4.

Beams
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
4. Beams
R M Moss ;L\% Ia=% =B<% <>g`% FB<>% FBLmkn\m> O Brooker ;>g`% <>g`% FB<>% FBLmkn\m>
Designing to Eurocode 2
This chapter covers the analysis and design of concrete beams to Eurocode 2
1
which is essentially the same as with BS 8110
2
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@^mmbg`lmZkm^]

%Zg] in<aZim^k*'
Fire resistance
lu|ocode 2, la|t !2 Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g , g|ves a cho|ce o advanced,
s|m,|||ed o| ta|u|a| methods o| dete|m|n|ng the ||e |es|stance 0s|ng ta||es
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kathe| than g|v|ng a m|n|mum cove|, the ta|u|a| method

|s |ased on nom|na| ax|s d|stance,

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the cent|e o the ma|n |e|no|c|ng |a| to the to, o| |ottom su|ace o the
<hgmbgn^liZ`^+0
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:03 am Page 1
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
4. Beams
R Moss BSc, PhD, DIC, CEng, MICE, MIStructE O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE
A J Bond F:FL\=B<Ia=FB<> <>g`
O Brooker ;>g`<>g`FB<> FBLmkn\m>
A J Harris ;L\FL\=B<FB<> <>g`?@L
T Harrison ;L\Ia=<>g`FB<> ?B<M
R M Moss ;L\Ia==B<<>g`FB<> FBLmkn\m>
R S Narayanan ?K>g`
RWebster <>g`?BLmkn\m>
Ahpmh=^lb`g<hg\k^m^
Lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
:cementZg] concrete bg]nlmkrin[eb\Zmbhg This chapter is taken
from The Concrete
Centres publication,
How to design
concrete structures
using Eurocode 2
(Ref. CCIP006)
26 2
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
e c n a d i u g r e h t r u F k s a T p e t S
d r a d n a t S Chapter in this publication
! Lete|m|ne des|gn ||e 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] NA to bS lN !990 a||e NA2!
2 Assess act|ons on the |eam 2 @^mmbg`lmZkm^] bS lN !99! (!0 ,a|ts) and Nat|ona| Annexes
3 Lete|m|ne wh|ch com||nat|ons o act|ons a,,|y !Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l NA to bS lN !990 a||es NAA!! and NAA!2 (b)
4 Lete|m|ne |oad|ng a||angements 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] NA to bS lN !992!!
S Assess du|a||||ty |equ||ements and dete|m|ne conc|ete st|ength 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bS SS00 2002
6 Chec| cove| |equ||ements o| a,,|o,||ate ||e |es|stance ,e||od 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] and 'l||e |es|stance' A,,|oved Locument b bS lN !992!! Sect|on S
sect|on
/ Ca|cu|ate m|n cove| o| du|a||||ty, ||e and |ond |equ||ements 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bS lN !992!! C| 44!
S Ana|yse st|uctu|e to o|ta|n c||t|ca| moments and shea| o|ces 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] and a||e 3 bS lN !992!! sect|on S
9 ! 6 n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' e | u x e | l ' e e S t n e m e c | o n | e | | a | u x e | n g | s e L
2 6 n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' | a e h s | a c | t | e V ' e e S y t | c a , a c | a e h s | c e h C 0 !
4 / n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' n o | t c e | e L ' e e S n o | t c e | e d | c e h C ! !
!2 Chec| s,ac|ng o |a|s 2@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bS lN !992!! sect|on /3
Note
NA Nat|ona| Annex
Table 1
Beam design procedure
Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for beams made with reinforced concrete for fire resistance
Figure 3
Simplified rectangular stress block for
concrete up to class C50/60 from Eurocode 2
d
h
x
Section
A
s2
A
s
Neutral axis
b
d
2
Strain

