Introduction to Database Design 1. What is normalization? - It is the process of organizing data into related table.

To normalize database, we divide database into tables and establish relationships between the tables. It reduces redundancy. It is done to improve performance of query. 2. Why normalization? - There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data and ensuring data dependencies make sense. Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored. 3. A table is also known as a ___relations______ 4. A row is also known as a _tuple______ 5. A column is also known as a(n) __attribute____ 6. What is a column's domain? - The set of the values that are allowed for a column is called the column's domain. 7. What is a candidate key? - A candidate key is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database record without any extraneous data. Each table may have one or more candidate keys. 8. What is a primary key? - The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. It can either be a normal attribute that is guaranteed to be unique or it can be generated by the DBMS. Primary keys may consist of a single attribute or multiple attributes in combination. 9. What is a foreign key? - A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables. 10. What is the purpose of the interviews? - It helps to know what data end users need stored in database. 11. To design a set of tables for a database one may use (1) Normalization or (2) Entity relationship modeling. 12. What is entity relationship modeling? - The entity-relationship model is a way of graphically representing the logical relationships of entities in order to create a database. 13. What is indexing? What is an index?

- Indexing is a way of sorting a number of records on multiple fields. Index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of slower writes and increased storage space. Indexes can be created using one or more columns of a database table, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient access of ordered records. 14. What is a clustered index? - Clustered indexes sort and store the data rows in the table based on their key values. There can only be one clustered index per table, because the data rows themselves can only be sorted in one order. 15. What is the difference between a clustered and non-clustered index? **Note: SQL Server 2008 R2 automatically puts an index on a primary key.** **Note: Only one clustered index is allowed per table** A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are physically stored. Therefore table can have only one clustered index. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages. A nonclustered index is a special type of index in which the logical order of the index does not match the physical stored order of the rows on disk. The leaf node of a nonclustered index does not consist of the data pages. Instead, the leaf nodes contain index rows. 1. What may give you tips about columns that need indexes? - We should create index on those columns those are frequently used in the WHERE, ORDER BY, and GROUP BY clauses. 2. DBMS stands for __Database management system_____. 3. What is normalization? - It is the process of organizing data into related table. To normalize database, we divide database into tables and establish relationships between the tables. It reduces redundancy. It is done to improve performance of query. 4. What is the goal of normalization? - There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data and ensuring data dependencies make sense. 5. Give 1st normal form rules - Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table. Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column 6. Give 2nd normal form rules - Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys.

7. Give 3rd normal form rules - make sure that they meet the requirements of both 1NF and 2NF Remove columns that are not fully dependent upon the primary key. 8. Give the rule(s) for the 4th normal form - Fourth normal form requires that a table be BCNF and contain no multi-valued dependencies. 9. Make a list of column headings based on the invoice in the video. - Part number, description, color, weight, unit cost, quantity, price 10. What is wrong with his BusinessDate domain? - It is valid only for business days, not for holidays, Saturday and Sunday. So, customer can not place an order on these days. It can be an obstacle for company's progress. 11. What is a relationship table? 12. What is an entity table?