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General Load Model Published by DIgSILENT GmbH, Germany Copyright 2008. All rights reserved. Unauthorised copying or publishing of this or any part of this document is prohibited. TechRef ElmLod V4 Build 507 30.10.2008
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 General Description........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Load-Flow Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.1 3-phase loads ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.2.2 2-Phase Loads ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.2.3 1-phase loads ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.3 DC loads ............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.4 Voltage dependency........................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.5 Load Scaling factors ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Harmonic Analysis................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Passive Load...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Harmonic Current Injections ............................................................................................................... 17 1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability) ........................................................................................................ 18 1.5 EMT Simulation....................................................................................................................................... 21 2 Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model .............................................................................. 22 2.1 Three-Phase Load................................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 RMS-Simulation ................................................................................................................................. 22 2.1.2 EMT-Simulation ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Single-, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load ..................................................................................................... 23 3 Parameter Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 General Load Type (TypLod) ................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 General Load Element (ElmLod)............................................................................................................... 25
1 General Description
In power systems, electrical load consists of various different types of electrical devices, from incandescent lamps and heaters to large arc furnaces and motors. It is often very difficult to identify the exact composition of static and dynamic loads in the network. This load composition can also vary depending on factors such as the season, time of day etc. Additionally, the term load can be used for entire MV-feeders in case of an HV-system or LV-feeders if an MVsystem is in the centre of interest. The PowerFactory model General Load can therefore represent: A complete feeder A combination of dynamic and static loads
Figure 4 shows the input dialog window for specifying the type data for General loads.
1.1.3 DC loads
DC-loads are always single-phase, as shown in Figure 10. For load flow analysis, the load is characterized by the active power flow P. Inductive effects are only considered in transient simulations.
(1)
where
1 aP bP = cP
e _ aQ e _ bQ e _ cQ v v v Q = Q0 aQ + bQ + (1 aQ bQ ) v v v 0 0 0
(2)
where
1 aQ bQ = cQ
By specifying the respective exponents (e_aP/e_bP/e_cP and e_aQ/e_bQ/e_cQ ) the inherent load behaviour can be modelled. Table 1 provides the value for the exponents required to achieve constant power, current and impedance behaviour. However, the relative proportion of each coefficient can be freely defined using the coefficients aP, bP, cP and aQ, bQ, cQ. See Figure 11.
0 1 2
Figure 14: Specification of the voltage dependency factors NOTE: These factors are only considered if the Consider Voltage Dependency of Loads is checked in the Load-flow Calculation window, as shown in Figure 15 below.
Figure 15: Load-flow Calculation window indicating the use of voltage dependency terms for loadflow calculations
P = scale P0 Q = scale Q0
If voltage dependency of loads is considered then (3) and (4) become;
e _ aP e _ bP e _ cP v v aP v P = scale P0 + bP + (1 aP bP ) v v v 0 0 0 e _ aQ e _ bQ e _ cQ v v v Q = scale Q0 aQ + bQ + (1 aQ bQ ) v v v 0 0 0
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
Alternatively to explicit scaling factors, loads in radial feeders can be scaled based on the total inflow into the feeder, as illustrated in Figure 17. For considering a load in the feeder-load-scaling process, the option Adjusted by Load Scaling (see Figure 16) has to be enabled. In this case, the individual Scaling Factor of the load is not considered but overwritten by the feeder-scaling factor. The feeder-load-scaling function can be enabled or disabled globally using the corresponding load-flow option (see also Figure 15).
Figure 17: Diagram indicating load scaling (adjustment) in order to maintain the feeder settings specified in the Feeder Definition
Figure 18: Selection of load type of either constant current or constant impedance for consideration in short circuit calculations using the Complete Method.
Figure 19 shows a 3-phase representation of a Y connected constant impedance and Figure 20 shows the 3phase representation of the D connected constant current model.
Figure 19: 3-phase constant impedance model, in Y and D connection, used for short circuit calculations using the Complete method.
Figure 20: 3-phase constant current load, in Y and D connection, used load for short circuit calculations utilising the Complete method
Figure 21: Selection of the load model type for harmonic analysis
Figure 22: Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis
The parameters R,L (G,C) are calculated from a preceding load-flow. Figure 23 shows the single-phase load model for mixed inductive/capacitive load models (e.g. cables), used during harmonic analysis.
Figure 23: The single phase equivalent for mixed inductive/capacitive load model
NOTE: Figure 22 and Figure 23 are single phase representations of the passive load. The 3-phase presentation is similar to that shown in Figure 6 and Figure 5, and with either Y or D connections. The inductive/capacitive portion of the load is specified by (7) and (8);
Qc QC 1 = = Q QL + QC QL +1 QC
(7)
nC =
y QL 1 Q C
(8)
Figure 24: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for balanced loads
The harmonic currents are defined by (9) and the phase angle of the harmonic currents is defined by (10).