sc
0.8x
F
sc
f
cd
Stress block and forces
z
F
c
F
st
Figure 1
Section through structural member,
showing nominal axis distances a and a
sd
b
a
a
sd
h > b
Standard fire resistance Minimum dimensions (mm)
Possible combinations of a and b
min
where a is the average axis distance and b
min
is the width of the beam
Simply supported beams Continuous beams
A B C D E F G H
R60 b
min
= 120 160 200 300 120 200
a = 40 35 30 25 25 12
a
R90 b
min
= 150 200 300 400 150 250
a = 55 45 40 35 35 25
R120 b
min
= 200 240 300 500 200 300 450 500
a = 65 60 55 50 45 35 35 30
R240 b
min
= 280 350 500 700 280 500 650 700
a = 90 80 75 70 75 60 60 50
Notes
1 This table is taken from BS EN 199212 Tables 5.5 and 5.6.
2 The axis distance, a
sd
, from the side of the beam to the corner bar should be a +10 mm except where b
min
is greater than the values in columns C and F.
3 The table is valid only if the detailing requirements (see note 4) are observed and, in normal temperature design, redistribution of bending moments does not exceed 15%.
4 For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0.3l
eff
from the centre line of each intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
A
s,req
(x) = A
s,req
( 0)( 1 2.5( x/ l
eff
) )
where:
x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support.
A
s,req
( 0) is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design.
A
s,req
(x) is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section being considered but not less than that required for normal temperature design.
l
eff
is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans.
5 For fire resistances R120 R240, the width of the beam at the first intermediate support should be at least that in column F, if both the following conditions exist:
a there is no fixity at the end support; and
b the acting shear at normal temperature V
sd
> 0.67 V
Rd,max
.
Key
a Normally the requirements of BS EN 199211 will determine the cover.
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:03 am Page 2
26
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
273
4. Beams
Outside scope of this
publication
Carry out analysis of beam to determine
design moments (M) (see Table 3)
Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or use
Calculate tension reinforcement
required from
Check minimum reinforcement
requirements (see Table 6)
No compression reinforcement required
Check maximum reinforcement requirements A
s, max
= 0.04 A
c
for tension or compression reinforcement outside lap locations
Determine K from Table 4 or
K = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21
where d 1.0
Compression reinforcement
required
Calculate lever arm z from
START
Concrete class
C50/60?
Is K K ?
Yes
Yes
No
No
Determine K from K =
M
bd
2
f
ck
Calculate compression
reinforcement required from
where
Figure 2
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
Table 3
Bending moment and shear coefficients for beams
member. It is a nominal (not minimum) dimension, so the designer
should ensure that:
a c
nom
+ f
link
+ f
bar
/2 and a
sd
= a + 10 mm
Table 2 gives the minimum dimensions for beams to meet the
standard fire periods.
Flexure
The design procedure for flexural design is given in Figure 2; this includes
derived formulae based on the simplified rectangular stress block from
Eurocode 2. Table 3 may be used to determine bending moments and
shear forces for beams, provided the notes to the table are observed.
Table 4
Values for K
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K
) *')) )'+)1
Z
*) )'2) )'*1+
Z
*. )'1. )'*/1
+) )'1) )'*.,
,) )'0) )'*+)
+. )'0. )'*,0
Key
a Bmblh_m^gk^\hf^g]^]bgma^NDmaZm Dlahne][^ebfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^]n\mbe^_Zbenk^'
K z/d
)'). )' 2.)
Z
)')/ )'2--
)')0 )'2,-
)')1 )'2+-
)')2 )'2*,
)'*) )'2)+
K z/d
)'** )'12*
)'*+ )'11)
)'*, )'1/1
)'*- )'1./
)'*. )'1-,
)'*/ )'1,)
)'*0 )'1*/
)'*1 )'1)+
)'*2 )'010
)'+) )'00*
Key
a Ebfbmbg`s mh)'2.] blghmZk^jnbk^f^gmh_>nkh\h]^+% [nmbl\hglb]^k^]mh[^`hh]ikZ\mb\^'
for singly reinforced rectangular sections
Table 6
Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum percentage (0.26 f
ctm
/ f
yk
a
)
+. +'/ )'*,
+1 +'1 )'*-
,) +'2 )'*.
,+ ,') )'*/
,. ,'+ )'*0
-) ,'. )'*1
-. ,'1 )'+)
.) -'* )'+*
Key
a :llnfbg`_
rd
6 .))FIZ
Table 5
z/d
A
s2
=
(KK) f
ck
bd
2
f
sc
(dd
2
)
Calculate tension
reinforcement required from
1 + 1 3.53K z =
2
d
[ ]
1 + 1 3.53K 0.95d z =
2
d
[ ]
A
s, min
= where f
ck
25
f
yk
0.26 f
ctm
b
t
d
A
s
=
f
yd
z
M
A
s
= + A
s2
f
yd
z
Kf
ck
bd
2
f
yd
f
sc
f
sc
= 700 f
yd
x
x d
2
[ ]
Moment Shear
Outer support 25% of span moment 0.45 (G + Q)
