History of Internet

By H. Limson

The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future: * Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory. It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk. - Vannevar Bush; As We May Think; Atlantic Monthly; July 1945.
Vannevar Bush established the U.S. military / university research partnership that later invented the ARPANET, and wrote the first visionary description of the potential use for information technology, inspiring many of the Internet's creators.

* Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities. Since Leibniz there has perhaps been no man who has had a full command of all the intellectual activity of his day. Since that time, science has been increasingly the task of specialists, in fields which show a tendency to grow progressively narrower. A century ago there may have been no Leibniz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday, and a Darwin. Today there are few scholars who can call themselves mathematicians or physicists or biologists without restriction. A man may be a topologist or an acoustician or a coleopterist. He will be filled with the jargon of his field, and will know all its literature and all its ramifications, but, more frequently than not, he will regard the next subject as something belonging to his colleague three doors down the corridor, and will consider any interest in it on his own part as an unwarrantable breach of privacy. - Wiener, Norbert; Cybernetics; 1948.
Norbert Wiener invented the field of cybernetics, inspiring a generation of scientists to think of computer technology as a means to extend human capabilities.

* The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences.

The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) conference gave birth to the field of AI, and gave succeeding generations of scientists their first sense of the potential for information technology to be of benefit to human beings in a profound way.

* Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture. Marshall McLuhan's insights made the concept of a global village, interconnected by an electronic nervous system, part of our popular culture well before it actually happened. Marshall McLuhan was the first person to popularize the concept of a global village and to consider its social effects. His insights were revolutionary at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media, technology, and communications ever since. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race. ARPA appointed J.C.R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision. Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching invented by Paul Baran at RAND, and a few years later by Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969. The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute. The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. The ARPANET was the first wide area packet switching network, the "Eve" network of what has evolved into the Internet we know and love today. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. And here we are.

Networks and Networking Network is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Sharing Printers: Save money by buying just a couple of printers that everyone can share. File Sharing: Setting up a file server provides a central location for your company's critical data, which allows multiple people to use it, and makes back ups much easier and more reliable. Security: can be set up to ensure that sensitive data is protected. A secured, locked-up network server is much safer than a desktop computer for storing sensitive data like payroll and accounting records. Any PC that can be physically touched can be compromised. Storing all of the data on a server takes the sensitive data off the desktop PCs. Internet Access: Networked computers can access the Internet and email. Email can be a great tool within your company, as well as when dealing with the outside world. Data Backup: All of your critical business files can be backed up from any computer at any time, ensuring that if you have any systems breakdown, your important files can be restored quickly and easily. The Internet

The world's largest computer network It also contains other networks (e.g., network or networks) Originated in the 1960s. Funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), part of the US DoD

Basic Networking

Networking: shifting bits from point A to point B Internet Protocol (IP) - Network layer; data bits into a packet that tell where they need to go, but unreliable User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - Transport layer; uses IP for addressing and routing; dividing the bits of a packet into groups and send them in several successive packets; simpler; used in games, streaming media Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - Transport layer; Guarantee reliable delivery in the order in which the packets were sent; uses IP for addressing and routing, hence better known as TCP/IP Socket - An endpoint in the IP protocol for sending and receiving data between computers Packet - A block of data sent over the network transmitting the identities of the sending and receiving stations, error-control information, and message
o

Port - Where information goes into or out of a computer (generally, HTTP is Port 80 and MySQL is Port 3306) o Analogies: similar to registering your snail mail; open telephone conversation => connection between two points must be open for the duration of the transmission session (i.e., handshaking) o See http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers for list of port numbers 3

Domain Name System (DNS) - A set of servers that map written names to IP addresses. Example: yahoo.com -> 69.147.76.15

The World Wide Web (WWW)

A collection of web sites and pages around the world Provide documents in a markup language that reference other documents and media Not to be confused with the Internet. The Internet includes other services such as e-mail, chat, Gopher, telnet, etc. Client-server technology; "information pull" o Client - A program running on your computer Web browser - a client application that displays web pages (e.g., Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera) o Server - A computer running web server software on a remote computer; delivers information to other clients Apache HTTP Server Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - a universal naming scheme to specify the location of a document on a web site o A subset of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) o Created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994 o Format: protocol://machine/directory/file.type Protocols: http, ftp, telnet, gopher, mailto, file Example: http://www.eecs.tufts.edu/index.html http - Hypertext Transport Protocol www.eecs.tufts.edu - machine www, domain eecs.tufts.edu index.html - a file in the Hypertext Markup Language (.html) o More URLs: Anchors:
http://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/20/resources.php#software

Parameters:
http://www.google.com/search?q=grand+theft+auto&num=5

Internet vs. Web The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. 10 Best Uses of Internet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Travel Blogging Shopping Networking Hobbies Current Events E-mail E-books 4

9. Library 10. Research Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. When you send or receive data (for example, an e-mail note or a Web page), the message gets divided into little chunks called packets. Each of these packets contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's address. Any packet is sent first to a gateway computer that understands a small part of the Internet. The gateway computer reads the destination address and forwards the packet to an adjacent gateway that in turn reads the destination address and so forth across the Internet until one gateway recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer within its immediate neighborhood or domain. That gateway then forwards the packet directly to the computer whose address is specified. Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

Commands sent from a web browser to web server o GET - Download o POST - Sent from a form o PUT - Upload Status codes: o 200 - Ok o 301 - Moved Permanently o 302 - Found (the request was redirected to another URL/URI) o 401 - Unauthorized o 403 Forbidden o 404 - Not Found o 500 - Internal Server Error o Complete list: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

Internet Addressing Each computer on the Internet has a numerical address, called an IP address. For example, the numerical address of the GSE&IS web server is 149.142.5.42. Because the numbers are hard to remember, popular servers on the internet have names associated with their numbers. For example, the name associated with the GSE&IS web server is www.gseis.ucla.edu. There are several parts to an internet name: Top Level Domain (TLD) This is the last part of the name. It can be .com for companys, .org for non profit organizations, .net for network infrastructure providers, .edu for educational institutions, .mil for military, .gov for government, or a code for a country, for example, .us for United States or .jp for Japan. 5

Domain Name This is the middle part of the name and often the most important. It is specific to the company / organization. Example: google, yahoo, onion. Host Name This is the name of the server within the company, usually named after the service provided. Example: www, ftp, news, mail. Method/Scheme This is the method used for the communication. It is usually a few letters followed by a colon and two forward slashes. Example: http:// for web connections, ftp:// for ftp connections. So a complete example is: http://people.yahoo.com In the above example, http:// is the scheme indicating that this is a web connection. people is the server name, indicating something to do with people (in this case, finding them). yahoo is the domain name, indicating that this people searching functionality is provided by the company Yahoo!. com is the top level domain, indicating that Yahoo! is a company. Modern Web Content and Design

Content: XHTML, HTML 5 Layout and presentation: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Functionality o Server-side: PHP, JavaServer Page (JSP), Ruby on Rails, .NET (Microsoft) o Client-side: JavaScript Multimedia: Flash (not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA))

References : http://www.livinginternet.com http://www.jrnetworksolutions.com http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.slideshare.net/ http://www.whatis.com http://www. cs.tufts.edu