ME2143/ME2143E

Matriculation/Registration Number

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

ME2143/ME2143E SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

(Semester I : AY2009-2010)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours

___________________________________________________________________________
EXAMINER'S USE
ONLY

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

Marking
1.

This examination paper contains FOUR (4)

questions and comprises EIGHTEEN (18)
printed pages.

Question
Int.

2.

Answer ALL FOUR (4) questions.

3.

All questions carry equal marks.

4.

You are to write on and submit this

answer booklet only!

5.

This is a CLOSED-BOOK examination.

6. You may bring in an A4-sized summary

sheet.
Total:

Ext.

Ave.

PAGE 2

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 1 (25 marks)

(a)

Wheatstone bridge is often used in conjunction with an amplifier circuit as shown in

Figure 1a. Each resistor of the Wheatstone bridge is a temperature-sensing element
with nominal resistance Ro (=200). The change in resistance for each of these
resistors is R = (T), where T is the temperature change, is a contant, and the
sign is determined by the positive or negative temperature coefficient of the resistive
element.
(i) Find the Thvenin equivalent of the Wheatstone bridge that the amplifier sees at
points a and b. Assume that |R|2<<Ro (That is, |R|2 is much smaller than Ro).
(ii) If |R| = kT with k, being a constant, find vout(T), the expression of vout as a
function of change in temperature. State any assumptions made.
(20 marks)
Ro-|R|

10V

+
-

100 k

Ro+|R|
a
-

Ro+|R|
+
Ro-|R|

b
100 k

Figure 1a

vout

PAGE 3

QUESTION 1 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 4

QUESTION 1 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 5

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 1 (continued)

(b)

Using Boolean algebra, simplify the Boolean expression:

Z = D ( A + B)( A + B + D)
(5 marks)

PAGE 6

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 2 (25 marks)

(a)

A regulator circuit to drive a resistive load RL is shown in Figure 2a. The load can be
considered to be disconnected from the circuit when the load is turned off. Determine
the typical power dissipation of the Zener diode (when the load is turned on) and the
minimum acceptable power rating of the Zener diode, given the source voltage, Vs =
12V; breakdown voltage of the Zener diode, Vz = 5V; Rs = 50; and RL = 100. State
any assumptions made.
Rs
+
Vs

+
-

(unregulated

Vz
-

RL
(Load)

source)

Figure 2a
(12 marks)

PAGE 7

QUESTION 2 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 8

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 2 (continued)
(b)

An automobile alarm circuit (shown in Figure 2b) is used to detect certain undesirable
conditions. Suppose three switches are used to indicate the status of the door, the
ignition and the headlights, respectively. Design a logic circuit (using only 7400 ICs)
with these switches as the inputs so that the alarm will be activated whenever either of
the following conditions happens:
(i) The headlights are on while the ignition is off.
(ii) The door is open while the ignition is on.
State any assumptions made.
+5V
Open

+5V

Closed

Ignition (I)

ON
OFF

Door (D)

+5V

Logic
circuit

Alarm

Headlights (H)

ON
OFF

Figure 2b
(13 marks)

PAGE 9

QUESTION 2 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 10

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 3 (25 marks)

(a)

A 200-V shunt-connected DC motor has an armature resistance of 1 and a field

resistance of 100. When there is no external load, the motor runs at 1000 rpm and
draws a line current of 3A. Assume the rotational loss torque is independent of the
speed.
(i) Draw the equivalent circuit of the shunt-connected DC motor.
(ii) Find the speed, the line current, and the efficiency of the motor when it is
connected to an external load of 50 Nm.
(iii) Assuming the magnetic field is proportional to the field current and the external
load remains constant, find the speed and the efficiency of the motor when the
supplied DC voltage is increased to 250V.
(15 marks)

PAGE 11

QUESTION 3 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 12

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 3 (continued)
(b)

A 120 Advance strain gage has a gage factor of 2.1 and has a power rating of 0.3W.
It is bonded onto a steel beam ( E = 210 10 9 N / m 2 ) for stress measurement. The
strain gage is at the arm 1 position of a Wheatstone bridge as shown in Figure 3a. The
resistance of each of the fixed resistors at the other three arms is 120 .

Figure 3a
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Find the maximum allowable DC supply voltage Ei for the bridge.