G^Zkfb]]e^h_^g]liZg )')2)Gl + 0.100 Ql
At first interior support 0.094 (G + Q) l 0.63 (G + Q)
a
At middle of interior spans 0.066 Gl + 0.086 Ql
At interior supports 0.075 (G + Q) l 0.50 (G + Q)
Key
a 0.55 (G + Q) may be used adjacent to the interior span.
Notes
1 Redistribution of support moments by 15% has been included.
2 Applicable to 3 or more spans only and where Q
k
G
k
.
3 Minimum span 0.85 longest span.
4 l is the span, G is the total of the ULS permanent actions, Q is the total
of the ULS variable actions.
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:03 am Page 3
27
4. Beams
28 4
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
Figure 5
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
Determine v
Ed
where
v
Ed
= design shear stress v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(0 . 9 b
w
d)] [
Yes (cot y = 2.5)
No No
START
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd, max cot y = 2.5
fromTable 7
Redesign
section
Determine y from:
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement:
s
l, max
= 0.75 d
=
s
A
sw
y = 0.5 sin
-1
0.20 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
T V
f
ywd
cot y
v
Ed
b
w
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max coty = 2.5
?
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max cot y = 1.0
?
(see Table 7)
Yes
Table 7
Minimum and maximum concrete strut capacity in terms of stress
f
ck
v
Rd,max cot y = 2.5
v
Rd,max cot y = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Figure 4
Strut inclination method
Longitudinal
reinforcement in tension
Vertical shear
reinforcement
Concrete strut in compression
y
Eurocode 2 offers various methods for determining the stress-strain
relationship of concrete. For simplicity and familiarity the method
presented here is the simplified rectangular stress block, which is
similar to that found in BS 8110 (see Figure 3).
Eurocode 2 gives recommendations for the design of concrete up to
class C90/105. However, for concrete greater than class C50/60, the
stress block is modified. It is important to note that concrete strength
is based on the cylinder strength and not the cube strength (i.e. for
class C30/37 the cylinder strength ( f
ck
) is 30 MPa, whereas the cube
strength is 37 MPa).
Vertical shear
Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity
checks. In this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in
compression and shear reinforcement acting in tension.
The angle of the concrete strut varies, depending on the shear force
applied (see Figure 4). The procedure for determining the shear capacity
of a section is shown in Figure 5 (which includes UK NA values) and is
in terms of shear stress in the vertical plane rather than a vertical force
as given in Eurocode 2. Where shear reinforcement is required, then
the angle of the concrete strut should be calculated. For many typical
beams the minimum angle of strut will apply (when cot y = 2.5 or y =
21.8) i.e. for class C30/37 concrete the strut angle exceeds 21.8 only
when the shear stress is greater than 3.27 N/mm
2
(refer to Table 7).
As with BS 8110, there is a maximum permitted shear capacity, v
Rd,max
,
(when cot y =1.0 or y = 45), but this is not restricted to 5 MPa as in
BS 8110.
Deflection
>nkh\h]^+aZlmphZem^kgZmbo^f^mah]l_hk\a^\dbg`]^_e^\mbhg%
^bma^kZebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhfZr[^nl^]hkma^ma^hk^mb\Ze
]^_e^\mbhg\Zg[^Zll^ll^]nlbg`ma^^qik^llbhgl`bo^gbgma^<h]^'
Ma^eZmm^kbl]^Zempbmabg]^mZbebg<aZim^k1%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl7'
Ma^liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhllahne]^glnk^maZm]^_e^\mbhgblebfbm^]mh
liZg(+.)Zg]mablblma^ikh\^]nk^ik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^/'
Flanged beams
?eZg`^][^Zfl\Zg[^mk^Zm^]bgfn\ama^lZf^pZrZlbg;L1**)'
Ma^fZbg]b__^k^g\^l\hfiZk^]pbma;L1**)Zk^maZmma^Zll^llf^gm
h_ma^_eZg`^pb]mablfhk^lhiablmb\Zm^]!l^^?b`nk^l2Zg]*)"Zg]
maZm>nkh\h]^+\hgmZbglZ\a^\dmh\hg_bkfmaZmma^la^Zklmk^llZm
<hgmbgn^liZ`^,*
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:04 am Page 4
28
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
29
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
l
/
d
)
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
Figure 7
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
Notes
1 h|s graph assumes s|mp|y supported span cond|t|on
(D !0)
D !S or |nter|or span cond|t|on
D !3 or end span cond|t|on
D 04 or cant||evers
2 Compress|on re|norcement, r', has |een ta|en as 0
3 Curves |ased on the o||ow|ng express|ons
where r < r
0
and
where r > r
0

