Form 4 Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom Important Terms Matter anything that occupies space and has

s mass. Compound a substance consists two or more elements that are chemically bonded (molecule or ions). Element a substance that cannot be made into anything simpler by chemical reaction. Atom smallest particle of an element. Molecule a group of two or more atoms. Ion a positively charged / negatively charged particle. Cations positively-charge ions. Example: H+, K+, NH4+ and Mg2+ Anions negatively-charge ions. Example: Br-, OH-, O2- and S2O32Velocity of the particle increases when Temperature increases Kinetic energy increases Diffusion movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Changes in the States of Matter 1. Freezing / Solidification liquid -> solid 2. Melting solid -> liquid 3. Evaporation liquid -> gas / vapour 4. Condensation gas / vapour -> liquid 5. Sublimation gas / vapour -> solid 6. Sublimation solid -> gas / vapour (Sublimation iodine, ammonium chloride and solid carbon dioxide) Important Scientist and Their Contributions John Dalton (1808) atomic theory 1. Atoms small indivisible particles. 2. Atoms neither created nor destroyed. 3. Atoms an element are alike. 4. Atoms it combine in simple ratio. 5. Atoms chemical reactions result from combination / separation of atoms. J. J. Thomson (1897) 1. Electrons negatively-charged particles. 2. Atoms positively-charged sphere. Ernest Rutherford (1911) 1. Atoms consists of a positively-charged nucleus with a cloud of electrons surrounding nucleus. 2. Protons positively-charged particles. Niels Bohr (1913) 1. Electrons surrounding the nucleus (orbit). James Cadwick (1932) 1. Neutrons electrically neutral subatomic particles. 2. Neutrons mass almost the same with a proton. 3. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.

Concepts of the Atomic Model Modern Atomic Model 1. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. 2. Electrons moving around the nucleus (orbits / electron shells/ quantum shells) Proton number / Atomic number / Number of protons 1. Number of protons in its atom. 2. Number of electrons (neutral atom). Nucleon number / Mass number / Number of nucleon 1. Sum of the number protons and neutrons. Isotopes atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon numbers.

Experiment List 1. 2. 3. 4. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8