THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS EXPERIMENT I. II. III. IV.

To conduct a sudden short circuit test and to determine machine parameters using current oscillogram. To study field current variation following a sudden short circuit. To study starter voltage variation following a sudden open circuit. To conduct a slip test to determine machine parameters in the steady state.

APPARATUS Synchronous machine D.C. machine set Digital Oscilloscope with current probe Current shunt (0.1, 0.1) DC Voltmeter (300V) DC Ammeter (1A) AC Voltmeter (300V) AC Ammeter (10A) Rheostar (490/2A, 1040/1A) Tachometer On/Off Switch Three phase variac

THEORY a) Armature current on sudden short circuit A synchronous generator, if subjected to a sudden three phase short circuit while it is on load, set up a short circuit current that can be given, for phase A as ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( )

Where, Vs Line to neutral rms voltage before the short circuit

0 displaced angle relative to the positive peak of the voltage waveform of phase A at the instant of
short circuit. This is indicated in fig. 1.

Xd, Xd, Xd Direct axis steady state, transient and subtransient reactance. Xq Quadrature axis subtransient reactance. Td, Td Direct axis transient and subtransient short circuit time constants. Ta Armature time constant

The first three terms of the current expression represent steady state, transient and subtransient current components; the fourth term DC-offset component and the last term double frequency component. The overall variation of the current waveform has the shape shown in fig. 2.

The peak to peak variation of this current waveform wherein the Dc-offset component has no effect, and the double frequency component negligible (because X is nearly equal to X for most machines) is given by; ( ) ( ) ( )

The peak variation (also called envelop variation) is therefore given by,

The parameters contained in the Ia,pk expression are obtained using the appropriate current plots as shown in following steps.

STEP 1 Obtain the half the magnitude of the peak to peak value of the short circuit current waveform and draw the following graph.

By using the graph steady state and subtransient reactance components can be obtained in the following way.

STEP 2 By using the component obtained from graph in step 1, draw the following graph.

By using the graph transient reactance and direct axis transient short circuit time constants can be obtained in the following way.

STEP 3 By using the component obtained from graph in STEP 2, draw the following graph.

By using the graph direct axis subtransient short circuit time constants can be obtained in the following way.

The open circuit transient and subtransient time constant can also be obtained now as,

STEP 4 The armature time constant Ta can be obtained by taking a plot of envelop mean with time.

Where armature time constant Ta=H. b) Field current variation following a sudden three phase short circuit at the armature is given by, [ ( ) ]

Where If0 is the field current before the short circuit and Tkd the direct-axis damper time constant; other parameters are as defined before.

Fig. 6 shows variation of field current with time which indicates a sudden jump in the current envelops. The fundamental frequency current term appears only if the machine has dampers.

c) Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit. If a synchronous generator is suddenly open circuited from a steady short circuit, then its terminal voltage build up is given, per phase A, by ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )

The three terms in the expression represent the steady state, transient and subtransient components respectively, is the position of the rotor q-axis relative to the axis at phase A at the instant of open circuit, or alternatively the displacement from the positive peak of phase A induced voltage waveform.

Procedure: (a) obtaining of short circuit armature current oscillogram The circuit was connected as shown in fig. 12. Three phase breaker (S) was kept open and the synchronous generator filed switch opened.field Voltage Vf was kept at Zero.

2. DC supply was switched on and started the DC motor using three point Starter. 3. The field rheostat was slowly increased until synchronous generator establishes the speed of 1500rpm. 4. Then switch S was closed and increased excitation current slowly until rated current is established in the generator and then switch S was opened. 5. After then without changing field current, switch S was closed suddenly and caught the phase current across the 0.1 current shunt, on the phase oscilloscope.A few numbers of attempts were made, fully asymmetric and symmetric oscillogram was obtained. Also following readings were taken down. Pre-short circuit line voltage V Steady short circuit current = A Qenerator speed = rpm Number of generator pole pairs

(b) Obtaining of field current oscillogram With the circuit condition as in part (a), The field current transient was caught , following a sudden closure of switch S, across the 0. 1 current shunt in the field current on the oscilloscope. Also the following information was taken down. Steady state field current A (c) obtaining of open circuit armature voltage waveform, With the circuit conditions as in part (a) and steady state current is flowing into the short circuit, switch S was opened suddenly and caught the voltage transient on the oscilloscope. The steady line voltage was taken down after the opening the circuit. (d) slip test The circuit was connected as shown in fig. 13 and, with switch S opened, the generator was ran at about 25 rpm below synchronous speed using the dc motor. Then the three phase variac output was set until phase current maximum reached about rated current. Phase current waveform was obtained, covering a number of cyclic fluctuations, the generator speed was trimmed (using dc motor field) if necessary.

Also, the maximum and minimum value of fluctuating ammeter and voltmeter reading was taken down in the armature circuit. Minimum phase current A Maximum phase current = A Minimum line voltage = V Maximum line voltage V Generator speed pm

Step 1

T (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

I peak (A) 96 78 68 64 62 60 58 56 55 54 52 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 47 47 46 46 46 46

Ia (A)
120

Ia.pk (A) Vs Time (ms)

100

96
80

60

Ia.pk

46
40

20

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

T(ms)

Step 2
T (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 X (A) 50 32 22 18 16 14 12 10 9 8 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

X (A) Vs T (ms)
X (A)
60

50

40

30

2 4
20

10

8.83
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

T (ms)

-10

155

Step 3
T (ms) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 y (A) 26 22.25 17.5 13.25 10 7.2 5 3.2 1.8 0.7 0

y (A) Vs T (ms)
y (A)
30

25

23
20

15

10

8.5
5

0 0 -5 10 20 30 40 50

T 60(ms)

27

Step 4
T (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 Ia (PeakPeak) 192 156 136 128 124 120 116 112 110 108 104 100 100 98 98 96 96 94 94 94 94 94 92 92 92 92

Ia (peak-peak) Vs Time
Ia (P-P) A

250

200

150

140
Ia (peak-peak) 100

51.5
50

T (ms)
0 0 200 400 600 800 1000

710

CALCULATION :
(a) Step 1 A= 96 Xd=

B= 46 = 0.98

Xd= Step 2

= 0.47

C= 24 Xd=

D= 155 = 0.644

Td= 155 ms Step 3 F= 27 Td= 27 ms Tdo= 155 x Tdo= 27 x Step 4 H= 710 Ta= 710 ms (b) Since it is assumed no dampers, If= 2.5+2.5
( )

= 235.87 ms = 36.99 ms

& ]

(c) Assuming 0 is zero

( ) ( )