Calculate the sensitivity of the circuit when the supply voltage is 10V.
Find the stress due to the applied force when the output of bridge is 0.5 mV.
For the same applied force, find the output voltage if the temperature of the
steel-bonded gage is increased by 30oC. The respective thermal expansion
coefficients for steel and advance alloy are 11.7 10 6 cm/cmoC and
26.82 10 6 cm/cmoC. The thermal resistance coefficient for advance alloy is
10.8 10 6 /oC.
(10 marks)

PAGE 13

QUESTION 3 (continued)

ME2143/ME2143E

PAGE 14

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 4 (25 marks)

(a)

The circuit in Figure 4a consists of a 50 resistor R, a 0.5H inductor L, and a switch.

The switch is initially open.

Figure 4a
(i)

Find the current I of the circuit, voltage VL (across L) and voltage VR (across R),
at the moment when the switch is closed. Indicate the current direction and
polarities of the voltages in the circuit.
(ii) Find the current I of the circuit, voltage VL (across L) and voltage VR (across R)
when the circuit is at steady state. Indicate the current direction and polarities of
the voltages in the circuit.
(iii) When the switch is suddenly opened, an arc is observed at the switch and the
switch is damaged. Explain the causes of the damage.
(iv) Suggest a design change to the circuit to prevent the switch damage. Draw the
new circuit.
(8 marks)

PAGE 15

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 4 (continued)

(b)

A four-pole three-phase AC induction motor runs on 50Hz 230Vrms source. It runs at

1440 rpm under a load.
(i) What is the synchronous speed of the motor?
(ii) What is the slip of the motor?
(iii) What is the frequency of the rotor voltage at this speed?
(5 marks)

PAGE 16

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 4 (continued)
(c)

A balanced positive sequence wye-connected three-phase source has

v an (t ) = 330 cos(377t ) V. It is connected to a balanced wye-connected load as shown
in Figure 4b. Each phase of the load consists of a 10F capacitor in parallel with a
100 resistor.

iaA
+
van

+
vbn

a
A
b ibB B

vcn
+

icC

Z
C

Figure 4b
(i)
(ii)

Give the expressions for vbn (t ) and vcn (t ) .

Find the line currents, the line-to-line voltages, and the power delivered to the
load.
(7 marks)

PAGE 17

ME2143/ME2143E

QUESTION 4 (continued)
(d)

A digital voltmeter (DVM) is used to measure the output voltage from a Type J (ironconstantan) thermocouple as shown in Figure 4c.
Constantan
T1=? C
T2=100 C
T3=T4 = 25 C
Iron

Iron
Eo
DVM

Figure 4c
The thermoelectric voltage for Type J thermal couple is provided in Table A.
(i) If we know T1 is less than T2, indicate the direction of current flow in the figure
if the DVM is replaced by a conducting wire.
(ii) If the DVM reading is 2.683mV, what is the temperature T1?
(iii) Assuming T1 and T2 remain the same but T3 and T4 are changed to 20 C, what
would the DVMs reading be?
(5 marks)

PAGE 18

ME2143/ME2143E

TABLE A Thermoelectric Voltage (mV) for Type J Thermocouple

Temperatures in Degrees C
Deg
0
1
2
C
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0

Deg C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340

-8.096
-7.890
-7.659
-7.402
-7.122
-6.821
-6.499
-6.159
-5.801
-5.426
-5.036
-4.632
-4.215
-3.785
-3.344
-2.892
-2.431
-1.960
-1.481
-0.995
-0.501
0

0
0
0.507
1.019
1.536
2.058
2.585
3.115
3.649
4.186
4.725
5.268
5.812
6.359
6.907
7.457
8.008
8.560
9.113
9.667
10.222
10.777
11.332
11.887
12.442
12.998
13.5.53
14.108
14.663
15.217
15.771
16.325
16.879
17.432
17.984
18.537

-7.912
-7.683
-7.429
-7.151
-6.852
-6.532
-6.194
-5.837
-5.464
-5.076
-4.673
-4.257
-3.829
-3.389
-2.938
-2.478
-2.008
-1.530
-1.044
-0.550
-0.050

-7.934
-7.707
-7.455
-7.180
-6.883
-6.565
-6.228
-5.874
-5.502
-5.115
-4.714
-4.299
-3.872
-3.433
-2.984
-2.524
-2.055
-1.578
-1.093
-0.600
-0.101

Reference Junction at 0oC

7
8
9
6

-7.955
-7.731
-7.482
-7.209
-6.914
-6.598
-6.263
-5.910
-5.540
-5.155
-4.755
-4.341
-3.915
-3.478
-3.029
-2.570
-2.102
-1.626
-1.141
-0.650
-0.151