!! 32 ! D
r
_
c|
r
0
!S
]
e
_
c|
r
r
0
| ( ) |
!! D
(
r r
')
_
c|
r
0
!S
]
e
!2
_
c|
r
0
r
'
| |
!S
5
4. Beams
Figure 6
Procedure for assessing deflection
Is basic l/d x K x F1 x F2 x F3 Actual l/d ?
Increase
A
s,prov
Determine Factor 3 (F3)
F3 = 310/s
s
Where s
s
= Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 8)
s
s
may assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Note: A
s,prov
1.5 A
s,reqd
(UK National Annex)
Determine basic l/d and K from Figure 7
Check complete
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs
F1 = 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8

(b
f
is flange breadth and b
w
is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the slab span exceeds 7 m and it supports
brittle partitions, F2 = 7/l
eff
1.0
Otherwise F2 = 1.0
No
Yes
START

The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that

it was the intention of the drafting committee that linear interpolation be used
and this is in line with current UK practice.
Figure 8
Determination of steel stress
To determine stress in the reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio
G
k
/Q
k
, read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across
to determine s
su
.
s
s
can be calculated from the expression: s
s
= s
su
A
s,req
A
s,prov
1
d
( ( ) )
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
U
n
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

s
s
u
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.35
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.2, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.25
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:04 am Page 5
29
4. Beams
30 6
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
Figure 11
Procedure for determining flexural capacity of flanged beams
Figure 9
Definition of l
o
, for calculation of effective flange width
Figure 10
Effective flange width parameters
l
0
= 0.85 l
1
l
0
= 0.15 (l
1
+ l
2
)
l
1
l
3
l
2
l
0
= 0.7 l
2
l
0
= 0.15 l
2
+ l
3
b
1
b
1
b
2
b
2
b
w

