missiles out of Turkey (taking out anyway), hot line, test-ban treaty, Castro fronted & angry at both USA & USSR, Cuban refugees, CIA attempts to kill Castro, embargo against Cuban imports & exports to Cuba, JFKs last act before embargo secure some Cuban cigars, USSR military build up, rest of world not thrilled USA & USSR almost went to nuclear war, USSR had operational nukes to use if we hit Cuba close to WWIII!!!!! Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in removal of Nikita Khrushchev as (Soviet Premier) power in USSR, US promise never to invade Cuba, an ambitious program of military expansion by USSR (USA eventually countered & surpassed Reagan), withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey (US already going to remove them did later so as to save face), etc - see above, What about a US agreement to abandon its base at Guantanamo (Bay)? In speech at American University in 1963, JFK recommended the adoption of a policy toward the USSR based on peaceful coexistence At first, JFK moved slowly in the area of racial justice b/c he needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic & social legislation (like FDR excused for poor record on civil rights not like Give em Hell Harry S. Truman Executive Order #9981 desegregating the military, civil rights message to Congress, & open support for federal anti-lynching law) JFK began to join hands w/civil rights movement when he sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders Details 1961 Interstate laws desegregating buses, integrated protestors, violence, bomb in Anniston

* Not very protective ultimately Ex. James Peck SNCC risked lives (Zinn Ch 17) JFK ordered hundreds of federal marshals & thousands of federal troops to force the racial integration of University of Mississippi (Ole Miss where Peyton Mannings father, Archie, played) p.924 Air Force veteran James Meredith attempted to register in 1962 cost $4 million to taxpayers & cost 2 lives the book seems to almost blame him for it on p.924 (hard to tell), but whose fault would it have been, his or white supremacists? By mid-1963, JFKs position on civil rights cab best be described as committed to finding a solution to this moral issue [p.924 1963 Birmingham bombings TV coverage dogs, cattle prods, fire hoses children targeted too JFKs Freedom now speech on TV to make it a moral issue Aug 1963 march to Wash DC then Medgar Evers was murdered & 4 little Af-Am girls were killed in a church bombing] {***** ODD: white violence sanctioned, justified, explained, ignored, and/or tolerated minority violence is usually presented as evil, bad, unjustifiable, etc} [11-22-1963 Dallas, TX JFK assassinated Oswald, Ruby Warren Commission conclusions (later revisions) conspiracy & magic bullet vs. lone gunman theories Zapruder film, etc Similarities/Coincidences b/t Lincoln & Kennedy assassinations] At the time of his death, JFKs civil rights bill seemed to be stalled in Congress (by those opposing JFK, a northerner from Harvard no less) 1963 march on Wash DC led by MLK jr. (orgd by A. Philip Randolph & other older civil rights leaders who are often forgotten and/or overlooked), provided critical support for civil rights bill to end segregation Official govt investigation of JFKs assassination was led by (Chief Justice of Supreme Court Ex. Brown v. Board of Ed.) Earl Warren (Warren Commission) JFKs alleged assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald (background) {killed by Jack Ruby} [mafia connections?] [Did mafia or military or just Oswald or Cuba or Soviets kill JFK?] {James Earl Ray convicted of killing MLKjr.} (Byron de La Beckworth killed Medgar Evers in 1963 but not convicted in MS until 1994 - Ghosts of Mississippi movie covers the murder and 1990s trial good film) Before he became VP & then Pres of USA, Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) had exercised great power as Majority Leader of the US Senate (powerful position so he knew how to work with as well as work over Congress) Details on LBJ Texas politician in House then Senate then VP a New Dealer worked for FDR in Rural Electrification political tactics known as the Johnson treatment personality of insecurity & bullying tactics drove him intelligent & effective politician in true sense of term LBJ proved to be much more successful than JFK at working w/Congress (b/c of LBJs ways of getting things done sweet talk, yell at, intimidate, bully, or what ever it took!) LBJ called his package of domestic reform proposals the Great Society With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Congress handed LBJ a blank check to use force in Vietnam Its like Grandmas nightshirt; it covers everything. LBJ (Incidents may never have occurred at all) Voters supported LBJ in the 1964 presidential election b/c loyalty to the Kennedy legacy; faith in the Great Society promises; fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater (nukes in Vietnam TV add); trust in LBJs Vietnam policy LBJ channeled educational aid to public & parochial (Catholic) schools {p.929} 1965 Elementary & Secondary Education Act (signed in schoolhouse for dramatic effect) Programs created by LBJs administration National Endowments for Arts & Humanities, Project Head Start, Medicare (for elderly) {& Medicaid for poor}, & Office of Economic Opportunity What about VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America a domestic Peace Corps)? Yes What about the Peace Corps? No, thats JFK In the final analysis, LBJs Great Society programs won some noteworthy battles in education & health care

Landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, prohibiting discrimination based on gender, banning sexual as well as racial discrimination, banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public What about requiring affirmative action against discrimination? Came in an Executive Order in 1965 ordered federal contractors to take affirmative action against discrimination (p.928) Title VII of 1964 Civil Rights Act helps women more than Af-Ams As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 sources of immigration shifted to Latin America & Asia abolished national origins quotas since 1921 - * set limits on W. Hemisphere (1st time) increased/doubled #s that can come annually - * admission of close relatives outside limits - led to more coming (over 100,000 more per year) Common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters (& poor whites too) in South was outlawed by the 24th Amendment (p.931) After the passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964, the chief goal of black civil rights movement in the South became to secure the right to vote (suffrage) (p.931) As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, - white southerners began to court black votes (p.932) [* Mississippi Burning (film sort of true, but makes FBI look way better than it was regarding the incident) 1964 Freedom Summer Murders of 3 boys/men 2 white & Jewish from north & 1 Af-Am from north FBI involvement push from LBJ no significant convictions local sheriffs deputy was guilty along w/others (p.931)] [* march on Selma, Alabama hit by police in Montgomery death of white minister & shotgun killing of white woman by KKK shocked nation LBJs We shall overcome speech pressured Congress got passage Aug 6th, 1965 (100 years after Civil War ended in 1865)] [* Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests & allowed for federal voter registration marked the end of the non-violent struggle & beginning of black power movement (pp.931-934)] The Watts riots (in LA) in 1965 symbolized a more militant & confrontational phase of the civil rights movement Black leaders in the 1960s included Martin Luther King jr. (MLK jr.), an advocate of peaceful resistance; Malcolm X, who favored black separatism; and Stokely Carmichael, an advocate of Black Power. {* Funny how White Power sounds very different like you need to be wearing a white sheet over your head with only holes for your eyes when you say that!} By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on economic demands (Why? De facto not de jure segregation) Some advocates of Black Power made the slogan the basis for emphasizing Af-Am distinctiveness & separatism (& pride in heritage, culture, etc, such as Afro hair styles) (p.933) By 1972, integrated classrooms were most common in the South (p.934) The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict bringing into constant, direct conflict Israelis & Palestinians (& Arabs really tried desperately to wipe out Israel since its creation in 1948) {Pre-emptive strike to wipe out enemy air forces before they were attacked on all sides brilliant!} * Dont mess with Israel unless you want to pay big time! Most serious blow to Lyndon Johnsons Vietnam policy was the Tet Offensive of 1968 During Vietnam War, LBJ ordered CIA, in clear violation of its charter (not to spy on Americans, only foreign govts), to spy on domestic anti-war protestors 1968 Democratic party convention (in Chicago) witnessed a violent confrontation b/t police & anti-war demonstrators outside the convention hall {the trial of the Chicago 8 to charge them with speech that incited a riot, which is not protected speech Black Panther Bobby Seale was gagged & bound to silence him in the courtroom} The spoiler third party candidate for president in 1968 was

 George Wallace (former Governor of Alabama) (w/former US Army Air Corps/Air Force General Curtis LeMay as his potential VP) [* Wallace blocked entrance to University of Alabama from entrance for Af-Am student {p.939} Segregation now; segregation tomorrow; segregation forever! shot in 1972 presidential campaign paralyzing him today he recants racism proving even the worst racists can eventually be converted] Both major party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the USA should cont the (Vietnam) war in pursuit of an honorable peace Skepticism about authority that emerged in USA during 1960s had deep historical roots in American culture The Three Ps that largely explain the cultural upheavals of 1960s are population bulge, protest against Vietnam, & prosperity Site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was at the Stonewall Inn in NYC JFKs new military policy of flexible response called for a major build up of conventional military forces (tanks, jets, regular bombs, personnel, etc) & anti-guerrilla Special Forces units (counter-insurgency forces like the Green Berets in the US Army) Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis included a nuclear test-ban treaty b/t USA & USSR, installation of the Moscow-Washington (DC) hot line for crisis communication (literally a red telephone constantly connecting the Kremlin & White House, etc - it was the 1960s no cell phones satellites were new & primitive by todays standards no internet computers lacked todays sophistication), & a massive military arms building program in the Soviet Union Barry Goldwater, the Republican partys 1964 presidential candidate (from AZ), opposed the TVA, Social Security, civil rights legislation (not civil rights themselves as he was not a bigot, I believe), nuclear test-ban treaties, & federal income tax [* He was a real conservative extreme limits on govt authority no elastic interpretive position on the constitution very narrow vision of what govt should & should not do he is not one of todays conservatives who in fact want govt to control womens bodies & other legislations based on interpretations of morality such as abortion, euthanasia, gay marriage, etc] LBJs legislative program after his 1964 election included Medicare health insurance for the elderly (Medicaid for poor), massive federal aid for education (1965 Elementary & Secondary Act), a voting rights act to re-enfranchise black voters (Voting Rights Act of 1965) {Great Society legislation} Substantial opposition to Americas commitment to Vietnam b/t 1965 & 1968 came from Americas European Allies {although British, Australian, Korean, and some other troops fought there in much smaller #s than US troops}, Congress (Ex. Sen. Com. On Foreign Relations led by Sen. William Fulbright of AR), the American public {which became more anti-war as the decade worn on}, many draft registrants {& ex-military who served in Vietnam}, & Senators RFK & Eugene McCarthy 1968 Tet Offensive resulted in a tactical defeat for Viet Cong (VC) & a political defeat for the USA {b/c it was on TV for people see the Vietnamese, who were losing according to LBJs administration, mounted a serious offensive, at least until the US forces handily defeated the attacks with few casualties compared with those taken by the VC, who were no longer an effective fighting force as a result really until around 1972 or so, and never as strong as they were before the offensive in early January of 1968}

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