-7.976
-7.755
-7.508
-7.237
-6.944
-6.630
-6.297
-5.946
-5.578
-5.194
-4.795
-4.383
-3.958
-3.522
-3.074
-2.617
-2.150
-1.674
-1.190
-0.699
-0.201

-7.996
-7.778
-7.533
-7.265
-6.974
-6.663
-6.331
-5.982
-5.615
-5.233
-4.836
-4.425
-4.001
-3.566
-3.120
-2.663
-2.197
-1.722
-1.239
-0.748
-0.251

-8.017
-7.801
-7.559
-7.293
-7.004
-6.695
-6.365
-6.018
-5.653
-5.272
-4.876
-4.467
-4.044
-3.610
-3.165
-2.709
-2.244
-1.770
-1.288
-0.798
-0.301

-8.037
-7.824
-7.584
-7.321
-7.034
-6.727
-6.399
-6.053
-5.690
-5.311
-4.916
-4.508
-4.087
-3.654
-3.210
-2.755
-2.291
-1.818
-1.336
-0.847
-0.351

-8.057
-7.846
-7.609
-7.348
-7.064
-6.758
-6.433
-6.089
-5.727
-5.349
-4.956
-4.550
-4.130
-3.698
-3.255
-2.801
-2.338
-1.865
-1.385
-0.896
-0.401

-8.076
-7.868
-7.634
-7.375
-7.093
-6.790
-6.466
-6.124
-5.764
-5.388
-4.996
-4.591
-4.172
-3.742
-3.299
-2.847
-2.384
-1.913
-1.433
-0.945
-0.451

0.050
0.558
1.070
1.588
2.111
2.638
3.168
3.702
4.239
4.780
5.322
5.867
6.414
6.962
7.512
8.063
8.616
9.169
9.723
10.277
10.832
11.387
11.943
12.498
13.053
13.608
14.163
14.718
15.273
15.827
16.380
16.934
17.487
18.039
18.592

0.101
0.609
1.122
l.640
2.163
2.691
3.221
3.756
4.293
4.834
5.376
5.921
6.468
7.017
7.567
8.118
8.671
9.224
9.778
10.333
10.888
11.443
11.998
12.553
13.109
13.664
14.219
14.774
15.328
15.882
16.436
16.989
17.542
18.095
18.647

0.151
0.660
1.174
1.693
2.216
2.743
3.275
3.809
4.347
4.888
5.431
5.976
6.523
7.072
7.622
8.174
8.726
9.279
9.834
10.388
10.943
11.498
12.054
12.609
13.164
13.719
14.274
14.829
15.383
15.938
16.491
17.044
17.597
18.150
18.702

0.202
0.711
1.225
1.745
2.268
2.796
3.328
3.863
4.401
4.942
5.485
6.031
6.578
7.127
7.677
8.229
8.781
9.335
9.889
10.444
10.999
11.554
12.109
12.664
13.220
13.775
14.330
14.885
15.439
15.993
16.547
17.100
17.653
18.205
18.757

0.253
0.762
1.277
1.797
2.321
2.849
3.381
3.917
4.455
4.996
5.540
6.085
6.633
7.182
7.732
8.284
8.837
9.390
9.944
10.499
11.054
11.609
12.165
12.720
13.275
13.830
14.385
14.940
15.494
16.048
16.602
17.155
17.708
18.260
18.813

0.303
0.813
1.329
1.849
2.374
2.902
3.435
3.971
4.509
5.050
5.594
6.140
6.688
7.237
7.787
8.339
8.892
9.446
10.000
10.555
11.110
11.665
12.220
12.776
13.331
13.886
14.441
14.995
15.550
16.104
16.657
17.210
17.763
18.316
18.868

0.354
0.865
1.381
1.901
2.426
2.956
3.488
4.024
4.563
5.105
5.649
6.195
6.742
7.292
7.843
8.394
8.947
9.501
10.055
10.610
11.165
11.720
12.276
12.831
13.386
13.941
14.496
15.051
15.605
16.159
16.713
17.266
17.818
18.371
18.923

0.405
0.916
1.432
1.954
2.479
3.009
3.542
4.078
4.617
5.159
5.703
6.249
6.797
7.347
7.898
8.450
9.003
9.556
10.111
10.666
11.221
11.776
12.331
12.887
13.442
13.997
14.552
15.106
15.661
16.214
16.768
17.321
17.874
18.426
18.978

0.456
0.967
1.484
2.006
2.532
3.062
3.595
4.132
4.671
5.213
5.758
6.304
6.852
7.402
7.953
8.505
9.058
9.612
10.166
10.721
11.276
11.831
12.387
12.942
13.497
14.052
14.607
15.162
15.716
16.270
16.823
17.376
17.929
18.481
19.033

- END OF PAPER -

Matriculation/Registration Number

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

ME2143 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

(Semester II : AY2010/2011)

Time Allowed: 2 Hours

________________________________________________________________________
EXAMINER'S USE
ONLY

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

Marking
1.