b
eff

b
eff,2
b
b
eff,1

START
Is x 1.25h
f
?
Is K
f
K ?
Carry out analysis of beam to determine design
moments, M (see Table 3)
Neutral axis in
flange. Design
as rectangular
section (Figure 2)
and then check
longitudinal shear
(Figure 14)
Redesign section
Determine l
0
(see Figure 9) and b
eff
from:
b
eff
= (b
w
+ b
eff1
+ b
eff2
) where
b
eff1
= (0.2b
1
+ 0.1 l
0
) 0.2 l
0
b
1
b
eff2
= (0.2b
2
+ 0.1 l
0
) 0.2 l
0
b
2
Note: The flange width at the support will be
different from that at mid-span.
For symbols refer to Figures 9 and 10
Determine K from Table 4 or
K = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d 1.0
Calculate depth to neutral axis x from:
x = 2.5 (d z)
Calculate lever arm z from
Neutral axis in web
Calculate moment capacity of flange from:
M
R,f
= 0.57 f
ck
(b
eff
b
w
) h
f
(d 0.5h
f
)
Calculate area of reinforcement required from Check longitudinal
shear
(see Figure 14)
Yes
No
Yes
No
Determine K from K =
where b = b
w
at support
b = b
eff
in span
1 + 1 3.53K 0.95d z =
2
d
[ ]
bd
2
f
ck
M
A
s
= +
f
ywd
(d 0.5 h
f
)
M
R,f
f
ywd
M M
R,f
K
f
= and
f
ck
b
w
d
2
M M
R,f
Figure 12
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross section
Figure 13
Notations for the connection between flange and web
A
A
F
d
F
d
S
f
b
eff
A
sf
h
f
F
d
+ F
d
D
F
d
+ F
d
D
Dx
b
w
y
f
Longitudinal bar
anchored beyond
this projected point
Compressive struts
b
eff
b
eff1
b
eff2
A
s
b
w
h
f
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:04 am Page 6
30
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
317
Figure 14
Procedure for determining longitudinal shear capacity of flanged beams
Yes
No No
No
Calculate the longitudinal shear stress
from: v
Ed
= DF
d
/(h
f
Dx)
(see Figure 13)
Determine the concrete strut capacity
fromTable 8 or from:
v
Rd
= 0.160 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of transverse reinforcement from:
Yes (cot y
f
= 2.0) Yes (cot y
f
= 1.25)
Is v
RD
> v
Ed
? Is v
RD
> v
Ed
?
Is length of
flange under consideration
in tension?
Determine y
f
from:
Determine the concrete
strut capacity fromTable 8
or from:
v
Rd
= 0.195 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
=
s
A
sf
y
f
=0.5sin
-1
0.2f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
T V
f
yd
cot y
f
v
Ed
h
f
Table 8
Concrete strut capacity for longitudinal shear in flanged beams
f
ck
v
Rd,max
Flange in compression Flange in tension
2 . ' , - 2 ' + ) +
2 , ' - ) / ' , . +
. 1 ' - 1 2 ' , 1 +
. * ' . + + ' - ) ,
- - ' . / - ' - + ,
0 1 ' . + 1 ' - . ,
. . ' / 1 , ' . ) -
) + ' 0 ) 2 ' . . -
) 1 ' 0 ) - ' / ) .
Minimum area of shear reinforcement
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg[^Zfl%:lp%fbglahne]
[^\Ze\neZm^]_khf
pa^k^
r
p%fbg
\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^2'
:
lp
l[
p
4 r
p%fbg
the |nte|ace o the |ange and we| can |e |es|sted |y the t|ansve|se
|e|no|cement |n the |ange he ,os|t|on o the neut|a| ax|s shou|d
|e dete|m|ned, and then the a|ea o |e|no|cement can |e ca|cu|ated
de,end|ng whethe| |t ||es |n the |ange o| we| (see l|gu|e !!)
At su,,o|ts the tens|on |e|no|cement to |es|st hogg|ng moments
shou|d |e d|st|||uted ac|oss the u|| w|dth o the eect|ve |ange as
shown |n l|gu|e !2 he s,an-to-de,th de|ect|on chec|s us|ng |at|o o
tens|on |e|no|cement shou|d |e |ased on a|ea o conc|ete a|ove
cent|e o tens|on stee|
Longitudinal shear
he shea| st|ess |n the ve|t|ca| ,|ane |etween the |ange and we| shou|d
|e assessed acco|d|ng to sect|on 624 and l|gu|e 6/ o the lu|ocode
(|e,|oduced he|e as l|gu|e !3) he change |n o|ce |n the |ange can
|e assessed |om the moment and |eve| a|m at a ,a|t|cu|a| |ocat|on
he lu|ocode states that the max|mum |ength that can |e cons|de|ed
o| the change |n o|ce |s ha| the d|stance |etween the max|mum
moment and the ,o|nt whe|e the moment |s .e|o C|ea||y, the max|mum
|ong|tud|na| o|ce w||| occu| whe|e the change |n moment, and
the|eo|e o|ce, |s the g|eatest, o| a un|o|m|y d|st|||uted |oad on a
cont|nuous |eam th|s w||| |e the |ength o |eam c|osest to the su,,o|t
l|gu|e !4 shows a |ow cha|t o| assess|ng the |ong|tud|na| shea|
ca,ac|ty, |n many cases the t|ansve|se |e|no|cement |n the s|a| w||| |e
su|c|ent to |es|st the shea| o|ce h|s chec| |s |nc|uded to ensu|e that
whe|e ,a|t|cu|a||y th|n |anges a|e used the|e |s adequate |e|no|cement
he |ong|tud|na| shea| ca,ac|ty |s |ased on the va||a||e st|ut |nc||nat|on
method, wh|ch was desc|||ed |n the sect|on on ve|t|ca| shea|
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
he m|n|mum a|ea o |e|no|cement |s :
s, m|n
026 _
c tm
[
t
]/_
y |
|ut
not |ess than 000!3[
t
], whe|e [
t
|s the mean w|dth o the tens|on
.one (see a||e 6) lo| a -|eam w|th the |ange |n com,|ess|on, on|y
the w|dth o the we| |s ta|en |nto account |n ca|cu|at|ng the va|ue o [
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
he max|mum a|ea o tens|on o| com,|ess|on |e|no|cement, outs|de
|a, |ocat|ons shou|d not exceed :
s, max
004 :
c
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
he m|n|mum c|ea| d|stance |etween |a|s shou|d |e the g|eate| o
ba| d|amete|
Agg|egate s|.e ,|us S mm
20 mm
4. Beams
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:04 am Page 7
Table 9
Values for r
w,min
f
ck 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
r
p%fbg
q*)
&,
)'0+ )'1) )'1. )'11 )'2* )'2. *')* *')0 *'*,
31
4. Beams
32
4. Beams
References
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!!, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae - /a| '-' Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o
/a//J/q bSl, 2004
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0! I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e - /a| ' CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q aJ co|ac|/o bSl, !99/
3 NAkAANAN, k S 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe he Conc|ete Cent|e, 200S
4 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJ he Conc|ete Cent|e, 200S
5 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!2, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e - |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q bSl, 2004
7 vlbSlk, k 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /e|/ec|/o ca/ca/a|/o he Conc|ete Cent|e, 2006
6 LllAkMlN Ol COMM0NlllS ANL lOCAl COVlkNMlN /aJ/oo/ |o //-'99?-'-? LClC, due 2006
s
/
to |es|st the moment due to the des|gn
|oads (o| at su,,o|t o| cant||eve|s)
r' kequ||ed com,|ess|on |e|no|cement at /
s2
//J
m|d-s,an to |es|st the moment due to the
des|gn |oads (o| at su,,o|t o| cant||eve|s)
(|om a||e 3!, lu|ocode 2)
/

