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English 132

What is a pioneer? According to the unabridged Webster Dictionary, a pioneer (noun) is a person is among those who first enters or settle into a region, thus opening it for occupation and development by others or one who is first or among the earliest in any field of inquiry, enterprise or progress. Pioneer is derived from the 1520s, foot soldier who prepares the way for the army, from M.Fr. pionnier, from O.Fr. paonier foot soldier (11c) from peon (pawn (2)). Figurative sense of person who goes first or does something first is from c1600. The verb is first recorded in 1780. Related: pioneered; pioneering. The negate definition of pioneer is a timid person; a follower. Pioneer. What kind of feelings do you have when you hear this word? Admiration, respect, or at timesnothing at all. For many of us, when we think of the term pioneer, we currently think of people such as Oprah Winfrey, a television pioneer through her talk show was able to inspire and change the lives of people around the world and President Barack Obama, who became the first Black President of the U.S. In order for these two individuals to break barriers in their perspective fields, there were countless others who paved the way such as Jackie Robinson, Anne Moody, and Charles Hamilton Houston by breaking racial, social, and political barriers. Robinson, Moody, and Houston all epitomized the term pioneer because of their courage, determination, and most importantly their foresight. Jackie Robinson became the first Black person to play professional baseball when he signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers; thus ending racial segregation. A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives, What Robinson had said is a true statement. He played a huge part by changing many other Blacks lives. Robinson encouraged many Blacks to follow by his example, which was having the courage to stand up to injustice without

What is a pioneer? compromising his personal integrity and beliefs. While serving as a 2nd Lt. in the U.S. Army, Robinson was arrested and court-martialed during Officer Training School after he refused to move to the back of a segregated bus. He was later cleared of all charges and received an honorable discharge. Robinsons courage and moral protest were signs to the impact he would have in (major league) baseball. After his discharge from the Army, Robinson played professional baseball with the Negro League, but was soon chosen to play with the Montreal Royal, a farm team for the Brooklyn Dodgers through the aid of Branch Riley, vice president of the organization. Before signing Robinson to a contract, there was an unwritten agreement between the two; Robinson had agreed upon not to fight or talk back when confronting racism. Robinsons character was tested many times especially when visiting opposing teamsthere were a few who used racial epithets toward him, but Robinson remain calm during the entire ordeal. Robinson received encouraging words from many players within the league, one in particular, Pee Wee Reese who came to the defense of Robinson stating, You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them. Anne Moody was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement, organizing sit-in demonstrations, voter registration campaign and promoting awareness to Blacks living in the South especially in the rural parts of Mississippi. She experienced and witnessed many of the social injustices that plagued her state from interracial sexual abuse, lynching and other acts of racial intimidation. From an early age, Moody began to notice subtle differences in the white community and the Blackwhites were free to do as they please whereas Black had a rule of conduct, death was the penalty if you stepped out of line. The death of Emmitt Till, had a

What is a pioneer? profound effect on Moodyshe began to have a hatred for whites in the south and thus ultimately fueled her desire to become an activist later in life. As a student at Tougaloo College, Moody found that inner strength she needed to stand up against here oppressors in the Civil Right Movement. Moody repeatedly tried to get Blacks up and out to vote so they can change society and the actions taken against by whites. One action, in particular, is her involvement in the sit-in at the Woolworth lunch counter. This act alone illustrated the determination and courage, she displayed while remaining true to her principles in the need for social change. Charles Hamilton Houston was best known as The Man who took down Jim Crow. Houston was an attorney and civil right activist who is acknowledged for developing a legal theory by underpinning Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (which allowed state sponsored segregation) decision and acknowledged that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment. While serving in the racially segregated Army as an enlisted officer, Hamilton witnessed and endured racial prejudicein his first military appointment, as judge-advocate, Charles was assigned the task of prosecuting a case involving two black soldiers charged with disorderly conduct. Charles investigated the incident and found the charges to have little substance. When he subsequently failed to win a conviction of the two accused soldiers, his superior told him he was no good. Charles became further embittered when he witnessed the conviction of a black sergeantregarded by other blacks as one of the best in the companyon charges of disorderly conduct and insubordination even though the sergeant was carrying out the orders of a superior

What is a pioneer? officer. Houston wrote: I made up my mind that I would never get caught again without knowing my rights; that if luck was with me, and I got through this war, I would study law and use my time fighting for men who could not strike back. This encounter and many others fueled his determination to use the law as an instrument for social change. After returning home from France (World War I), Hamilton became the vice-dean of Howard University School of Law, Hamilton foresight to end segregation was to train young Black lawyers to help in the cause for equality. Hamilton left H.U. School of Law to head the Legal Defense Committee of the NAACP; he pursued bright and talented lawyers such as his former studentThurgood Marshall. Hamilton died four years before the decision of Brown v. The Board of Education, however, Thurgood Marshall, who directed the NAACPs arguments in Brown, viewed Houston with an admiration that bordered on reverence. Comparing his own efforts and those of his NAACP associates to those of Houston, Marshall said, We were just carrying [his] bags, thats all. Charles Houston was the Moses of the journey that led to Brown and beyond. He marked the path down which Marshall and others walked. Robinson, Moody and Houston were all pioneers, they faced obstacles (racial injustice) in their lives, but through courage and determination they were able to look evil in the eye and claim victory! We all need to be pioneers, by being the first to do something positive our lives.