This examination paper contains FOUR

(4) questions and comprises EIGHTEEN
(18) printed pages.

Question
Int.

2.

Answer ALL FOUR (4) questions.

3.

All questions carry equal marks.

4.

You are to write on and submit this

answer booklet only!

5.

This is a CLOSED- BOOK examination.

6.

You may bring in an A4-sized summary

sheet.

Total:
.

Ext.

Ave.

PAGE 2

ME2143

QUESTION 1 (25 marks)

(a)

As indicated in Figure 1a, Battery A has an e.m.f. of 4 V and an internal resistance of

3 . The corresponding values for Battery B are 6 V and 2 , respectively. The two
batteries are connected in parallel across a 100 resistor, R. Calculate the currents:
i1, i2 and i3, using the principle of superposition.
i2

i1
Battery A

v1 = 4 V

Battery B
+

i3

+
R=100

R1=3

v2 = 6 V

R2=2

Figure 1a
(10 marks)

PAGE 3

QUESTION 1 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 4

QUESTION 1 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 5

ME2143

QUESTION 1 (continued)
(b)

Construct the Karnaugh map for the logic function defined by the table of Figure 1b.
Those input combinations which are not included in the table will not happen in real
implementation. Find the minimum expression for the function and design a circuit to
implement this function using only two-input NAND gates.
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

Input
B C
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 1

D
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0

Output
Z
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1

Figure 1b
(15 marks)

PAGE 6

QUESTION 1 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 7

ME2143

QUESTION 2 (25 marks)

(a)

Sketch the output waveform (vo(t)) for the circuit shown in Figure 2a with vs(t) = 10
sin(200t) V, assume that the diode is ideal. (Hint: Equivalent circuit method may
be applied.)
10
+

vs(t)

+
-

10
+
-

vo(t)
3V
-

Figure 2a
(10 marks)

PAGE 8

QUESTION 2 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 9

ME2143

QUESTION 2 (continued)
(b)

Determine the output voltage, vo, as a function of input voltage, v1, for the op-amp
circuit of Figure 2b. Find the input impedance of the circuit. State any assumption
made.
4 k
k
2 k
k
v1

+
-

4 k Y
k

vo

4 k
k

2 k
k
2 k
k

Figure 2b
(15 marks)

PAGE 10

QUESTION 2 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 11

ME2143

QUESTION 3 (25 marks)

(a)

A 250 V shunt-connected DC motor draws a line current of 4.5 A and runs at 1200
rpm when it is not connected to any external load. The motor has an armature
resistance of 0.5 and a field resistance of 100 . The rotational loss torque of the
motor is independent of the speed. The magnetic flux is proportional to the field
current.
(i)
Draw the equivalent circuit of the shunt-connected DC motor.
(ii)
Find the speed and efficiency of the motor when the motor is connected to an
external load of 80 Nm.
(iii)
Find the speed of motor if the supply voltage is reduced from 250 V to 200 V
when the external load is kept at 80 Nm.
(20 marks)

PAGE 12

QUESTION 3 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 13

ME2143

QUESTION 3 (continued)
(b)

With a 60 Hz three-phase power supply of 110 Vrms, a three-phase AC induction

motor under a certain external load runs at a speed of 1140 rpm with minimal slip.
(i)
Find the number of poles of the motor.
(ii)
Find the slip of the motor at this speed.
(iii)
Find the frequency of the rotor current at this speed.
(5 marks)

PAGE 14

ME2143

QUESTION 4 (25 marks)

(a)

In Figure 4a, a sliding bar is attached to a pair of frictionless rails of infinite length in
a uniform magnetic field. The bar and the rails are electrically conductive. The
following parameters are known: the mass of the sliding bar m, the distance between
the rails L, the flux density directed out of the page B, the gravitational acceleration g,
the resistance R. At t = 0, the bar is released and starts to slide down due to gravity.
When the bar reaches the steady state velocity,
(i)
find the current across R and indicate the direction of the current.
(ii)
find the steady state velocity of the bar.