l|ange th|c|ness
/ lacto| to ta|e account o the d|e|ent See ta||e NA4 |n
x e n n A | a n o | t a N l 0 s m e t s y s | a | u t c u | t s
/
e
lect|ve s,an o mem|e| See Sect|on S322 (!)
/
o
L|stance |etween ,o|nts o .e|o moment
//J S,an-to-de,th |at|o
/ Les|gn moment at the 0lS
\ ( s | x a | a | t u e n o t h t , e L J-)/04
\
max
l|m|t|ng va|ue o| de,th to neut|a| ax|s (d 04)J whe|e d <!0
leve| a|m
a
cc
Coe|c|ent ta||ng account o |ong te|m 0SS o| |exu|e and
eects on com,|ess|ve st|ength and o ax|a| |oads
unavou|a||e eects |esu|t|ng |om the !0 o| othe| ,henomena
wa ) x e n n A | a n o | t a N l 0 m o | l ( d e | | , , a s | d a o | y
d kat|o o the |ed|st|||uted moment to the
e|ast|c |end|ng moment
g
m
la|t|a| acto| o| mate||a| ,|o,e|t|es !!S o| |e|no|cement (g
s
)
!S o| conc|ete (g
c
)
r
0
kee|ence |e|no|cement |at|o R|
c|
/!000
r kequ||ed tens|on |e|no|cement at m|d-s,an / /J (o| |ectangu|a| |eams)
/
c
C|oss sect|ona| a|ea o conc|ete
/
s
A|ea o tens|on stee|
/
s2
A|ea o com,|ess|on stee|
/
s, ,|ov
A|ea o tens|on stee| ,|ov|ded
/
s, |eq'd
A|ea o tens|on stee| |equ||ed
/
e
lect|ve |ange w|dth
/
t
Mean w|dth o the tens|on .one
/
m|n
v|dth o |eam o| |||
/
w
v|dth o sect|on, o| w|dth o we| on |anged |eams
J lect|ve de,th
J
2
lect|ve de,th to com,|ess|on |e|no|cement
|
cd
Les|gn va|ue o conc|ete com,|ess|ve st|ength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
o| |
c|
< CS0/60
|
c|
Cha|acte||st|c cy||nde| st|ength o conc|ete
|
ctm
Mean va|ue o ax|a| tens||e st|ength 030 |
c|
(2/3)
o| |
c|
< CS0/60
S e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m y Sy e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m
Selected symbols
Euro2-05_BeamsFinal.qxd 9/2/06 11:04 am Page 8
32
4. Beams
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Ref: TCC/03/19
ISBN 1-904818-29-3
First published February 2006, revised December 2006
The Concrete Centre

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Acknowledgements
The content of this publication was produced as part of the project Eurocode 2: transition from UK to European concrete design standards. This
project was part funded by the DTI under the Partners in Innovation scheme. The lead partner was the British Cement Association. The work was
carried out under the guidance of the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group, which consists of representatives from:
Alan Baxter and Associates Arup British Cement Association British Precast Building Research Establishment Clark Smith Partnership
Concrete Innovation and Design Construct Department for Trade and Industry Office of the Deputy Prime Minister The Concrete Centre
The Concrete Society Quarry Products Association.