I ( f ) = k( f ). I ( f )
n
(9)
( f ) = +
f 1 fn
(10)
where fn is the nominal frequency and 1is phase angle of the fundamental current. In case of unbalanced loads, frequency, phase angle and magnitude of harmonic currents can be entered individually for each phase. Figure 25 shows the input window for entering such data.
Figure 25: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum per phase for unbalanced loads
Figure 26: Diagram indicating the mixture of static and dynamic loads used for stability studies.
The background of the dynamic, voltage- and frequency dependent load model according to Figure 24 and Figure 25 is a motor-load in parallel to a static, non-linear load. The parameters of the block diagrams in Figure 24 and Figure 25 can either be calculated from such a configuration, but they are usually identified from load measurements. The model according to Figure 24 is a small signal approximation of the model according to Figure 25. Parameters with equal names correspond to each other.
Figure 27: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the linear dynamic load.
Figure 28: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the non-linear dynamic load.
Since the block diagrams according to Figure 27 and Figure 28 represent small signal models, they are only valid in a limited voltage range. This voltage range is defined by the variables umin and umax. Outside this voltage range, the power is adjusted according to Figure 29.
Figure 29: Low/High voltage approximations used in the non-linear dynamic load model.
With reference to the outputs of the block diagrams according to Figure 24 and Figure 25, the load equations representing the full voltage range can be expressed as follows:
u min 2
(11)
: u > u max
NOTE: The use of negative active power leads in EMT simulations to unstable behaviour, since negative P is interpreted as negative resistance.
Qext
Figure 30: Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation) Table 2: Input Variables (RMS-Simulation)
Parameter
Description
Unit
Pext Qext
MW Mvar
xu xf cosphiu sinphiu
Delayed Voltage (Time constant T1) Delayed Frequency (Time constant T1) cosine of voltage angle sine of voltage angle
p.u. p.u
fe scale
p.u.
2.1.2 EMT-Simulation
Table 5: State Variables (EMT-Simulation)
Parameter Description Unit
3 Parameter Definitions
3.1 General Load Type (TypLod)
Table 6: Input parameters of Load - Type
Parameter Description Unit
loc_name systp nlnph cnm kpu kqu i_csrc i_pure pgrd qcq xt Prp lodst loddy i_nln t1 kpf kpu tpf tpu kqf kqu tqf tqu udmax udmin i_nln
Name System Type Phases Connection Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on P Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on Q Current Source/Impedance Load model Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QL/QC Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QC/Q Transformer Short Circuit Reactance Power of parallel Resistance/Total Active Power Percentage: Static (const Z) Percentage: Dynamic Percentage: Nonlinear Model Dynamic Load Time Constant Dynamic Active Load: Frequ. Dependence on P Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on P Dynamic Active Load: Transient Frequency Dependence Dynamic Active Load: Transient Voltage Dependence Dynamic Reactive Load: Frequ. Dependence on Q Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on Q Dynamic Reactive Load: Transient Frequency Dependence Dynamic Reactive Load: Transient Voltage Dependence Voltage Limits: Upper Voltage Limit Voltage Limits: Lower Voltage Limit Percentage: Nonlinear Model p.u. p.u. s s s s s % % % % % %
loc_name outserv mode_inp i_sym plini qlini slini ilini coslini pf_recap u0 scale0 i_scale plinir qlinir slinir ilinir coslinir pf_recapr plinis qlinis slinis ilinis coslinis pf_recaps plinit qlinit slinit ilinit coslinit pf_recapt i_rem p_cub NrCust pSCDF OptCost OptMeth pStoch pCurve
Name Out of Service Input Mode Balanced/Unbalanced Operating Point: Total Active Power Load Operating Point: Total Reactive Power Load Operating Point: Total Apparent Power Operating Point: Current Operating Point: Power Factor Operating Point: Power Factor Operating Point: Voltage Operating Point: Scaling Factor Operating Point: Adjusted by Load Scaling Phase a: Active Power Phase a: Reactive Power Phase a: Apparent Power Load Phase a: Current Phase a: Power Factor Phase a: Power Factor Phase b: Active Power Phase b: Reactive Power Phase b: Apparent Power Phase b: Current Phase b: Power Factor Phase b: Power Factor Phase c: Active Power Phase c: Reactive Power Phase c: Apparent Power Phase c: Current Phase c: Power Factor Phase c: Power Factor Remote Control Controlled Branch (Cubicle) (StaCubic Number of connected customers Interruption costs (ChaVec,ChaOut) Interruption costs Characteristic Stochastic model Area Model (StoChalod) StoLod MW Mvar MVA kA MW Mvar MVA kA MW Mvar MVA kA p.u. MW Mvar MVA kA
Load shedding/transfer: Load priority Load shedding/transfer: Shedding steps Load shedding/transfer: Transferable Load shedding/transfer: Node to Transfer to (ElmTerm,StaBar) %