Figure 4a
(7 marks)

PAGE 15

ME2143

QUESTION 4 (continued)
(b)

A strain gage of 120 is used to measure the stress of an aluminum beam due to the
applied force F as shown in Figure 4b. The strain gage is at the arm 1 position of a
Wheatstone bridge which has fixed resistors of 120 at the other three arms. The
Youngs Modulus of the beam is E 73.1109 N / m2 . The gage factor is 2 and the
gage can dissipate a maximum power of 0.25 W.
(i)
Calculate the maximum allowable dc supply voltage, E i , for the bridge.
(ii)
Calculate the sensitivity of the circuit under the maximum dc supply voltage.
(iii)
If the supply voltage is 10V, and the output of the bridge is 20 mV, what is the
stress at the location of R1 due to F?
(iv)
Find the output voltage when the same force F is applied but the temperature
of the beam is decreased by 30o C . The thermal expansion coefficients for the
aluminum alloy and the gage are 24.3 106 cm / cmoC and
26.82 106 cm / cmoC , respectively. The thermal resistance coefficient for
the gage is 10.8 106 /oC .

Figure 4b
(12 marks)

PAGE 16

QUESTION 4 (continued)

ME2143

PAGE 17

ME2143

QUESTION 4 (continued)
(c)

A digital voltmeter (DVM) is used to measure the output voltage from a Type J (ironconstantan) thermocouple as shown in Figure 4c.
Constantan
T1=0 C
T2=95 C
o

T3=T4 = 20 C
Iron

Iron
Eo
DVM
Figure 4c

The thermoelectric voltage for Type J thermocouple is provided in Table 1 on page 18.
(i)
Find the output voltage indicated by the DVM.
(ii)
Find the new temperature T2 if the DVM reading changes to 2.268 mV while
T1 remains at 0C.
(iii)
If the temperature T2 remains the same as in part (ii) but the reference
temperature T1 is now 20C, find the reading from the DVM.
(iv)
Assuming the same T1 and T2 as in part (iii) but T3 and T4 are changed to 30C,
find the reading from the DVM.
(v)
Under the same temperatures as in part (iii), indicate the current direction in
the circuit if the DVM is removed and current is allowed to flow.
(6 marks)

PAGE 18

ME2143

TABLE A Thermoelectric Voltage (mV) for Type J Thermocouple

Temperatures in Degrees C
Deg
0
1
2
C
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0

Deg C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340

-8.096
-7.890
-7.659
-7.402
-7.122
-6.821
-6.499
-6.159
-5.801
-5.426
-5.036
-4.632
-4.215
-3.785
-3.344
-2.892
-2.431
-1.960
-1.481
-0.995
-0.501
0

0
0
0.507
1.019
1.536
2.058
2.585
3.115
3.649
4.186
4.725
5.268
5.812
6.359
6.907
7.457
8.008
8.560
9.113
9.667
10.222
10.777
11.332
11.887
12.442
12.998
13.5.53
14.108
14.663
15.217
15.771
16.325
16.879
17.432
17.984
18.537

-7.912
-7.683
-7.429
-7.151
-6.852
-6.532
-6.194
-5.837
-5.464
-5.076
-4.673
-4.257
-3.829
-3.389
-2.938
-2.478
-2.008
-1.530
-1.044
-0.550
-0.050

-7.934
-7.707
-7.455
-7.180
-6.883
-6.565
-6.228
-5.874
-5.502
-5.115
-4.714
-4.299
-3.872
-3.433
-2.984
-2.524
-2.055
-1.578
-1.093
-0.600
-0.101

Reference Junction at 0oC

6
7
8
9

-7.955
-7.731
-7.482
-7.209
-6.914
-6.598
-6.263
-5.910
-5.540
-5.155
-4.755
-4.341
-3.915
-3.478
-3.029
-2.570
-2.102
-1.626
-1.141
-0.650
-0.151

-7.976
-7.755
-7.508
-7.237
-6.944
-6.630
-6.297
-5.946
-5.578
-5.194
-4.795
-4.383
-3.958
-3.522
-3.074
-2.617
-2.150
-1.674
-1.190
-0.699
-0.201

-7.996
-7.778
-7.533
-7.265
-6.974
-6.663
-6.331
-5.982
-5.615
-5.233
-4.836
-4.425
-4.001
-3.566
-3.120
-2.663
-2.197
-1.722
-1.239
-0.748
-0.251

-8.017
-7.801
-7.559
-7.293
-7.004
-6.695
-6.365
-6.018
-5.653
-5.272
-4.876
-4.467
-4.044
-3.610
-3.165
-2.709
-2.244
-1.770
-1.288
-0.798
-0.301

-8.037
-7.824
-7.584
-7.321
-7.034
-6.727
-6.399
-6.053
-5.690
-5.311
-4.916
-4.508
-4.087
-3.654
-3.210
-2.755
-2.291
-1.818
-1.336
-0.847
-0.351

-8.057
-7.846
-7.609
-7.348
-7.064
-6.758
-6.433
-6.089
-5.727
-5.349
-4.956
-4.550
-4.130
-3.698
-3.255
-2.801
-2.338
-1.865
-1.385
-0.896
-0.401

-8.076
-7.868
-7.634
-7.375
-7.093
-6.790
-6.466
-6.124
-5.764
-5.388
-4.996
-4.591
-4.172
-3.742
-3.299
-2.847
-2.384
-1.913
-1.433
-0.945
-0.451

0.050
0.558
1.070
1.588
2.111
2.638
3.168
3.702
4.239
4.780
5.322
5.867
6.414
6.962
7.512
8.063
8.616
9.169
9.723
10.277
10.832
11.387
11.943
12.498
13.053
13.608
14.163
14.718
15.273
15.827
16.380
16.934
17.487
18.039
18.592

0.101
0.609
1.122
l.640
2.163
2.691
3.221
3.756
4.293
4.834
5.376
5.921
6.468
7.017
7.567
8.118
8.671
9.224
9.778
10.333
10.888
11.443
11.998
12.553
13.109
13.664
14.219
14.774
15.328
15.882
16.436
16.989
17.542
18.095
18.647

0.151
0.660
1.174
1.693
2.216
2.743
3.275
3.809
4.347
4.888
5.431
5.976
6.523
7.072
7.622
8.174
8.726
9.279
9.834
10.388
10.943
11.498
12.054
12.609
13.164
13.719
14.274
14.829
15.383
15.938
16.491
17.044
17.597
18.150
18.702

0.202
0.711
1.225
1.745
2.268
2.796
3.328
3.863
4.401
4.942
5.485
6.031
6.578
7.127
7.677
8.229
8.781
9.335
9.889
10.444
10.999
11.554
12.109
12.664
13.220
13.775
14.330
14.885
15.439
15.993
16.547
17.100
17.653
18.205
18.757

0.253
0.762
1.277
1.797
2.321
2.849
3.381
3.917
4.455
4.996
5.540
6.085
6.633
7.182
7.732
8.284
8.837
9.390
9.944
10.499
11.054
11.609
12.165
12.720
13.275
13.830
14.385
14.940
15.494
16.048
16.602
17.155
17.708
18.260
18.813

0.303
0.813
1.329
1.849
2.374
2.902
3.435
3.971
4.509
5.050
5.594
6.140
6.688
7.237
7.787
8.339
8.892
9.446
10.000
10.555
11.110
11.665
12.220
12.776
13.331
13.886
14.441
14.995
15.550
16.104
16.657
17.210
17.763
18.316
18.868

0.354
0.865
1.381
1.901
2.426
2.956
3.488
4.024
4.563
5.105
5.649
6.195
6.742
7.292
7.843
8.394
8.947
9.501
10.055
10.610
11.165
11.720
12.276
12.831
13.386
13.941
14.496
15.051
15.605
16.159
16.713
17.266
17.818
18.371
18.923

0.405
0.916
1.432
1.954
2.479
3.009
3.542
4.078
4.617
5.159
5.703
6.249
6.797
7.347
7.898
8.450
9.003
9.556
10.111
10.666
11.221
11.776
12.331
12.887
13.442
13.997
14.552
15.106
15.661
16.214
16.768
17.321
17.874
18.426
18.978

0.456
0.967
1.484
2.006
2.532
3.062
3.595
4.132
4.671
5.213
5.758
6.304
6.852
7.402
7.953
8.505
9.058
9.612
10.166
10.721
11.276
11.831
12.387
12.942
13.497
14.052
14.607
15.162
15.716
16.270
16.823
17.376
17.929
18.481
19.033

- END OF PAPER -